Analysis of Structure

1. Truss
2. Composite Structure
3. Frames

Truss
Degree of Indeterminacy ({m+r}-2j)
2 j=m+r ; statically determinate truss
2 j<m+r ; statically indeterminate truss
2 j>m+r ; unstable truss( no solution)

Where:
j=number of joints including support
m=number of truss members
r =number of constraint support

Two Force Member = members held in equilibrium by the application of two forces only

T T
C

Construction of Truss

m+r=number of unknowns
2 j=number of equilibrium equations
Types of Statically Determinate Truss
1. Simple Truss
2. Compound Truss
3. Complex Truss

Method of Analysis
1. Method of Joints
2. Methods of Sections
3. Mixed Method
4. Method of Substitute Member

Method of Joint
Procedure
1. Determine the support reaction.
2. Since only two independent equations of equilibrium can be written for a plane
concurrent system, start the analysis with a joint acted on by only two members.
3. Continue by considering the next joint at which only two unknown forces act and
so on successively until the unknown forces in each member has been found.

100KN
E

3m
C
F 50KN mm
m

3m
H
A
B D G

4m 4m 4m 4m

Solve for the bar forces by joint method. Tabulate the forces.
100KN
E

3m
C
F 50KN mm
m

3m
AH H
A
B D G

RH
4m 4m 4m 4m
AV

Reactions:
∑ M A =0+↷ 100 ( 4 ) +50 (3 )−R H ( 16 )=0 R H =34.375 KN ↑
 AV + 34.375−100=0 ∑ F H =0+→
∑ F V =0+↑ AV =65.625 KN ↑ 50−A H =0
R H + A V −100=0
A H =50 KN ←
Assume all bar forces in tension, if it is negative, it is in compression.

At jt A
AC

3
4
50KN AB

65.625KN

∑ F V =0+↑ ∑ F H =0+→
3 4
65.625+ ( AC )=0 −50+ (−109.375 ) + AB=0
5 5
AC=−109.375 KN
AB=1 37.5 KN
At jt. B

BC

BD
137.5KN

∑ F V =0+↑ ∑ F H =0+→
BC=0 KN −137.5+ BD=0
BD=137.5 KN

At jt. C
100KN CE
3
4

3
109.375
4 CD

∑ F H =0+→ 3 3 3
( CE ) + ( 109.375 )− ( CD )−100=0
4 4 4 5 5 5
( CE ) + (109.375 )+ ( CD )=0 1375
5 5 5 CE−CD= KN
CE+CD=−109.375 KN 24

−625
CE= KN
24
∑ F V =0+↑ CD=
−250
KN
3
 At Jt. E

3 3
4 4
EF
DE

∑ F H =0+→ ∑ F V =0+↑
4
5 ( )
( EF ) +
4 625
5 24
=0 ( ) (
3 625 3 −625
5 24
−
5 24 )
−DE=0
−625 DE=31.25 KN
EF= KN
24

At Jt. D
31.25
DF
3 3
4 4
DG
137.5

∑ F V =0+↑ ∑ F H =0+→
3
5
( DF )− ( )
3 250
5 3
+31.25=0
4
DG+ ( 31.25 ) +
5 5 3( )
4 250
−137.5=0
DF =31.25 KN 275
DG= KN
6

At jt. G
FG

GH

∑ F V =0+↑ −275
+GH =0
FG=0 KN 6
275
GH = KN
6
∑ F H =0+→

At jt. F
 50
3

4
31.25
FH

∑ F H =0+→
∑ F V =0+↑
( )
4 625 4
5 24 5
4
+ ( FH )− ( 31.25 ) +50=0
5
( )
−3 625 3
− ( 31.25 ) −( )
3 −1375
=0
−1375 5 24 5 5 24
FH =
24
0=0
At jt H

3
4

34.375

∑ F V =0+↑
34.375− (
5 24 )
3 1375
=0
0=0

∑ F H =0+→
(
5 24
−)
4 1375 275
6
=0
0=0
 Member Bar Forces
AC −109.375
−625
CE =−26.04
24
Top Chord −625
EF =−26.04
24
−1375
FH =−57.29
24
AB 137.5
BD 137.5
275
Bottom Chord DG =45.83
6
275
GH =45.83
6
BC 0
Verticals DE 31.25
FG 0
−250
CD =−83.33
Diagonals 3
DF 31.25
Assignment: Solve by Method of Joints
100KN
E

3m
C
F 50KN mm
m
3m
H
A
B D G

4m 4m 4m 4m

Member Bar Forces

AC
CE
Top Chord
EF
FH
AB
BD
Bottom Chord
DG
GH
BC
Verticals DE
FG
Diagonals BE
 EG
Method of Sections = non concurrent, non - parallel force system

Procedure:
1. Determine support reaction
2. Pass an imaginary cutting plane through the entire truss, separating it into two parts. If
possible, the separation should be done without cutting more than three members of the
truss.
3. Draw the free body diagram of the simpler part (of the two parts) constituting of a non -
concurrent system of forces in equilibrium under the action of the known loads that act
on the part and the unknown forces that the cut members of one part exert on the other.

To simplify calculations, use a condition of equilibrium that determines each unknown force
independently of the other unknowns.

By Method of Sections
E

3m
C
F 50KN mm
m
3m
H
A
B D G

4m 4m 4m 4m
100KN

Solve for the bar forces by joint method. Tabulate the forces.
E

3m
C
F 50KN mm
m

3m
HA A H
B D G

VA RH

4m 4m 4m 4m
100KN

Reactions:

∑ M A =0+↷ ∑ F V =0+↑
100 ( 4 ) +50 (3 )−R H ( 16 )=0 V A + R H −100=0 ∑ F H =0+→
R H =34.375 KN ↑ V A + 34.375−100=0 50−H A=0
V A =65.625 KN ↑
H A =50 KN
 Section A-A’

∑ M C =0+↷ ∑ M B=0+↷
E
E

F 50KN
C
F 50KN AC

A H
A H
50KN D G
D AB
50KN B G
65.625 34.375KN
65.625 34.375KN KN 100KN
KN 100KN
65.625 ( 4 ) +50 ( 3 )− AB ( 3 )=0 3
65.625 ( 4 ) + AC ( 4 ) =0
AB=137.5 KN 5

AC=−109.375 KN
Section B-B’

∑ M C =0+↷ ∑ M D=0+↷
E
E
CE
F 50KN
C
F 50KN CD

A H
A H
50KN BD D G
50KN B D G
65.625 34.375KN
65.625 34.375KN KN 100KN
KN 100KN
65.625 ( 4 ) +50 ( 3 )−BD ( 3 ) =0 4 3
65.625 ( 8 )−100 ( 4 ) + CE ( 3 ) + CE ( 4 ) =0
BD=137.5 KN 5 5

−625
CE= KN
24
∑ M A =0+↷
3 4
100 ( 4 ) + CD ( 4 ) + CD ( 3 ) =0
5 5
−250
CD= KN
3

Section C-C’

∑ M A =0+↷
E
E

F 50KN
C
F 50KN CD

A BC
H
A H
50KN BD D G
50KN B D G
65.625 34.375KN
65.625 34.375KN KN 100KN
KN 100KN
100 ( 4 )−BC ( 4 )=0
BC=100 KN

Section D-D’

∑ M F=0+↷
E
E

AC F
C
F 50KN
FH

A H
A H
50KN D G GH
D AB
50KN B G
65.625 34.375KN
65.625 100KN
100KN 34.375KN KN
KN
−34.375 ( 4 ) +GH ( 3 )=0
275 3
GH = KN −34.375 ( 4 )− FH ( 4 )+¿ 0
6 5
−1375
FH = KN
∑ M G =0+↷ 24
Section E-E’
∑ M D=0+↷ E
E
EF
50KN
AC F
C
F 50KN
DF
A H
A H
50KN D DG G
D AB
50KN B G
65.625 34.375KN
65.625 100KN
100KN 34.375KN KN
KN
3 4
−34.375 ( 8 )− EF ( 4 )− EF ( 3 ) +50 ( 3 )=0
5 5
−625
EF= KN
24

∑ M F=0+↷
−34.375 ( 4 ) + DG ( 3 ) +¿ 0
275
DG= KN
6

∑ M H =0+↷
3 4
50 ( 3 )− DF ( 4 )− DF ( 3 ) =0
5 5
125
DF = =31.25 KN
4
 Section F-F’

∑ M H =0+↷
E
E
EF
FG ( 4 ) =0 AC
F 50KN
FG=0 KN C FG

Section G-G’ A H
A H
50KN D DG G
D AB
50KN B G
E
E 65.625
65.625 34.375KN
KN 100KN
KN 100KN 34.375KN
AC DE
F 50KN
C
F 50KN
CD
A H
A H
50KN D G
D AB
50KN B G
65.625 34.375KN
65.625 100KN
100KN 34.375KN KN
KN
∑ M H =0+↷
50 ( 3 ) + DE ( 8 )+
5(
3 −250
3 )
( 8 ) =0
125
DE= =31.25 KN
4
Member Bar Forces
AC −109.375
−625
CE
24
Top Chord −625
EF
24
−1375
FH
24
AB 137.5
BD 137.5
275
Bottom Chord DG
6
275
GH
6
BC 100
Verticals DE 31.25
FG 0
−250
CD
Diagonals 3
DF 31.25

Assignment: Solve by Method of Sections

 E

3m
50KN F mm
C
m
3m
H
A
B D G

4m 4m 4m 4m
100KN

Member Bar Forces

AC
CE
Top Chord
EF
FH
AB
BD
Bottom Chord
DG
GH
BC
Verticals DE
FG
BE
Diagonals
EG