Den 018: General Anatomy 2

Module #1 Teacher’s Guide

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Lesson title: Development of the Head and Neck Materials: Book, pen and notebook
Learning Targets:
At the end of the module, students will be able to:
1. Summarize the development of the neurocranium, References:
viscerocranium and the clinical problems that arise from Wineski, L. (2010). Snell’s Clinical
dysgenesis of cranial structures. Anatomy by Regions (10th ed).
Philadelphia. Wolters Kluwer.

1.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW

Introduction

In this module, you will identify the three major germ layers of the human body and understand the
development process and outcome as they relate to the types of cells involved.

To get things started, try doing a Picture Walk. Take a quick look at the captions, activities, pictures, etc. This
is to give your brain an idea of what’s coming - it’s like watching a trailer in a movie. Doing this for a minute will
help your brain organize your thoughts before studying.

Try the Pomodoro Technique! Set your timer to 25 minutes and work during this time period. After this period,
take a 5-minute break.

Remove items from your desk or study area that may distract you such as your phone.

B. MAIN LESSON

Content and Skill-Building

The Three Major Germ Layers

The cells that form the embryo become defined in the form of a bilaminar embryonic disc, composed of two germ layers.
The upper layer is called the ectoderm and the lower layer, the endoderm (entoderm). As growth proceeds, the embryonic
disc becomes pear shaped, and a narrow streak formed of ectoderm appears on its dorsal surface called the primitive
streak. The further proliferation of the cells of the primitive streak forms a layer of cells that will extend between the
ectoderm and the endoderm to form the third germ layer, the mesoderm.

Mesoderm differentiates into: Ectoderm gives rise to 3 layers: The head and neck are formed by

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 Den 018: General Anatomy 2
Module #1 Teacher’s Guide

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

· Paraxial mesoderm · Neuroectoderm · Paraxial mesoderm

· Intermediate mesoderm · Neural crest · Lateral plate mesoderm
· Lateral plate mesoderm · Epidermis · Neural crest
· Ectodermal placodes

● Start forming in the 4th week of development

● Develop as blocks separated by pharyngeal clefts (formed by ectoderm)

● Initially, 6 pharyngeal arches develop, but the 5th regresses

● Arising from the endoderm are compartments called pharyngeal pouch es that extend toward the pharyngeal
clefts, separated by pharyngeal membranes
● Help form 4 of the 5 swellings (embryonic primordia) of the face:
o 2 mandibular processes (pharyngeal arch)
o 2 m axillary processes (pharyngeal arch)
o 1 frontonasal prominence
● Composed of:
o External surface–ectoderm I
o Internal surface–endoderm
o Central part–lateral plate mesoderm, paraxial mesoderm, neural crest
● Skeletal components and associated connective tissue develop from the neural crest cells

● Muscular structures develop collectively from the mesoderm

● Each arch is innervated by a cranial nerve that migrates with the muscles

Cranium (skull) is Viscerocranium Neurocranium Bon y skull is formed by

formed from: either of 2 mechanism s:

Lateral plate forms the bones of forms the bones of the Intramembranous ossification
mesoderm (neck the face (from the cranial base and Endochondral ossification
region) pharyngeal arches) cranial vault, and the
function is to protect

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

 Den 018: General Anatomy 2
Module #1 Teacher’s Guide

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Paraxial mesoderm Forms completely and surround the brain

from neural crest and organs of special
Neural crest sense (olfaction,
vision, auditory, and
equilibrium).

C. CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

You are tasked to answer following critical questions regarding the main lesson and provide the
rationale for each item. This will be recorded as their quiz. One (1) point will be given to the correct
answer and another one (1) point for the correct rationale. Superimpositions or erasures in their

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

 Den 018: General Anatomy 2
Module #1 Teacher’s Guide

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

answer/ratio are not allowed.

1. Which germ layer does NOT form the head and neck of the developing embryo?
a. Ectoderm.
b. b. Endoderm.
c. c. Mesoderm.
d. d. Neural crest.
2. The pharyngeal arches start forming during which week of development?
a. 1st.
b. b. 2nd.
c. c. 3rd.
d. d. 4th.
3. Pharyngeal pouches arise from which germ layer?
a. . Ectoderm.
b. b. Endoderm.
c. c. Paraxial mesoderm.
d. d. Intermediate mesoderm.
4. The external surface of the pharyngeal arches is composed of which germ layer?
a. Ectoderm.
b. b. Endoderm.
c. c. Neural crest cells.
d. d. Lateral plate mesoderm.
5. Which germ layer makes up the internal surface of the pharyngeal arches?
a. Ectoderm.
b. b. Endoderm.
c. c. Neural crest.
d. d. Mesoderm.
6. Skeletal components develop from which tissue?
a. Neural crest.
b. b. Paraxial mesoderm.
c. c. Ectodermal placodes.
d. d. Lateral plate mesoderm.
7. Muscular structures develop from which germ layer?
a. Endoderm.
b. b. Mesoderm.
c. c. Neural crest.
d. d. Neuroectoderm.
8. Viscerocranium skull development describes the formation of the:
a. facial bones.
b. b. frontal bone.
c. c. bones of the cranial base.
d. d. bones of the cranial vault.
9. Which structure is not ossified?
a. Incus.
b. b. Malleus.

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

 Den 018: General Anatomy 2
Module #1 Teacher’s Guide

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

c. c. Inferior nasal concha.

d. d. Sphenomandibular ligament
10. Which structure is formed by the membranous neurocranium?
a. Ethmoid.
b. b. Frontal bone.
c. c. Petrous portion of the Temporal bone.
d. d. Sphenoid.

D. LESSON WRAP-UP

This time, mark (encircle) their place in the work tracker which is simply a visual to help students track how
much work they have accomplished and how much work there is left to do. This tracker will be part of the
student activity sheet.

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION