Gallano - Lab Report1

Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering – Department of Petroleum Engineering
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF DC AND AC MACHINERY
LABORATORY EXPERIMENT # 1 - MAGNETISM
SUBMITTED BY: GALLANO, KAEL AARON M.
SUBMITTED TO: ENGR. RICHARD DEAN MAGUNDAYAO BRIONES, RME
DATE: APRIL 16, 2023
Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

Alangilan Campus
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
ABSTRACT
The experiment was designed to investigate magnetism, including its properties and how
they are modified by various factors that cause strongly magnetic materials to attract one other.
The researchers wanted to determine what variables impact the variations in magnetic fields
between similar and opposite poles, as well as the direction of magnetic lines in the magnetic
field, which is the region where the magnet exerts force. The experiment also attempted to
investigate the link between electricity and magnetism, specifically how electric current affects
it. Several parameters were examined during the experiment to guarantee precise and trustworthy
results, such as the location of magnets, the size and quantity of materials utilized (such as nails
and cables), and other essential aspects. It was observed that Iron dust sprayed closer to the
magnet with the highest magnetic force was found to stick more to that side of the magnet. When
two magnets were employed, unique curving patterns consisting of iron filings were generated,
which were referred to as magnetic field patterns. The distributed iron dust was likewise repelled
when the magnets had comparable poles facing each other, sticking exclusively to the side where
the magnetic force was highest. When opposite poles came in touch, the iron filings appeared to
be attracted toward each other. Furthermore, the number of paper clips attracted by
electromagnetism was determined by elements such as the number of coils or length of wire
wrapped around the nail, as well as the size of the nail itself.

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I. INTRODUCTION
Magnets have a significant role in our everyday lives, from the standard refrigerator and
toy magnets to those used in speakers, door locks, washing machines, and even our planet, Earth.
Magnetism occurs when two magnets interact, either attracting or repelling each other. This
attraction or repulsion is determined by the poles of the magnets, with opposite poles attracting
and similar poles repelling. The experiment aims to understand the direction of magnetic lines,
and the interaction of poles plays a crucial role in determining their orientation.
Electromagnetism is the study of how magnetic fields impact electrically charged

particles. People used to believe that electricity and magnetism were unconnected. However, A
Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (1873) by James Maxwell offered strong proof that
positive and negative charges may interact through a magnetic field. This publication became a
pillar of electromagnetic theory.
Electricity is essential in machines since it may be either an input or an output. According

to Kiran Daware's essay on electricaleasy (2021), there are three sorts of electrical machines in
which electricity plays a vital part. Mechanical energy is utilized as an input in electrical
generators to create electrical energy as an output. In the case of electrical motors, the input is
electrical energy and the output is mechanical energy. Transformers, on the other hand, do not
necessarily require electricity to work, but instead act as voltage converters, stepping up to
greater voltage or stepping down to lower voltage. Magnetism is also important in current
technology, as stated in an article from Northeastern ECE (n.d.). It is employed in a variety of
current technologies, including perpendicular and longitudinal recording, hard drives, magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic levitation trains, and home products.

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II. OBJECTIVE
This laboratory experiment aims to achieve the following objectives:
1. Determine the direction of the magnetic lines of the magnetic field.
2. Distinguish the differences in the magnetic field between like and unlike poles.
3. Determine the effects of electricity on magnetism.
4. Determine the effect of the length and wrap of the wire as a coil on magnetism.
5. Identify the connection of electricity to machines.
6. Understand how magnetism affects AC and DC Machinery
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials that were used in the experiment are tabulated below.
Magnetic Field
Material Description Image
2 pc Magnet (Neodymium Also referred to as a rare

ring magnets cutted in half) earth ring magnet. These
incredibly powerful and
versatile magnets are crafted
from a combination of
neodymium, iron, and boron,
which gives them their
remarkable magnetic
strength. This unique
property makes them suitable

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for a wide array of

applications across different
industries.
2 oz Iron powder/dust Iron powder/dust is a

common, silver-colored, fine,
magnetic material. A strong
metal element used in the
manufacturing of steel.
1Clear plastic (Acetate) Serves as a cover and

protection for a work or a
book. It functions as a barrier
between the magnets and the
iron dust.

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3 Long bond paper Paper that is commonly used

for handwriting and
sketching and is generally
made of cotton fibers. It
serves as the surface for the
placement of magnets.
Table 1.1. Materials used in the magnetic field experiment.
Material Description Image
2m of 3.5mm^2 In the experiment, a solid

Solid copper wire copper electrical wire is used
to make a magnet, which is
carried by forming a compact
coil around various-sized iron
nails.

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1 pc 3-inch Iron nail A little metal device with a

flat end and a pointy tip.
During the experiment, one
end was wrapped with a
copper coil.
1 pc 4-inch Iron nail A medium size metal device

with a flat end and a pointy
tip. During the experiment,
one end was wrapped with a
copper coil.
1pc 5-inch Iron nail A large metal device with a

flat end and a pointy tip.
During the experiment, one
end was wrapped with a
copper coil.

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1pc D battery It is a type of electrical

battery that is commonly used
in portable electrical
equipment, and it is employed
in the experiment to
magnetize the iron nails.
1pc 9V Battery It is also a form of electrical

battery that is commonly used
in portable electrical devices,
and it is employed in the
experiment to magnetize the
iron. the iron nails, and to
distinguish the results of this
battery from a D battery,
which is important to the
experiment.
30pcs Metal Paper Clips A thin metal clip may hold

sheets of paper between two
of its loops, and it is also used
as the test item in this
experiment to demonstrate
magnetism.

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IV. PROCEDURE
Part 1: One bar magnet only.
The students began by placing one magnet on top of a long piece of bond paper, followed
by a clear plastic film on top of the bar magnet. The students then softly dusted the iron powder
evenly over the transparent plastic and gently tapped the paper to align the dust with the
magnetic field. Finally, they observed and analyzed what occurred.
Part 2: Two magnets are paralleled, with their opposing poles facing each other.
The students repeated the processes from Part 1 but with two magnets positioned
parallelly, with the opposing polarity on one side. They kept the magnets separated by 3-5
inches. Then, watch and assess what occurs.
Part 3: Two magnets aligned in a straight line towards the magnet's north poles.
The students repeated the methods from Part 1, but the two magnets were positioned in a
straight line. They placed the North pole of each magnet in the center, with the same pole facing
each other, and maintained a 1-inch gap between the magnets. Students observed and studied
what occurred.
Part 4: Wrapped a coil of wire of varying lengths around a 5-inch nail.

Students began by gathering the necessary items, which included a 5-inch nail, solid
copper wire, a battery, and multiple paper clips. The students then wrapped the nails with copper
wire at a 4-inch height and inserted it in the center of the nail, being careful to provide the proper
size to connect to the D battery. They removed roughly a half inch (13 mm) of insulation from
both ends of the wire; they did not cut the wire, only the insulation. Following that, pupils

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attached each wire end to the top and bottom of the dry cell. They directed the pointed end of the
nail at the paper clip, lifted it to attract it, and counted how many paper clips were pulled.
Part 5: Wrapped a coil of wire with a 2-inch height in various sizes of nails.
To begin, pupils prepared the necessary supplies, such as the 5-inch nail, 4-inch nail, and
3-inch nail, solid copper wire, a DC battery, and multiple paper clips. The students then wrapped
a 3-inch nail with copper wire at a 2-inch height and inserted it in the center of the nail, making
careful to provide a proper size to connect to the D battery. They removed roughly a half-inch
(13 mm) of insulation from both ends of the wire; they did not cut the wire, only the insulation.
Students then attached each wire end to the top and bottom of the dry cell. They lifted the
pointed end of the nail to attract the paper clip and counted how many paper clips were pulled.
Students then documented the information. They then repeated steps 1–5, with the width of the
copper wire varying between 3 inches and 2 inches. Finally, students performed steps 1–5 with a
9-volt battery.
IV. RESULT AND DATA

Part 1

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Figure 1: Documented result of the magnetic field
Part 2
Figure 2: Documented result of the magnetic field in two bar magnets placed in a parallel
position with opposite poles facing each other.
Part 3

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Figure 3: Documented result of the magnetic field in two bar magnets arranged in one straight
line.
Part 4
For D battery
Height of Wire wrap Total number of paper clips attracted
2 inches 4
3 inches 7
4 inches 5
Table 1: Tabulated results showing the influence of wire wrap height on magnetism when linked
to D-cell battery
For 9 Volts battery
Height of Wire wrap Total number of paper clips attracted
2 inches 1
3 inches 0
4 inches 0
Table 2: Tabulated results of the effect of the height of wire wraps on magnetism when
connected to a 9 Volts battery.

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Part 5
For D battery
Length of Iron Nail Total number of paper clips attracted
3 inches 8
4 inches 11
5 inches 12
Table 3: Tabulated results of the effect of the length of the iron nails on magnetism when
connected to a D battery.
For 9 Volts battery
Length of Iron Nail Total number of paper clips attracted
3 inches 0
4 inches 1
5 inches 3
Table 4: Tabulated results of the effect of the length of the iron nails on magnetism when
connected to a 9 volts battery.
V. DISCUSSION
Experiment 1: Bar magnets.
During the bar magnet experiment, we observed that when iron particles are equally scattered on
a sheet of long-bond paper and then placed above a bar magnet, a visual pattern or shape

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develops. We discovered that iron particles are drawn to the two poles because they can detect
the field lines of the magnetic field (north and south). This experiment illustrates a certain pattern
and interaction between magnets and iron powder, which will be examined more in the next
sections. Further information is provided below.
Part 1: Identifying the magnetic field
Figure 4: Manual illustration of single bar magnet
When put between the bond paper and the transparent plastic sheet, the iron dust
symbolizes the interaction between the north and south poles of the magnet, as seen in the figure.
The figure shows that iron dust was detected largely at both ends. Because the magnetic flux
lines are aligned end to end, it may appear like more iron particles are drawn to both ends due to
changes in the distribution of the iron powder. Furthermore, we can see the magnetic lines and

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how the iron dust forms a pattern that reveals the magnetic field's direction. The bar magnet
visually represents this, and based on our study, we may deduce that the magnetic field lines go
from the magnet's north pole to its south pole.
Part 2: Identifying the magnetic field of two bar magnets placed in a parallel position with
opposite poles facing each other.
Figure 5: Manual illustration of two bar magnets placing in a parallel opposite poles
This test consists of two parallel bar magnets with opposite pole orientations and a 3-inch
space between them. Iron particles may be seen in the form of magnetic field lines between
them. Magnetic field lines clearly link one magnet's poles to the poles of the opposing magnet.
When two magnets are placed close enough together, you may notice a pattern that illustrates
how their magnetic field lines join. Because the field lines must bend to limit the distance

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beyond the region where the magnets are located, the magnetic field's intensity will decrease.
The objective of the preceding image was to simulate a parallel magnet relationship in order to
show how the magnetic fields of two bar magnets with opposing polarity would behave if they
were positioned parallel to one another. This demonstrates that the two magnets have a distinct
link. The opposite polarities of a magnet are known to be attracted to one another. As a result, its
fundamental notion was developed from the behavior of the magnetic field both outside and
within the parallel magnet. The magnets' north and south poles form a conventional magnetic
field and are attracted to one another, as well as a comparable magnetic field with opposite
polarity.
Part 3: Identifying the magnetic field of two bar magnets arranged in one straight line.
Figure 6: Manual illustration of two bar magnets in a straight line with comparable poles.

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The students placed two magnets with comparable polarity facing each other, one inch
apart. Two magnets with the same polarity repel rather than attract one another after a little
dispersion of iron dust, as seen in the image above. The north pole of each bar magnet is
attracted to the south pole of the other magnet. Magnetic field lines can be seen stretching from
one magnet's pole to its opposing pole. This experiment shows that both magnets can generate
entire circuits. However, even as the magnets reject each other and produce another magnetic
field outside the region, the South pole continues to attract the magnetic field generated by the
North pole and makes a magnetic field motion. The resulting pattern will show that the magnetic
field lines linking the two magnets are migrating apart and returning to the bar magnets'
respective south poles.
Experiment 2: Electromagnetic induction

This experiment, which used iron nails, coil wire, and a battery, demonstrates that
electricity is created by magnets and that magnetism is possible through electricity. According to
the findings of the experiment, a typical iron nail has insufficient magnetism to attract a clip, but
it had the power to make the nail magnetic since it was appropriately coiled and coupled to a
battery. Furthermore, the length of the nail and coil had a major effect since it influenced the
magnetizing power of the nails. Furthermore, during the experiment, it was seen that a drop in
electricity led to a decrease in magnetism. This section will go through the link between
electricity and magnetism in great depth.
Part 4: Identifying the influence of wire wrap height on magnetism when linked to a D battery
and a 9-volt battery.
In this electromagnetic induction laboratory experiment, the height of the coil wrap wire
has a significant impact on the electromagnet's output. The coil's resistance, which controls how
much current can flow through it, is governed by the thickness of the coil's wrapping wire. A

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larger magnetic field is created because longer cables have lower resistance and may carry more
current. This means that the magnetic field for a given current will be greater for thicker cables.
The height of the coil also has an effect on the magnetic field strength. A longer coil will require
more wire, increasing the number of turns and possible magnetic field intensity. In relation to
Table 1, we may conclude that as the coil wire is longer, it attracts more clips when linked to a D
battery. As a result, we may deduce that the height of the coil and its capacity to magnetize have
a direct relationship. When it is connected to a 9-volt battery, the result of Table 2 reveals that we
need to have a longer coil to be proportional since it is tied to a higher-powered battery and will
create magnetism in order to attract a paper clip. Therefore, the battery’s voltage plays a vital
role and influences the result of the electromagnetic induction in this experiment.
Part 5: Identifying the influence of iron nail length on magnetism when attached to D and 9-volt
batteries.
We repeated the experiment, utilized the same materials, but used different conditions in
this setup. We noticed the effect of increasing the size of the nails on their magnetism when
attached to a D battery and a 9-volt battery in this test. As with the previous setup, the outcome is
exactly proportional to the length of the iron nail and the number of paper clips attracted.
According to Table 3, using a 3-inch nail, 4-inch nail, and 5-inch nail with 2-inch of coil wire in
the middle and connecting both ends to a D battery resulted in lifting 4, 7, and 5 paper clips,
respectively. Although the latter two results had close output, we found a major difference
between them when completing this test. The first, which used a 4-inch nail, attracted exactly
four paper clips when we lifted the iron nail. On the other hand, we used a 5-inch nail, which
likewise held five paper clips, but when we lifted it and aimed the iron nail toward the paper
clips, it attracted more than five paper clips. Furthermore, as we saw in Part 4 when we used the
9-volt battery, the three iron nails do not appear to attract many number of paper clips, according
to Table 4, since we used a shorter coil than was required for the nail to magnetize. In

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conclusion, despite the fact that the last two tests produced identical results, the experiment
demonstrated a clear link between two important factors: the length of the iron nail and the
number of paper clips used to represent the iron nail's capacity to magnetize.
VI. CONCLUSION
To recap the foregoing discussion, both the uses and limits of magnets have been
addressed. Recognizing the numerous applications that may be carried out with an understanding
of magnetism and the idea of magnetic fields is critical for grasping supplemental magnet-related
topics. Because their lines of force all point in the same direction, opposing poles attract each
other, whereas identical poles repel each other. Furthermore, magnetic field lines flowing from
the north pole to the south pole of the magnet indicate attraction between the poles. By dragging
not just themselves from their north pole to their south pole, but also the opposite pole of the
other magnet, parallel magnets with opposing orientations produce additional magnetic field
lines. Furthermore, the relationship between magnets and electricity was noticed and recognized
in the other experiment. The nail was incapable of supporting even a single clip by nature, but
after the surgery, it showed a significant improvement. Additionally, it proved that a
non-magnetic nail could attract a number of clips using simply an electrical source (a battery and
a coil). The experiment found that the number of paper clips attracted by the setup was quite
proportional to the height of the wire wrap, the length of the iron nail, and the voltage of the
battery attached to the coil's end. The coil wire and battery were clearly responsible for the
magnetization of the iron nail. It also demonstrated that a non-magnetic nail may attract a large
number of clips using only an electrical source (a battery and a coil). The number of paper clips
attracted by the arrangement was found to be somehow proportional to the height of the wire
wrap, the length of the iron nail, and the voltage of the battery connected to the coil's end. The
coil wire and battery were plainly responsible for magnetizing the iron nail, which resulted in the
same consequence as magnetizing two paper clips. Nonetheless, it is established that there is a

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direct link between the two components: the length of the iron nail and the magnetism of the iron
nail. Interestingly, neither configuration drew any clips when a 9-volt battery was used. Although
it is not by chance that few paper clips are drawn throughout the test, this is due to the fact that
the 9 volt battery has a higher voltage than the D battery and is linked to varied widths of coil
wire that are not proportional to the stated battery to induce magnetism. As a result, the nails
have a low magnetic power and cannot be magnetized. This experiment established a direct link
between electromagnetic induction and the materials utilized. These factors apply to the nail and
coil, as well as the battery. The magnetic property of the iron nail grew as the length of the nail
and coil attached to the battery increased. The battery's power is the driving force behind the
nail's progress. Magnets produce current, whereas current improves magnetic behavior.
VII. REFERENCES
20 examples of magnetism. ALB Materials Inc:Strong Neodymium Magnets, Rare Earth
Magnets Supplier. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2023, from
https://www.albmagnets.com/blog/20-examples-of-magnetism.html#:~:text=Magnetism
%20is%20the%20result%20of,a%20magnet%20where%20magnetism%20 occurs
Admin. (2023, February 16). Electromagnetism - definition, examples: Electromagnetic

force. BYJUS. Retrieved April 12, 2023, from
https://byjus.com/physics/electromagnetism/#:~:text=Electromagnetism%20is%20a%20b
ranch%20of,%2C%20electric%20fields%2C%20and%20light.
Discovering how machines operate using electricity. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2023,
from https://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/as/technology/3/ast3_3
a.html

Alangilan Campus
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Does the thickness of the wire affect the strength of the electromagnet. Tutorials Point.
(n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2023, from
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/p-does-the-thickness-of-the-wire-affect-the-streng
th-of-the-electromagnet-p
Northeastern University. (n.d.). Magic of Magnetism. Northeastern ECE. Retrieved April

10, 2023, from -https://ece.northeastern.edu/fac-ece/nian/mom/technology.html
Magnetism Basics. Magic of Magnetism. (n.d.). Retrieved April 11, 2023, from
https://ece.northeastern.edu/fac-ece/nian/mom/work.html
VIII. APPENDIX
Below are the documented pictures while performing the laboratory
Part I. Magnetism

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Part 2: Electromagnetic Force using Iron Nails

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Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering – Department of Petroleum Engineering

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF DC AND AC MACHINERY

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT # 1 - MAGNETISM

SUBMITTED BY: GALLANO, KAEL AARON M.

SUBMITTED TO: ENGR. RICHARD DEAN MAGUNDAYAO BRIONES, RME

DATE: APRIL 16, 2023

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

College of Engineering – Department of Petroleum Engineering

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

College of Engineering – Department of Petroleum Engineering

Electromagnetism is the study of how magnetic fields impact electrically charged

Electricity is essential in machines since it may be either an input or an output. According

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

College of Engineering – Department of Petroleum Engineering

III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Material Description Image

2 pc Magnet (Neodymium Also referred to as a rare

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

College of Engineering – Department of Petroleum Engineering

for a wide array of

2 oz Iron powder/dust Iron powder/dust is a

1Clear plastic (Acetate) Serves as a cover and

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

College of Engineering – Department of Petroleum Engineering

3 Long bond paper Paper that is commonly used

Table 1.1. Materials used in the magnetic field experiment.

Material Description Image

2m of 3.5mm^2 In the experiment, a solid

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

College of Engineering – Department of Petroleum Engineering

1 pc 3-inch Iron nail A little metal device with a

1 pc 4-inch Iron nail A medium size metal device

1pc 5-inch Iron nail A large metal device with a

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

College of Engineering – Department of Petroleum Engineering

1pc D battery It is a type of electrical

1pc 9V Battery It is also a form of electrical

30pcs Metal Paper Clips A thin metal clip may hold

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College of Engineering – Department of Petroleum Engineering

Part 4: Wrapped a coil of wire of varying lengths around a 5-inch nail.

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College of Engineering – Department of Petroleum Engineering

IV. RESULT AND DATA

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Figure 1: Documented result of the magnetic field

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Height of Wire wrap Total number of paper clips attracted

For 9 Volts battery

Height of Wire wrap Total number of paper clips attracted

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Length of Iron Nail Total number of paper clips attracted

Length of Iron Nail Total number of paper clips attracted

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College of Engineering – Department of Petroleum Engineering

Part 1: Identifying the magnetic field

Figure 4: Manual illustration of single bar magnet

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