NORTHERN LUZON ADVENTIST COLLEGE

“The School That Prepares for Life”

S.Y 2020-2021

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

(Specialized Subject)

LEARNING MODULE 1

Prepared by:

JOMAR MORENO BACANI

Math/Physics Instructor, NLAC
 ELECTROSTATICS
What is all about this module?

You were born in the comforts of modern living because almost everything is run by electricity. In just a flip of a
switch there is light. By simply pressing the remote of your electronic devices you can listen to good music from your
stereo component system or you can watch show from your TV set. You can even travel, compute faster than ever
before, and even communicate to others in the remotest part of the globe.

Try to imagine a modern home without electricity and appliances. Definitely it will be a worst sight. Electricity has a
definite niche in a modern society. But we cannot go on discussing the wonders of electricity without first
understanding what it is and how it all began.

Electricity is everywhere around us. The incandescent bulbs that light our homes, the batteries that power up our
appliances, the transmission lines that supply energy to our homes are but few of the many things that utilize electricity.
There are also some far more simple phenomena that let us experience electricity, and many of these are indeed
amazing. However, if we understand the principles behind electricity, we will find out that what lies behind these
wonders are just simple laws of nature. This module discusses the fundamental concept of electricity and its effects and
applications in our everyday living.

Electrostatics: Charging by Conduction, Induction, and Friction

Electrostatics involves forces between charged objects. Learn about charging by conduction, induction, and friction
along with an intro to electrostatics.

What is electrostatics?

Electrostatics is the physics that deals with the interactions of static (non-moving) charges.

 Positive charges attract negative charges and repel other positive charges
 Negative charges attracts positive charges and repel other negative charges

What is the difference between static electricity and current?

Static electricity involves charged objects that are static, which means not moving. Static charged objects create an
electric field that interacts with other charged objects around it. When there is a consistent supply of electrons
(negative terminal) and another area for those electrons to flow (positive terminal) you get a current. A current is a
flow of electrons. They don't flow as directly as our animation here but that is a lesson for a future unit. While
a static charge creates a electric field a moving charge or current creates a magnetic field around it.

 Static (Non-Moving) Charges Creates an Electric Field

 Current (Moving) Charges Create a Magnetic Field
The Atom
Atoms are composed of a nucleus and electron orbits which are regions electrons will most likely occupy. The
following table shows the mass and charge of a proton, neutron, and electron.

Masses and Charges of Subatomic

Particles

Mass Charge

+1.602 x
Proton 1.673x10-27 kg
10-19 C

Neutron 1.675x10-27 kg 0C

+1.602 x
Electron 9.109x10-31 kg
10-19 C

In the nucleus you find protons with a positive charge and neutrons that are neutral (no charge). The nucleus is
held together by strong nuclear forces.

Every atom comes with one negatively charged electron for every proton that balances the charge of the
nucleus. Electrons can be shared through covalent bonds with other atoms to become stable. A stable atom has its
outer election shell "or energy level for a defined number of electrons" filled.

ELECTRIC CHARGES
Electric charge is defined as the amount of energy or electrons passing from one body to another either by conduction,
induction or other specific methods. There are two types of electric charges namely positive charge and negative
charges. Charges are present in almost everybody and those bodies which don’t have charges are assumed to be
neutrally charged or no charge.

Charge is denoted by the symbol ‘q’ and its standard unit is COULOMB. Mathematically charge is the number of
electrons multiplied by the charge on 1 electron.

 Matter is composed of protons, neutrons and electrons. In solids, protons and neutrons can’t move and electrons
might be able to move. In materials called conductors (metals), there are electrons that are free to move around.
 In materials called insulators (glass, wood, plastic), electrons can’t move freely rather they usually can only
redistribute themselves within the molecules they are in.

The rules that govern the behaviors are:

 Like charges repel.
 Opposite charges attract.
 Only the negatives (electrons) move in solid conductors.

CHARGING by CONDUCTION

Charging by conduction involves the contact of a charged object to a neutral object. Hence when an uncharged
conductor is brought in contact with a charged conductor, charge is shared between the two conductors and hence the
uncharged conductor gets charged. During charging by conduction, both objects acquire the same type of charge.

Charging By Conduction Facts

 Contact
 Same charge
 Permanent (with electron transfer)

Charge When Charged By Conducted

 Negative creates negative

 Positive creates positive
CHARGING by INDUCTION

In this process, a charged object is brought near but not touched to a neutral conducting object. The presence of a charged
object near a neutral conductor will induce (force) electrons within the conductor to move.
The movement of electrons leaves an imbalance of charge on opposite sides of the neutral conductor. While the overall object
is neutral (i.e., has the same number of electrons as protons), there is an excess of positive charge on one side of the object and
an excess of negative charge on the opposite side of the object.

Charging By Induction Facts

 No contact
 Opposite charge
 Temporary (no electron transfer)

Charge When Charged By Induction

 Positive induces negative

 Negative induces positive

Charging By Friction
Different materials have a different affinity for electrons. Some hold on to their electrons tighter than others.

Greater affinity for electrons: hold electrons stronger and often gain electrons by friction and become negative.

Less affinity for electrons: hold electrons weaker and often loose more electrons by friction and become positive.
Electrical Insulators
Electrical Insulators are materials that do not let electrons flow freely. Insulators would be used for wire coatings or
protective gloves for electricians. You can plug a device into the outlet without getting electrocuted because the wires
are insulated as the one in this picture.

Common Electrical Insulators

 Rubber
 Plastic
 Glass
 Air
 Wood

Electrical Conductors
Electrical conductors are materials through which electrons move freely.

Why are metals good conductors?

Metals are good conductors because of how they share electrons. Metals have a framework of atoms with some
loosely held electrons that zip around shared by the metal. This is what many physicists call an electron cloud as seen
in the animation.

Top Conductive Metal Elements

1. Silver
2. Copper
3. Gold
4. Aluminum
Sharing Charge Between Similar Conductors
When two similar conductors come in contact, electrons separate as much as possible. The net effect is that the two
similar conductors will share the original charge. Observe how charge would be shared in our unique
animation. Object one shares its charge with initially neutral object two after contact. Now charged, object two
continues ahead and equally shares its charge with the next once neutral object. Each time there are two objects
sharing charge so the previous charge was divided by two.

PERFORMANCE TASK # 1

Open you EDMODO account and READ the instructions on how to pass this task.

Available: January 20, 2021

Deadline: January 27, 2021

LUKE 17: 24 - “For as the lightning, that lighteneth out of the one part under heaven, shineth unto the other part under
heaven; so shall also the Son of man be in his day.”

***** END OF MODULE 1 *****