Labno2 Alberto Delacruz Garcia Sebuc

Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering
Department of Electronics Engineering
LABORATORY 2
DIODE CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATION
ALBERTO, Dryan Zen

DE LA CRUZ, Christian Gabriel A.
GARCIA, Giselle
SEBUC, Edwin Jr C.
Engr. Iris Tejada
OCTOBER, 2022
Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

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I. INTRODUCTION
Most electric utility companies nowadays deliver power in the form of alternating current
and voltage (AC). Power lines, transformers, and service lines are all intended to transport
alternating current and voltage. However, our homes and workplaces are loaded with electrical
gadgets and devices that use power in the form of direct current and voltage (DC). As a result,
there is a need for an intermediate device that helps to convert incoming electricity from the line
into a form that can be used by electrical gadgets in our homes and businesses. This gadget is often
referred to as a rectifier.
A rectifier is a device that transforms alternating current provided by a service line or
socket mains to direct current and voltage suitable for powering electrical equipment, particularly
semiconductor devices. In rectification, there are two basic hypotheses that are used to define the
nature of the output wave. There are two types of rectifier theories: half-wave rectifier theory and
full-wave rectifier theory. If we assume a basic sinusoidal a.c voltage in a half wave rectifier, either
the negative or positive half cycle of the signal is permitted to pass through the rectifier circuit. If
we consider a simple sinusoidal a.c voltage in a full wave rectifier, both the negative half cycle and
the positive half cycle of the signal are allowed to pass through the rectifier circuit with one of the
halves flipped to the other halve, resulting in two positive or negative halves following each other
at the output.
II. OBJECTIVES
1. To investigate the behavior of diodes and to introduce some practical circuits using diodes.
2. To determine experimentally the volt ampere characteristics of a junction diode and
rectification.
III. MATERIALS
1. 1. LTspice XVII
2. DC source
3. (4) 1N4148 Diode
4. 1k Resistor
5. 1 Capacitor
IV. PROCEDURE
1. Diode Characteristics
1N4148 Diode
Build the basic diode circuit shown.
1. Measure the diode voltage VD as the power supply is varied from 0 to 10 volts using the
steps (.2, .4, .6, .8, 1, 2 , 3 ,6, 10). Put the measured values in a table.

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For each of the voltage steps above, determine the diode current ID by measuring
the voltage drops across the 1kΩ resistor. Since the value of the resistor is known,
The current flowing through the resistor can easily be calculated.
2. Plot the V-I characteristic for the diode. This plot will have the Diode Voltage on the
horizontal (x) axis and the Diode Current on the vertical (y) axis.
3. Set the power supply to 10 Volts and then vary the supply voltage by 20%. Record the
diode voltages, VDmin and VDmax at both points.
4. Set the supply voltage back to its nominal value. Add a 1k load across the diode. Measure
the drop in output voltage.

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Remember in the first case there is no load, and no load current. By adding the
resistor you have added a load to your diode circuit. You can easily determine the
load current if you know the voltage drop across the load resistor.
2. Half Wave Rectifier

Build the rectifier circuit shown below.
Single Diode Rectifier

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1. Use the function generator to set up the signal source (Vs ). Use a sine wave at 100 Hz with a peak
amplitude of 2 Volts.
2. Use the transient analysis to display both the input and the output at the same time. Screenshot
these waveforms.
3. Use a DC operating point analysis to record the input and output voltages.
For the input,

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For the output,
3. Full-Wave Rectifier
This first circuit is not very effective as a rectifier as it only uses one half-period of the sine
wave. A more commonly used circuit is the bridge rectifier. Build the bridge rectifier shown below:
Bridge Rectifier
1. Use a sinusoidal input voltage at 100 Hz with an amplitude of 10 V. Measure and sketch the input
and output of the circuit using transient analysis.

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2. Now add a capacitor 1uF parallel to the output as shown in the figure below.(Be careful with the
polarity of the capacitor), sketch the new output
Bridge Rectifier with Capacitor

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In most of the applications a transformer is used to scale the input voltage. To build a power
supply, for example, the 110V AC signal would be reduced to 10V AC using a transformer. The
output of the transformer would be a sinusoidal signal with 10V peak amplitude that is just like the
one generated by the function generator in this lab.
V. DATA ANALYSIS
PART 1: Diode Characteristics
Table 1.Measured values of 𝑉𝐷 and 𝐼𝐷
Voltage Supply (VS) Voltage of Diode (VD) Current Diode (ID)
0 0V 0A
0.2 199.79541 mV 204.59069 nA
0.4 387.08726mV 12.912754µA
0.6 485.88052mV 114.11948µA
0.8 525.70981mV 274.29019µA
1 548.40463mV 451.59538µA
2 600.20798mV 1.399792mA
3 624.72439mV 2.3752756mA
6 663.09088mV 5.3369091 mA
10 690.55992mV 9.3094399 mA
V-I Characteristics of the Diode

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Graph of 𝑉𝐷min when Power Supply is varied by 20%
Graph of 𝑉𝐷max when Power Supply is varied by 20%
We obtained the minimum and maximum values of diode voltages by setting 10 V to the
power supply and varying the supply voltage by 20%. Consequently, the values obtained for VDmin
and VDmax are 690.56088 mV and 700.47826 mV respectively.
Voltage of diode (𝑉𝐷) for each step with no load

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Voltage Supply: 0
Voltage Supply: 0.2
Voltage Supply: 0.4
Voltage Supply: 0.6

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Voltage Supply: 0.8
Voltage Supply: 1
Voltage Supply: 2
Voltage Supply: 3

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Voltage Supply: 6
Voltage Supply: 10
Current of Diode (𝐼𝐷) for each step with no load

Table 2. Measured values of 𝑉𝐷 and 𝐼𝐷 with no load
Voltage Supply (VS ) Voltage of Diode (VD) Current Diode (ID)
0 0V 0A
0.2 200mV 206.07853nA
0.4 400.00001mV 12.954476μA
0.6 599.73871mV 114.20205μA
0.8 800.00001mV 274.35596μA
1 1V 451.30303μA
2 2V 1.3998164mA
3 3V 2.3752971mA
6 6V 5.3369158mA
10 10V 9.3094473mA

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Voltage of diode (𝑉𝐷 ) for each step with no load
Voltage Supply: 0
Voltage Supply: 0.2
Voltage Supply: 0.4

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Voltage Supply: 0.6
Voltage Supply: 0.8
Voltage Supply: 1
Voltage Supply: 2

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Voltage Supply: 3
Voltage Supply: 6
Voltage Supply: 10
Current of Diode (𝐼𝐷) for each step with no Load

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Voltage Supply: 0
Voltage Supply: 0.2
Voltage Supply: 0.4

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Voltage Supply: 0.6
Voltage Supply: 0.8
Voltage Supply: 1
Voltage Supply: 2

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Voltage Supply: 3
Voltage Supply: 6
Voltage Supply: 10
Voltage of diode (𝑉𝐷) for each step with load

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Voltage Supply: 0
Voltage Supply: 0.2
Voltage Supply: 0.4

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VoltageSupply: 0.6
Voltage Supply: 0.8
Voltage Supply: 1

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Voltage Supply: 2
Voltage Supply: 3
Voltage Supply: 6

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Voltage Supply: 10
Current of Diode (𝐼𝐷) for each step with load
Voltage Supply: 0

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Voltage Supply: 0.2
Voltage Supply: 0.4
Voltage Supply: 0.6
Voltage Supply: 0.8

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Voltage Supply: 1
Voltage Supply: 2
Voltage Supply: 3
Voltage Supply: 6

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Voltage Supply: 10
Table 3: Measured values of 𝑉𝐷 and 𝐼𝐷 with load

Voltage of resistor
Voltage supply (VS) Voltage of diode (VD) Current of diode (ID)
(VR)
0 0V 0A 0V
0.2 199.79541mV 204.59068nA 204.59294 μV
0.4 387.06888mV 12.930865µA 12.931167 mV
0.6 485.79783mV 114.20188µA 114.20219mV
0.8 525.64408mV 274.35554µA 274.35579mV
1 548.37181mV 451.62779µA 451.62805mV
2 600.18831mV 1.3978531mA 1.3998163V
3 624.70196mV 2.3752756mA 2.3752967V
6 663.08417mV 5.3369162mA 5.3369158V
10 690.55292mV 9.3094399mA 9.3094471V
Voltage of Resistor (𝑉𝑅) for each step

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Voltage Supply: 0
Voltage Supply: 0.2
Voltage Supply: 0.4

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Voltage Supply: 0.6
Voltage Supply: 0.8
Voltage Supply: 1

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Voltage Supply: 2
Voltage Supply: 3
Voltage Supply: 6

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Voltage Supply: 10
Questions:
1. What is the function of the resistor in this circuit ? How much current would have to flow through the
diode if there was no resistor between the diode and the voltage source?
It is the responsibility of the resistor on the circuit to regulate the flow of current to the diode. It
does this by lowering the current at the load end, so protecting the diode from being destroyed. The
research indicates that because the diode has such a low resistance, it will, in the absence of a resistor,
result in an extremely high current flow across the circuit. If there is no resistance in the circuit, then the
current that flows through the entirety of the circuit consisting of the diode and the voltage source will be
the same.
2. What can be said about the voltage drop across the two diode terminals, if there is current flowing
through the diode, what would you expect the voltage drop to be ?
The voltage that is produced by the diode across the resistance and the current that is produced by
the diode are proportional to one another. There is no voltage across the resistor, and there is no current
flowing through the diodes that are being biased in the opposite direction when the voltage across the
diode is equal to or less than 0. In a forward bias configuration, there is no voltage on the resistor and a
current flowing through the diode if the diode voltage is greater than 0.
PART 2: Half Wave Rectifier

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Graph of the Input and Output Waveforms of the circuit using Transient Analysis

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Graph of the Output Waveform of the circuit using DC Operating Point Analysis
Table 4. Measured Input and Output Vpeak

INPUT OUTPUT
1.4127563V 988.51484mV

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PART 3: Full Wave Rectifier
Graph of the Input and Output Waveforms of the circuit using Transient Analysis
Graph of the Input Waveform of the circuit using Transient Analysis

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Graph of the Output Waveform of the circuit using Transient Analysis
Graph of the Input and Output Waveforms of the circuit using Transient Analysis with Capacitor
Table 5 Measured Input and Output Vpeak

INPUT OUTPUT
9.9731767V 12.689769V

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VI. CONCLUSION
1. Is Diode characteristic Linear?
Simply using a full wave bridge rectifier to provide a split supply is possible. Although
using a split transformer with a center tap is once again recommended, it may be useful to combine the
negative and positive power supplies using a bridge rectifier to create a switch mode or linear power
supply. Diode characteristics are therefore not linear.
2. Is the diode characteristic symmetrical?
The features of diodes are not symmetrical. An electronic component called a diode
restricts current flow in one direction. The two electrodes that make up a diode are the cathode and the
anode. Electrically speaking, a diode is asymmetric since current can very easily travel from the anode to
the cathode but not the other way around. It serves as a one-way current valve as a result. The asymmetry
of the diode can be used in signal processing circuits like alternating current to direct current converters.
3. Does Diode conduct for all positive voltages?
The diode will conduct at all positive voltages. Anode positive the electrical connection and
cathode are negative connections. these are diode electrical characteristics. All diodes conduct current
when a positive voltage is applied to their anode. A constant positive voltage must be applied to the diode
to allow current to flow through it. If the voltage across the diode is less than zero, the conductance will be
zero and in the ideal case the diode will "open".
Lab experiments on diode characteristics help learners better understand some of the basics
of rectifier circuits. On the other hand, simulations are limited to half-wave and full-wave rectifiers. In
particular, the presence of capacitors in full-wave rectifiers plays an important role in controlling the
output voltage. A capacitor is a component that converts ripple voltage in the circuit, making the output
voltage waveform smoother. The voltage difference obtained compared to a rectifier without a capacitor
illustrates this scenario.
Half-wave rectifiers, on the other hand, limit the passage of voltage waveforms by allowing
only half of the AC voltage to pass. As a result, a forward-biased diode produces a positive half-cycle
waveform in this experiment. It helps convert AC voltage to DC voltage by blocking the other half of the
cycle. This rectifier also converts the input signal to a pulsating or unidirectional DC voltage. Lastly, the
threshold voltage creates a noticeable difference between the output voltage and the input voltage. Simply
put, a rectifier acts as a converter from AC input power to DC output power.

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Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Department of Electronics Engineering

ALBERTO, Dryan Zen

Engr. Iris Tejada

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

2. Half Wave Rectifier

Single Diode Rectifier

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

For the output,

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

Bridge Rectifier with Capacitor

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

V-I Characteristics of the Diode

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

Graph of 𝑉𝐷min when Power Supply is varied by 20%

Graph of 𝑉𝐷max when Power Supply is varied by 20%

Voltage of diode (𝑉𝐷) for each step with no load

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Voltage Supply: 0.2

Voltage Supply: 0.4

Voltage Supply: 0.6

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

Voltage Supply: 0.8

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

Current of Diode (𝐼𝐷) for each step with no load

0.2 200mV 206.07853nA

0.4 400.00001mV 12.954476μA

0.6 599.73871mV 114.20205μA

0.8 800.00001mV 274.35596μA

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

Voltage of diode (𝑉𝐷 ) for each step with no load

Voltage Supply: 0.2

Voltage Supply: 0.4

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

Voltage Supply: 0.6

Voltage Supply: 0.8

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

Current of Diode (𝐼𝐷) for each step with no Load

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

Voltage Supply: 0.2

Voltage Supply: 0.4

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

Voltage Supply: 0.6

Voltage Supply: 0.8

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

Voltage of diode (𝑉𝐷) for each step with load

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

Voltage Supply: 0.2

Voltage Supply: 0.4

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

Voltage Supply: 0.8

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

Current of Diode (𝐼𝐷) for each step with load

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

Voltage Supply: 0.2

Voltage Supply: 0.4

Voltage Supply: 0.6

Voltage Supply: 0.8