Mathematics

in the Modern
World
Chapter 6:
Geometric
Designs
6.1 Geometric Shapes
 Geometry is considered one of the oldest
branches of Mathematics that deals with the
properties, relationships, and measurement of
points, lines, angles, surfaces, and solids. The
word “geometry” is coined from two Greek words
geo, which means “earth” and metron, which
means “measure”.

Geometry has been regarded a vital tool in construction

and infrastructure, architecture, and designing. Common
geometric patterns and diagrams use different shapes
such as circle, triangle, square, etc.; although some other
geometric patterns use more complex and irregular
shapes.
Geometric Shapes

Geometric shapes can be thought of as the

“basic” shapes that we usually learn about in
elementary school. These styles of shapes are made
with connecting lines and often have recognizable
symmetry and “structured” look and feel to them.
Some of the most common geometric shapes are
squares, rectangles, circles, and triangles.
 Geometric shapes, on the other hand, can be
two-dimensional or three-dimensional.

Some Examples of 2-Dimensional Geometric Shapes

Square Circle Rectangle Triangle

 Some Examples of 3-Dimensional Geometric Shapes

Cube Cylinders Rectangular Prism

Polygon and Its Classifications

A polygon is any closed plane figure formed

and/or bounded by line segments. The word polygon
comes from the Greeks and it simply means many
(poly) angles (gon).

Polygons Non-Polygons
Parts of a Polygon

•Side/Edge – one of the line segments that make up a polygon.

Adjacent sides are pairs of sides that share a common endpoint.
•Vertex – endpoint of each side of the polygon. Adjacent vertices are
endpoints of a side.
•Diagonal – line segment joining two non-adjacent vertices of the
polygon.
•Interior Angle – angle formed two adjacent sides inside the
polygon.

• Exterior Angle – angle that is adjacent to and supplementary to

an interior angle of the polygon.
 side or edge

Interior Vertex
Diagonal
Angle
Exterior
Angle
 A polygon can also be defined as a union of
line segments such that each vertex is a common
endpoint of two adjacent line segments, no two
adjacent line segments intersect except at an
endpoint; and no two line segments with the same
endpoint are collinear.
Types of Polygons

•Equiangular Polygon – polygon with congruent angles.

Some examples of equiangular polygons are rectangles and
squares.
All interior angles of the rectangle in
Figure 5 are congruent, with angle
measure of 90° in each corner.

Figure 5
Equilateral Polygon – polygon with congruent
sides. Some examples of equilateral polygons are
squares, rhombuses (or rhombi), and equilateral
triangles.

All sides of the square in Figure

6 are equal in length.

Figure 6
Regular Polygon – polygon that is equiangular
and equilateral at the same time. Some examples of
regular polygons are squares and equilateral
triangles.

All sides and interior angles of the

equilateral triangle in Figure 7 are
congruent, with angle measure of 60° in
each corner
Figure 7
Irregular Polygon – polygon that is neither
equiangular nor equilateral. Some examples of
irregular polygons are trapezoids, rectangles,
parallelograms, and rhombuses.
Convex Polygon – polygon with all of its interior
angles less than 180°. It also refers to a polygon in
which a line will intersect at most two sides through
it.

The line crosses the pentagon through

two sides, making this polygon
convex.
Concave Polygon – polygon with at least one
interior angle that measures more than 180°. It also
refers to a polygon in which a line will intersect
more than two sides through it.

The line crosses the star through four

sides, making this polygon concave
Nomenclature of Polygons

Polygons are named according to their

number of sides. Generally, a polygon with n sides
is called an n-gon. For polygons with 13 to 99
sides, names may be formed by the following
system: begin with the prefix for the tens digit,
followed by kai (Greek word for the word “and”)
and the prefix for the unit digit.
Table 1. System of Nomenclature of Polygons
Sides Prefix And Sides (Ones Suffix
Digit)
20 icosi or icosa 1 hena or
mono
30 triaconta 2 di or bi
40 tetraconta 3 tri
50 pentaconta kai + 4 tetra

60 hexaconta 5 penta
70 heptaconta 6 hexa

80 octaconta 7 hepta
90 enneaconta 8 octa

9 ennea
Table 2. Names of Some Polygons (3 – 10100 Sides)
Numbe Name of the Polygon Number of Name of the Polygon
r of sides
sides
N n-gon N
3 Triangle or Trigon 18 Octadecagon or Octakaidecagon
4 Quadrilateral or Tetragon 19 Enneadecagon or Enneakaidecagon
5 Pentagon 20 Icosagon
6 Hexagon 30 Triacontagon
7 Heptagon 40 Tetracontagon
8 Octagon 50 Pentacontagon
9 Nonagon or Enneagon 60 Hexacontagon
10 Decagon 70 Heptacontagon
11 Undecagon or Hendecagon 80 Octacontagon
12 Dodecagon 90 Enneacontagon
13 Tridecagon or Triskaidecagon 100 Hectogon or Hecatontagon
14 Tetradecagon or Tetrakaidecagon 1,000 Chiliagon
15 Pentadecagon or Pentakaidecagon 10,000 Myriagon
16 Hexadecagon or Hexakaidecagon 1,000,000 Megagon
17 Heptadecagon or Heptakaidecagon 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟎 Googolgon
Example 1
A 78-sided polygon is called a heptacontakaioctagon.
70 and 8
heptaconta kai Octagon

Example 2

A 96-sided polygon is called a heptacontakaioctagon.

90 and 6
enneaconta kai hexagon
For 100-999 sides, form the same name of the
polygon by starting with the prefix for the
hundreds digit taken from the ones digit, affixing
the word hecta, then following the rule on naming
polygons with 3 to 99 sides. However, one may
use the form n-gon, as in 24-gon for a polygon
with 24 sides, instead of using

Example 3
A 153-sided polygon is called a hectapentacontakaitrigon.
100 50 And 3
*(hena)hecta pentaconta Kai trigon