Exercise 12

HUMAN EVOLUTION: COMPARING PRIMATES

ANSWER SHEET

Name: Luna, Brylle Henson F. Date Performed: 05/25/2021

Lab. Schedule/Instructor: TTh 4:00-7:00 PM/Psyche Karren Ann Osing

I. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
A. The hands of five different primates.

Opposable Length of Thumb

Primate Claws or Nails?
Thumb? (cm)
NO 9 cm Claws
Tarsier
YES 2 cm Claws
Baboon
NO 1.3 cm Nails
Orangutan
YES 4 cm Nails
Gorilla
YES 2.5 cm Nails
Human

B. The skeletons of the human and gorilla.

Explanation of their
Characteristic Human Gorilla
difference/s
The female inlet is larger Most transversely oval, Gorilla’s pelvic shape is
Pelvis shape
and oval in shape, while short and broad, termed smaller in size but very
the male sacral platypelloid. similar in position.
promontory projects
further.
33.4-35.2 cm in males Human jaw size is
Jaw size
17.22-19.33 in males and and 22.5-27.8 in smaller because gorillas
16.44-18.67 in females. females. tend to have bigger
teeth.
Gorillas shape is very
hunchback shape while
Spine Shape S-vertical shape L-curved shape humans tend to stand
instead of curve-like
gorillas.
Bone arrangement of Very closely structured Very apart from each Gorillas have more
and vertically placed. other. spread apart feet since

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 feet they do climb and
crawl, unlike humans;
they’re only used to
walk.
There’s not much of a
Overall height
Male: 5.6 ft 5.2-5.6 ft difference. Gorillas do
Female: 5.2 ft tend to be wider than
humans.
Gorillas have arms
Arms longer than
NO YES longer than legs; more
legs
adaptable to their
environment.

1. What similarities do you see between the human and gorilla skeleton?

Both have the same bones but are structured very differently; legs, arms, pelvic
system, upper body system, and etc.

A. Skull comparison

Gorilla Australopithecus Modern Human

2
Facial Area (cm )
(Length x width) 42 25.5 16.8

Cranial Area (cm2)

(Length x width) 30 30 49.41

Ratio of Cranial Area

to Facial Area 4:1 3:1 3:2

Cranial Capacity
3
(cm ) (2Πr) 700 760 1220

Angle of Jaw 34 54 90

Length of Incisors
(cm) 15 cm 12 cm 21.5 cm

Presence of Brow
Ridge 3 5 7

Presence of Sagittal
Crest 2 1 4

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 II. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Animal Number of Amino Acid Differences

Chimpanzee 0
Gibbon 2
New World Monkey 8
Mouse 29

1. Based on the hemoglobin data, which organism is most closely related to

humans? Which is most distantly related to humans?

Chimpanzee is most closely related to humans since there is no difference in

hemoglobin structure. Mouse is the one that is distantly related to humans.

CONCLUSION

This is a cladogram for the major groups of primates. Based on the relationships shown in
this cladogram, answer each of the following questions:

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 1. Which primate species is most closely related to humans?

Chimpanzee is mostly closely related to humans.

2. Which primate species is most distantly related to

humans? It’s the lorises, pottos, and lemurs.

3. How long ago did speciation occur between tarsiers and the ancestor of all
the anthropoids?

About 65 million years ago.

4. According to this cladogram, about how long ago did the common ancestor
between humans and chimpanzees exist?

10 million years ago.

5. Explain why the statement “Humans evolved from monkeys” is incorrect.

Scientists were able to find through certain structures and through common DNA strands
that humans and monkeys have a common ancestor. It’s a common misconception that
humans evolve from monkeys. Also, if human were in fact evolved from monkeys,
monkeys wouldn’t even exist because in order for a species to evolve from another
species, the species that was evolved from would have to be extinct.

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