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SOLUTIONS[NOTES]
XII CHEMISTRY

IDEAL SOLUTIONS SOLUTIONS (+ve) NON-IDEAL SOLUTIONS (ve)

1. Obeys Raoults law over all concentration 1. Doesn’t obeys Raoults law over all 1. Doesn’t obeys Raoults law over all
Ranges concentration ranges. concentration ranges.

2. PA = PAxA, PB = PBxB 2. PA > PAxA, PB > PBxB 2. PA < PAxA, PB < PBxB
3. 3. 3.

4. Thermodynamically 4. 4.
ΔHmixing = 0, ΔVmix = 0 ΔHmix = +ve(ends), ΔVmix = +ve ΔHmix = ve(exe), ΔVmix = ve (se)
5. AA, BB & A B interaction forces are 5. AA & BB interaction forces are 5. AA & BB interaction forces are
similar or identical stronger than AB weaker than AB
6. Old bonds and new bonds have same bond 6. Old bonds are stronger than new bonds. 6. Old bonds are weaker than new bonds.
strength.
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7. Eg. CH3OH + C2H5OH, 7. Eg. C2H5OH + H2O, cyclohexane + C2H5OH, CCl4 7. Eg.HNO3 + H2O, H2SO4 + H2O, HCL +
Benxene + Toluene, HCOOH + + acetone, acetone + C2H5OH, acetone + Benzene H2O, CHCl3 + acetone, acetone + amiline,
CH3COOH, CHCL3 +C6H6
Hexane + Heptane
8. The mixture can be 8. The mixture can’t be separated by 8. The mixture can’t be separated by
separated by fractional fractional distillation due to the formation fractional distillation due to the formation
distillation. of Azeotrope. of Azeotrope.
(a) Azeotrope with max. V.P. and min B.P. (b) Azeotrope with min.. V.P. and max B.P.

Azeotrope : At a certain temperature & composition, the solution remain in boiling state without changing its composition in solution & its
vapours, such constant boiling mixtures are called as Azeotropes.