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Genius Students Academy

XII – CHEMISTRY
SOLUTIONS [NOTES + assignments]
HENRY’S LAW
The law states that mars of a gas dissolved per unit volume of the solvent at a given temperature is
proportional to the pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the solution.

mp
m = kp
Variation of solubility of some gases with equal pressure.

Dalton also concluded that mole fraction of the gas in the solution is proportional to the partial
pressure of gas in solution. i.e.
xp
x = kp
p = KHx (KH = 1 / K)
Where KH is called Henry’s law constant. Thus Henry’s law may alternatively be stated as: -
The pressure of the gas over a solution in which the gas is dissolved in proportional to the mole
fraction of the gas dissolved in the solution.

Higher the value of KH at a particular temperature lower is the solubility of the gas in liquid. That is
why aquatic species are more comfortable in cold water rather that in hot water because K H value for
both N2 and O2 ses with se in temperature and thus solubility of gases se with se in temperature.

APPLICATION OF HENRY’S LAW

i) To se the solubility of Co2 in soft drinks and soda water, the bottles are sealed under
high pressure
ii) In lungs where the oxygen is present in air with high partial pressure, oxygen combines
with haemoglobin to form oxyheamoglobin. In tissues the partial pressure of oxygen is
low and therefore, oxyheamologin releases oxygen which is used for cellular activities.
iii) To minimise the painfull effects of deep sea divers during the decompression, oxygen
diluted with less soluble helium gas is used as breathing gas. When the divers come
towards surface, the pressure gradually decreases. This releases the dissolved gases and
leads to the formation of bubbles of nitrogen in the blood. This blocks capillaries and
creates a medical condition known as bends, which are painful and dangerous to life. To
avoid bends, as well as, the toxic effects of high concentrations of nitrogen in the blood,
the tanks used by scuba divers are filled with air diluted with helium (11.7% helium,
56.2% nitrogen and 32.1% oxygen).
 Genius Students Academy.
iv) At high altitudes the partial pressure of oxygen is less than that at the ground level. This
leads to low concentrations of oxygen in the blood and tissues of people living at high
altitudes or climbers. Low blood oxygen causes climbers to become weak and unable to
think clearly, symptoms of a condition known as anoxia.

LIMITATION OF HENRY’S LAW: - It has been observed that Henry’s law is valid if,

1) Pressure is not too high.

2) The temperature is not too low.
3) The gas is not highly soluble.
4) The gas neither reacts chemically with the solvent nor dissolute or associated in the
solvent.

The solubility of most of the gases in liquid decrease with increase in temperature and
therefore, Henry’s Law content have smaller values at higher temperature.

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Explanation of some Phenomena on the basis of osmosis
(I) Raw mangoes shrivel (shrink) into pickle when placed in concentrated common salt solution
(brine). This is due to outflow of water through semi permeable membranes of mangoes due
to osmosis.

(ii) Wilted (withered) flowers revive when placed in fresh water. This is due to flow of water into
the withered flowers through their semi permeable membranes due to osmosis.

(iii) Limped carrots become firm again when placed in water Carrots become limp due to loss of
water to atmosphere. When placed in water, water flows into them due to osmosis and they
become firm again.

(iv) Preservation of meat by salting and that of fruits by adding sugar. This is also explained by
osmosis. This is because the bacterium which is responsible for spoiling them loses water in
the salted meat or candid fruit due to osmosis. As a result, it shrivels and dies.

(v) People taking a lot of salt or salty food develop swelling orpuffiness of their tissues,a disease
called edema. This is due to retention of water in the tissue cells and intercellular space on
account of osmosis.

Application (Importance) of depression in freezing point.

(I) In making antifreeze solutions. The running of a car in sub-zero weather even when the
radiator is full of water (which freezes below 273 K) has been possible due to the fact that
depression in freezing point of water takes place when appropriate amount of a suitable solute
(usually ethylene glycol) called antifreeze is dissolved in the water.

It is interesting to note that the addition of ethylene glycol in water is also useful in summer as
it also raises the boiling point of water and prevents what antifreeze advertisements call “boil-
over”.

(ii) In melting of ice on the roads. In winter or in the hills where it snows heavily, common salt
(NaC1) or calcium chloride (CaCl2) is scattered on the roads to melt ice. This is because salt-
ice mixture has very low freezing point.

For example, a certain composition of NaCl- ice mixture has a freezing point as Low as — 21°C
and that of CaCl2-ice mixture as low as —55°C. Thus, solong as the temperature of the
surrounding is above these temperatures, the mixture does not freeze and ice keeps on melting.

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Q.1 Calculate the molality and mole fraction of the solute in aqueous solution containing 3.0 g of urea
(molar mass = 60 g mol-1) per 250 g of water.
[ Ans. Molality = 0.2 mol kg-1, Mole fraction = 0.00359]
Q.2 Calculate the molarity and molality of 20 percent aqueous ethanol (C 2H5OH) solution by
volume(density of the solution = 0.960 g per cm3). [Ans. 3.48M, 4.35m]

Q.3 A 10 cm3 sample of human urine was found to have 5 milligrams of urea on analysis. Calculate the
molarity of the given sample with respect to urea (Mol. Mass of urea =60). [Ans.0.0083
mole/litre]

Q.4 An aqueous solution of a dibasic acid (mol. Mass = 118) containing 35.4 g of the acid per litre of
the solution has density 1.0077 g/cm3 . Express the concentration of the solution in as many ways as
you can. [Ans. 0.3M, 0.6N, 0.31m, x (solute) = 0.0055, x (solvent = 0.9945]

Q.5 The concentration of H2SO4 in a bottle labeled “conc. sulphuric acid” is 18M. The solution has a
density of 1.84 g cm-3 . What is the mole fraction and weight percentage of H2SO4 in this solution?
[Ans. 0.81, 95.87%]

Q.6 A 100 cm3 solution of sodium carbonate is prepared by dissolving 8.653 g of the salt in water. The
density of solution is 1.0816 g per milliliter. What are the molarity and molality of the solution?
(Atomic mass of Na is 23, of C is 12 and of O is 16). [Ans. 0.816M, and 0.820m]

Q.7 4.0 g of NaOH is contained in one deciliter of a solution. Calculate the following in this solution.
(i) Mole fraction of NaOH (ii) Molality of NaOH
(iii) Molarity of NaOH(Atomic wt. of Na = 23, = 16 ; Density of NaOH solution is 1.038g / cm3).
[Ans. (i) 0.0177 (ii) 1M (iii) 1.002 m]

Q.8 The percentage composition (by weight ) of a solution is 45% X, 15% Y, 40% Z. Calculate the
mole fraction of each component of the solution. (Molecular mass of X = 18, Y = 60, Z = 60).
[Ans. X=0.732, Y = 0.073, Z = 0.19]

Q.9 Calculate the mass fraction and mole fraction of ethyl alcohol and water in a solution containing
9.2 g of alcohol in 18.0 g of water.
[Ans. C2H5OH: Mass fraction = 0.34; Mole fraction = 0.17; H2O; Mass fraction = 0.66; Mole
fraction = 0.8]

Q.10 A sugar syrup of weight 214.2 g contains 34.2 g of sugar (C12H22O11). Calculate
(i) molal concentration
(ii) mole fraction of sugar in the syrup. [Ans. (i) 0.556m (ii) 0.0099]

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Q.11 Concentrated nitric acid used as laboratory reagent is usually 69% by mass of nitric acid.
Calculate the volume of the solution which contains 23g of HNO3. (The density of the concentrated
nitric acid solution is 1.41g cm-3). [Ans. 23.6 cm3]
Q.12 Calculate the molality of 1 litre solution of 93% H2SO4 (weight /volume). The density of the
solution is 1.84 g mL-1 . [Ans. 10.43m]

Q.13 Concentrated sulphuric acid has a density of 1.9 g /ml and is 99% H2SO4 by weight. Calculate the
molarity of H2SO4 in this acid. [Ans. 19.19
M]

Q.14 Calculate the mole fraction of ethanol and water in a sample of rectified spirit which contains 95

percent of ethanol by weight. [Ans. xC 2 H5OH = 0.88, xH2O = 0.12 ]

Q.15 Calculate the volume of 80% H2SO4 (density = 1.80 g/cc) required to prepare one litre of 20%
H2SO4 (density = 1.25 g/cc). [Ans. 173.6 cc]

Q.16 The solubility of Ba (OH)2. 8H2O in water at 288 K is 5.6 g per 100 g of water. What is the molality
of the hydroxide ions in the saturated solution of barium hydroxide at 288 K? (Atomic masses : Ba
= 137, O = 16, H = 1). [Ans. 0.356 m]

Q.17 The density of a 3M Na2S2O3 (sodium thiosulphate) solution is 1.25 g cm-3. Calculate
(i) the percentage of weight of sodium thiosulphate (ii) the mole fraction of sodiumthiosulphate
(iii) the molalaity of Na+ and S2O32− ions. [Ans. (i) 37.92% (ii) 0.065 (iii) 7.732 M, 3.866 M]

Q.18 Calculate the number of moles of methanol in 5 litres of its 2m solution, if the density of the
solution is 0.981 kg L-1 (Molar mass of methanol = 32.0 g mol-1 ). [Ans. 9.22 moles]

Q.19 18 g glucose (molar mass 180g mol-1 ) is present in 500 cm3 of its aqueous solution. What is the
molarity of the solution ? What additional data is required if the molality of the solution is also
required to be calculated? [Ans. 0.2M,Density of solution is required]

Q.20 An aqueous solution of sodium chloride is marked 10% (w/w) on the bottle. The density of the
solution is 1.071 g mL-1. What is the molality and molarity? Also what is the mole fraction of each
component in the solution? [Ans. 1.83 M, 1.90m, x (NaCl)=0.03x (H2O )= 0.097]
Q.21 H2SO4 used in lead storage cell is 38% by mass and has a density of 1.30 g cm -3. Calculate its
molarity. [Ans. 5.0 M]

Q.22 If 20.0 cm3 of 1.0 M CaCl2 and 60.0 cm3 of 0.20 M CaCl2 are mixed, what will be the molarity of
the final solution? [Ans. 0.40 M]

Genius Students Academy

(1 Mark Questions)

Q.1 When is the value of Van’t Hoff factor more than one?
Q.2 Why is an increase in temperature observed on mixing chloroform with acetone.

Q.3 How is that alcohol and water are miscible in all proportions?

Q.4 What temperature change is expected during the mixing of two liquids whose solution shows a
negative deviation from Raoult’s law?
Q.5 Why is benzene insoluble in water but soluble in toluene?

Q.6 Define an ideal solution.

Q.7 What do you understand by ‘colligative properties’?

Q.8 Give an example of a compound in which hydrogen bonding results in the formation of a dimmer.
Q.9 State any two characteristics of ideal solution.
Q.10 Solution A is obtained by dissolving 1g of urea in 100g of water and solution B is obtained by
dissolving 1g of glucose in 100g of water. Which solution will have a higher boiling point and why?

Q.11 Why does molality of a solution remain unchanged with Change in Temp. While its molarity
changes?

Q.12 Why is the cooking temp. In pressure cooker higher than in open pan?

(2 Marks Questions)

Q.1 Give one example each of miscible liquid pairs showing positive and negative deviations from
Raoult’s law. Give one reason each for such deviations.

Q.2 An aqueous solution of glucose is made by dissolving 10 g of glucose (C 6H12O6) in 90 g of water at

303 K. If vapour pressure of pure water at 303 K be 32.8 mm Hg, what would be the vapour
pressure of the solution?

Q.3 Define the following terms:

(i) Mole fraction (ii) Ideal solution.

Q.4 Explain with a suitable diagram and appropriate examples why some non-ideal solutions show
positive deviation from ideal behaviour.

Q.5 What is meant by abnormal molecular mass of solute? Discuss the factors which bring abnormality
in the experimentally determined molecular masses of solutes using colligative properties.

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Q.6 Vapour pressure of pure water at 35ºC is 31.82 mm Hg. When 27.0 g of solute is dissolved in 100 g
of water (at the same temperature) vapour pressure of the solution thus formed is 30.95 mm Hg.
Calculate the molecular mass of the solute.
Q.7 The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 70 mm and 90 mm Hg respectively at 25º. The
mole fraction of ‘A’ in a solution of the two is 0.3. Assuming that A and B from an ideal solution,
calculate the partial pressure of each component in equilibrium with the solution.
Q.8 (i) What is osmotic pressure and how is it related with the molecular mass of non-volatile solute?
(ii) What advantage the osmotic pressure method has over elevation in boiling point method for
determining molecular masses?
Q.9 Calculate molarity and molality of a 13% solution (by weight) of sulphuric acid? Its density is
1.020 g cm-3. (Atomic mass H = 1, O = 16, S = 32 a.m.u.)

Q.10 With the help of a suitable diagram show that the lower vapour pressure of a solution than the
pure solvent, causes a lowering of freezing point for the solution compared to that of pure solvent.

Q.11 A solution containing 2.56 g of sulphur in 100 g of CS 2 gave a freezing point lowering of 0.383 K.
Calculate the molecular formula of sulphur. (Kf for CS2 in 3.83 K kg mol-1) At. wt. of S = 32.

Q.12 Differentiate between molarity and molality of a solution. When and why is molality preferred
over molarity in handling solutions in Chemistry?

Q.13 With the help of a suitable diagrams, illustrate the two types of non-ideal solutions.

Q.14 Illustrate elevation in boiling point with the help of vapour pressure-temperature curve of a
solution. Show that elevation in boiling point is a colligative property.

Q.15 Explain why freezing point of a solvent is lowered on dissolving a non-volatile solute into it? Give
an important application of the phenomenon of depression in freezing point.

Q.16 The freezing point of pure nitrobenzene is 278.8 K. When 2.5 g of unknown substance is dissolved
in 100 g of nitrobenzene, the freezing point of solution is found to be 276.8 K. If the freezing point
depression constant of nitrobenzene is 8.0 K kg mol-1, what is the molar mass of unknown
substance?

Q.17 The solubility of Ba(OH)2. 8 H2O in water at 288 K is 5.6 g per 100 g of water. What is the molality
of the hydroxide ions in saturated solution of Ba(OH)2. 8 H2O at 288 K? (At. mass of Ba = 137, ) =
16, H = 1)

Q.18 Osmotic pressure of a solution containing 7 g of dissolved protein per 100 cm 3 of the solution is 20
mm Hg at 310 K. Calculate the molar mass of protein, R = 0.082 L atm mol-1 K-1.

Q.19 A solution of 3.800g of sulphur in 100g of CS2 (boiling point = 46.300C) biols at 46.660 C. What is
the formula of sulphur molecule in this position?
(Atomic mass of sulphur = 32 mol-1 and Kb for CS2 = 2.40k kgmol-1 )

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Q.20 “The solution of a non-volatile solute boils at a higher temp than the pure solvent” Show this
relationship on a grphic diagram.

Q.21 How is relative lowering of vapour pressure defined for a solution consisting of a volatils solvent
and a non-volatile solute? How is this function related to the mole fraction of the solvent and of the
solute.
Q.22 In a solution of urea, 3g of it is dissolved in 100ml of water. What will bethe freezing point of this
solution? State the approximation made if any.
[Kb = 1.86k kgmol-1 , molar mars of urea = 60g 1mol]

(3 Marks Questions)

Q.1 On dissolving 3.24 g of sulphur in 40 g of benzene boiling point of solution was higher than that of
benzene by 0.81 K. Kb value for benzene is 2.53 K kg mol-1. What is molecular formula of
sulphur?(Atomic mass of sulphur = 32 g mol-1)

Q.2 The vapour pressure of pure benzene at 25ºC is 639.7 mm Hg and the vapour pressure of a
solution of a non-volatile solute in benzene at the same temperature is 631.9 mm Hg. Calculate
mole fraction of solute and molality of solution.

Q.3 Assuming complete ionization, calculate the expected freezing point of solution prepared by
dissolving 6.00 g of Glauber’s salt, Na2SO4.10H2O in 0.1 kg of H2O [Kf for H2O = 1.86 K kg mol-1]
(At. mass of Na = 23, S = 32, O = 16, H = 1 a.m.u.)

Q.4 At 298 K, the vapour pressure of pure water is 23.75 mm Hg.

(a) At the same temperature calculate the vapour pressure over 10% aqueous solution of an
organic compound whose molecular weight is 60 g mol-1.
(b) What will be the osmotic pressure of this solution of 298 K? [R = 0.082 L atm K-1 mol-1]

Q.5 One litre aqueous solution of sucrose (molar mass = 342 g mol-1) weighing 1015 g is found to record
an osmotic pressure at 4.82 atm at 293 K. What is the molaity of the sucrose solution?
R = 0.082 L atm K-1 mol-1

Q.6 A solution containing 12.5 g of a non-electrolyte substance in 175 g of water gave a boiling point
elevation of 0.70 K. Calculate the molar mass of the substance. [Kb = 0.52 K kg mol-1].

Q.7 A decimolar solution of K4[Fe(CN)6] is 50% dissociated at 300 K. Calculate the osmotic pressure of
solution [R = 0.821 litre atm K-1 mol-1].

Q.8 At 25ºC, the vapour pressure of pure water is 23.76 mm of Hg and that of aqueous dilute solution
of urea is 22.98 mm of Hg. Calculate the molality of the solution.

Q.9 The molal freezing point depression constant of benze (C 6H6) is 4.90kg mol-1. Selenium exists as a
polymer of the type Sex. When 32.6g of selenium is dissolved in 226g of benzene, the observed
freezing point is 0.1120 C lower than for pure benzene deduce the molecular formula of selenium.
(Atomic mass of Se = 78.8gmol-1).
 Genius Students Academy

(5 Marks Questions)

Q.1 (a) What is the molal elevation constant, Kb? How is it related to the molality of a solution?
(b) An aqueous solution of glucose boils at 100.02ºC. What is the number of glucose molecules in
the solution containing 100 g of water? What will be the osmotic pressure of this glucose solution at
27ºC? [Given Kb for H2O = 0.5 K kg mol-1, R = 0.082 L atm K-1 mol-1, NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol-1]

Q.2 Why do calculations based on lowering of freezing points of solutions sometimes give abnormal
molar mass value for solutes? How may the equation for the related colligative property be
modified for substances exhibiting abnormal molar mass values? A solution contains 7.45 g of KCl
per litre of solution. It has an osmotic pressure of 4.68 atm at 300 K. Calculate the degree of
dissociation for KCl in this solution.
[R = 0.082 L atm K-1 mol-1, Atomic masses: K = 39.0, Cl = 35.5]

Q.3 (a) What is meant by a ‘colligative property’?

(b) Why does the presence of a solute in a solvent depress its freezing point?
(c) The freezing point of pure nitrobenzene is 278.8 K. When 2.5 g of an unknown substance was
dissolved in 100 g of nitrobenzene, the freezing point of solution was found to be 276.8 K. The
freezing point depression constant of nitrobenzene is 8.0 K kg mol -1. Calculate the molar mass of
the unknown solute.
 Genius Students Academy
NUMERICALS
Q.1 Decinormal solution of NaCl developed an osmotic pressure of 4.6 atmosphere at 300 K. Calculate its
degree of dissociation (R = 0.082 L atm K-1 mol-1). [Ans. 0.87]

Q.2 Calculate the van't Hoff factor of CdS04 (molecular mass 208.4) if the dissolution of 5.21 g of CdS0 4 in
half litre water gives a depression in freezing point of 0.168°C (Kf of water is 1.86 K kg mol-1)
[Ans. 1.806]
Q.3 Assuming complete dissociation, calculate the expected freezing point of a solution prepared by
dissolving 6.00 g of Glauber's salt, Na2SO4.10 H20 in 0.100 kg of H2O [Given for water, Kf = 1.86 K kg
mol-1 ; Atomic masses : Na = 23, S = 32, O = 16, H = 1 amu] [Ans.- 1.04ºC]

Q.4 The freezing point of a solution containing 0.3 g of acetic acid in 30.0 g of benzene is lowered by 0.45°C.
Calculate the van't Hoff factor (Kf for benzene = 5.12 K kg mol-1). [Ans.0.527]

Q.5 A solution containing 3.100 g of BaCl2 in 250 g of water boils at 100.083°C. Calculate the value of van't
Hoff factor and molality of BaCl2 in this solution. (Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol-1, Molar mass of BaCl2
= 208.3 g mol-1) [Ans. m= 0.0595, I
= 2.68]

Q.6 0. 01 m aqueous solution of K3 [Fe(CN)6] freezes at – 0.062°C. What is the apparent percentage of
dissociation ? (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1) [Ans. 77.7%]

Q.7 Phenol associates in benzene to a certain extent to form dimer. A solution containing 2.0 x 10~2 kg of
phenol in 1.0 kg of benzene has its freezing point decreased by 0.69 K. Calculate the degree of
association of phenol (Kf for benzene = 5.12 K kg mol-1). [Ans. 0.734]

Q.8 Out of the following three solutions, which has the highest freezing point and why ?
(i) 0.1 M Urea (ii) 0.1 M Barium phosphate (iii) 0.1 M Sodium sulphate [Ans. 0.1MUrea]

Q.9 Out of the following three solutions, which has the highest boiling point and why ?
(i) 1 M Glucose (ii) 1 M Potassium chloride (iii) 1 M Aluminium nitrate [Ans. 1M A1(NO3)3]

Q.10 An aqueous solution containing 1.248 g of barium chloride (molar mass = 208.34 g mol -1) in 100 g of
water boils at 100.0832°C. Calculate the degree of dissociation of BaCl2 (Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol-1).
[Ans. 0.835]

Q.11 The osmotic pressure of a 0.0103 molar solution of an electrolyte is found to be 0.70 atm at 27°C.
Calculate the van't Hoff factor. [R = 0.082 L atm mol-1 K-1]. [Ans. 2.76]

Q.12 On a certain hill station, pure water is found to boil at 95°C. How many grams of NaCl must be added
to 2 kg of water so that it boils at 100°C ? [Ans. 562.42 g]

Q.13 Depression in freezing point of 0.10 molal solution of HF is – 0.201°C. Calculate the percentage degree
of dissociation of HF. (Kf= 1.86 K kg mol-1). [Ans. 8.06%]

Q.14 Calculate the freezing point depression expected for 0.0711 m aqueous solution of Na 2S04. If this solution
actually freezes at – 0.320°C, what would be the value of van 't Hoff factor ? (K f for water is 1.86 C mol-
1
). [Ans. 0.132ºC,2.42]
Q.15 Calculate the boiling point of a solution containing 0.61 g of benzoic acid in 50 g of carbon disulphide
assuming 84% dimerisation of the acid. The boiling point and Kb of CS2 are 46.2°C and 2.3 K kg mol-1
respectively. [Ans. 46.333ºC]