9 0 1

SDFTWARE ENGINEERING

used to
SEucne the got ok ensnuatfons tRat ano en to
acauo tRe nput Q and mantpulato +Rom 0nd
achfeve tfha dos?aed Dutput tn t0amg o un Ct Pons
and pehO%maNC tRat ane doetdod by tho Use

s also dotned tho doata 9thuctune

Sotwane as
that Onable phognams tRat adoquately manfpulote
vErtual
Enteamatfons En botk hasd copy and alué en
0ams
Sottwaso Consest t 90t e; documents Called as Soptuoase
Manual

OLASSES OF SOFTWIARE
GonePc 9ohtoa
Customezed sojtunm
9enc ee
Tho h0qithemonHs oaae veW 0ommon and oay to undoistand
by the S0htwano ongenai Tn cutomezod 9ojtwane
thie 10qufnomonts aevosy Complox and deheoult to
undes 8tand by tRo 9ojtuoare 0n.qtnce

Attbutos e90htuvare
OMafntaenabelety
Dopendabe 1ety
Fitooney
Useablet
8otuwane wed as a phocduct and Vaneala to phoduee
hoducts
 A
Sysicmatfc
apphoach to analyzo, dufan ,fmplementason
and matn tance thd 9otuoase 8 cálulod ho
Sottuane OngfnoeaEng
Sottwamo ongfnee£ng ao Catlod thie laye
ochnolog
Layoss
OTo01s o lojtuware ongenoetng
MotRads
DADO0ss
SualPiy Focus
Le Cyclo actev+fes
Gt_9ojtuwane Managment
Reautomont AnaysRs
Paccuct desegn
Pacgaamreng
ext PlannRAq
Yoseecateon ad valedatfon
Paofoct OHPco unctfors
Con qusatfen managemont and &ualety aAruance

ORoqu2oment Analyses
B tho pnoeoss et CDIlact¬ng an the noedod 9toaufhcmonk
analyse and documunt et
Paoduot dostgo
4 8 tfe paocoss e tmogtnPaq,caeattng And tteratfna)
Rat Shoud StaPhy tic user needs
tR
tRa paccucts
 Pacaaammtng:
ton t s tho act et eattng the Cnmputos odes that weu
Qnable thic ComputQ 9ohtuane yptom to hunoteen Da
un

Text PlanneAg
Au hc te xt huncttDn +Rat aa nocdad to c0ato
tho 9ehtunt paooct aeplanned

OsPfcat£on and Vateda4¬on.

Vostfcatfen tRe phocOR ot Oha.ckeng twhe4Rox +RAo
ettwase a.ceave ts goals wetRoui ay bugs
tt aned as Statto HestPng .

Valfdatfon % fRe pa0 cOSS O Oheekeng the

9otwase paoduct has hegn lovo! 9t0aufremens and
alyo chocki ep the phodict 0agated i 9egnt 0
waong Cated as dynamec tosttng

Phofccr Ooe Functeon

ncudes al hio tuncifona +Riar are noedod to
CAeat ha pace.ct

Conguaton mManagomont
R o phoo0s8 e SystomatPcatly manage, Ongaftze
Qnd cont90N Ro Ohangos tn tRe document
thia 9ottuane dovalopnont 1Ejo dusfng
Cycle
Bua lety assuaanoe
t h c phacttc e atf
montt an eng au ottuwae
ongenacaeng phpoonos metRods and to0AK
on Suo p20ducts
Cooptan aga?nst dosfnod 9tandands
co
to
 TRADITIONAL ATER F ALL MDDEL

Tt8calad 1enca» 1Ppa. cyolo mocdol

the
lou £n Rio woatesjal modo! en lencas mannor
Awo Caued Coxfe 1Pt oyole modol
8top: Communfcaron
Paocot tnettateon.
C) Reauueremant 9athoneng
AU posstblc 0quPaemints e
atfoned and dcumentad

Stop& Plannerg
v EHtmaltna losRmoto tho cost dwatfon
,
C 8 choduleng Tschodula tRo duwaten
Cii)
TaaokRng oonetons tRa aoeve+fo«
Step: Modelleng Advantag08
E a y to undoagtond and easy
AnalyPs to uo
i dostg > Whon qubilty mp
Stop4 ConstuctEen.
Co Codeg Desadvaltages
id Tosteig Aed hoR malles åojacks

Steps: Deptoymont
doPvey
GD Supponb
(n) Focdback
 V-MODEL
-Paocoss Qxaoutod en 90quunbtal manne
1 1 aso aaued as vesê^£aatton and valldatesn
mode!
| Reaufad mont RoaueaemoAt
anayKes
modcuEnga and
ReauPacmont
gathoseng
dbne
Anchetectnal ho Systom
Dosegn bao ko0
doon t o
SmciltesModulos
+aktng ets Sopoata
unchons|
Cooponont IAU +Re 20aufed
Dostn omponont s_ho7
Re paoduct
gathèaod and
dasPanodI
Codo Act e
eneratpn
Cooput0
 Sptaal mocdo
Modeueng thase Vmodol Advada go q
game as
Anatysfs and -modol paoos Oatos jaumodol.
Desegn takos place ContEnucd

Constauoteon
Codeng and
Hofna s dona Accoptanbe lseas
44nga+?sjactton
Doploymont
Dotovosy Suppont
and hoed back Syste gots testod
Advantaqu
snd en tasges
PAofe cts
Itemdton ntegaatod Pnto
CoSt 0stfmatlen Smail a moduls
and gos
Hoxted
UnPt FEteothat
t o s + f n g 5 EemfnaiEc

bu
9PIRAL Speal
moclel
DODEL
Des advantOgOS
a n ovOluttonay paoco34 modet
DocumentatEpbo,
OCoomunfaatfon
otaue
B/uw usc and Sottuae &ystcm ntosmedate
phases
Plannenq
EStematlen, 9choduleng, thackEng and nfak paoRdets
onauyse R| ooo
done
 PRUTOTY PING
Itwse8 muleplo et0%atfon
netfal Roauomonts. Roveooand updatton
Reauhemots ano qathoh0d Dovolepmont 0odeag]
9osfan TOst Tna]
PhototpEng Matntanon ce [Doploumont
Customos avaludteon paltvor ho phocuct

Aduantag
dynameo/ kecps changeng tHen
Whon 90aunomonts ane
h modol wsed
Desadvantaq0s
m e dustHton Qannot bo Calaulated
RAD MODEL
RAD Rapfd appl£aatten deyOLopment
t a n ncaamDntal modol and et omphaufzo on ghoat
dovolopmont oyolo. twes Duttpto teamg to Comploto
the Ph000s8
OCoromun£catfon Phae
PlannBng Phaie
Modellehg IPuko0s |Data | odossJ>muteple teams
Conu.c¬on [Cado qone»affon and t0nq]
DovoDprmant [doevOny anal ep phoduot

Lsed jon Smaloa phojacts and Raaufos haavy he9ounee

and hegh man pouo
41 CONVENTIONAL MoDELS
sConantng 0 adhasfng to tho aceptad tandand
Tt & a wfdaly
Uled modo
Aglle Model
t a tho
otbetty to 9opond to changos
tCOnsest ot 12 pencEplos
Satls tfo CustomOs
Walcome ohangeg hequ%emants
Doevos wOaKfng 90ttoane (haauentu.
Busenoss poople and dorotopos Shoud woaK togethes
Bufld paofacs as ound motevatod endêveduals
6The most ojecteve and Hec?ont method bConvytng
EntomaHfen.
tttRe wonKEg Soptuoaa
Agete malel auoayo paomoto& Sustafnable dovolopmont
a t hequfhes Contfnuous atonteon t0 tochnPoal
ntouegonce
Seoplet
Soth-0gant 2£ng t0ams
The 40am hoHocts te ow to become mo9%0 O4400HEvo tn
h0qulan ntovals.

( EX¬20me PR0qnaomeng p)
obfect 09Rentad apphoach.
d- an
actfPRos
Tho namo wOk
O Planneng
Dorfan
Codeng
Tes+Png
Planneng bosEgn
9fmple datgn
O Accoptaneo tost. () cec 0ards.
i) Valucs (olau Ralakonshep cotiethenateon)

Codeng Tuoo pooplo woak tOgethor

n ene

Paes pA0qnammenqcooputos gtateen

Ci) Contenuuouy TnteqAatten

TOssEg
Unft es+Eng
ti) Aacoptanee t0steng.
u done
ALast de1fvasy et the paoduet

()geRUM
t dlso a typo t agEla haamework
ttalo an ttesat¬ve and 1eght wefgnted
AamewoAK as et 9Enople to undes Stand
t conmest e b pen Rplos
O Small wokfrg +tams ahe 0Aqanezed
socoL9 oust be adaptable to bo+R technfadl and
butnoss chango4
Paoooss yofld etttoana ncnoments
who pos4ohm L
bovolopmontal o0 Qnd people
00nteqratod thto past°ttens.
Congtant tout£ng and docum.ontatfon u pe>jchmed
and
t posgOs tho abertp to daclae tha paoduct
at any tema to when tto wsea heautna
 FramepoK qot£ty
Roauomont analysu gnents
Dosfgn Codenq
Evcluteen
defvey Tos#tng

2ntoduct eon to RoquPRoment

Engncteng
Usod to undes 9tand the AequeAamonts t tAa poblom
Paovedos Vaseous mechanesm 0 und ontand?ng et
w h a t tho oustomos want.
Anauyzk ng fofs necd s
A a00scng FoCsabet+H
hec NogotRa:fng a n0asOnable 2oluteon
Spoctyeng tho 9olutfep
Valeda+Png the 9pecfHPaaPon
anagtng f e A0qufncmCn+S

Functto
O ncoptfen Phase.
E1ctatten : RocyufhCmont gatheseng% cone
FlaboAa+een
NogoteatEon :
Spactoalfen
ValPdatten
onagement
 FIecltat£en
1t do Enos uohat tho. otfoctevo. ot tho Sysom what u
to bo aceompt¬shod and "houw -Re Syeiom (fta nto tfo
nocds oh tfo us0%. and {enally how Ro pscduot %
usod en daty basts.

Pacblems oncounto0d
O Pacblom e scope Bounclany e 9ystom euldoenod
tfRie
and +ho uses Spo.oeeos unnecosoasy teahneoal dotak
hout loads to 4Ra Conuston en tho 9ustom
undo» 9tandtng Tha cutorn @a9 wc an2
hoblem i noedod Thoy have
wndt
not complatly 9u0 th
the capabeHtos and EmEtatfos
poon undosstandeng ef
etho Systom
Pooblom volatety i dotnosRo 0quSaomont
ohanges OvOs teme

CoLLADDRATI VE REBUIREmENT GATHERING

and
t a team 09Rootod apphoach. Tho atack holdoas
dovetopos Should uOOAK togtthoa to tdotehy tRe paoblem
and puapo90 lomonts et Ro 9oluston.

SuaPt Functeon Doploymant

Usod to dofne tho 0qukaomonts O4Ro Customergs
nto tochnPcal aOcuAnomots. alm e at a k matwtz£ng-

ONOBmal Roauomonts

F Gnapheoal Desplay
Fxpoctc d Requfacments
ho 90qutemonts ao mpf£cP+Hy defned and Re Oustomo
does not 9tato hom oxpl£¢PHOY
Eg:Human nttaactfon Sustom

Exing Reautomon
In +R 4Ro 9nqufaomonts ann boyond +RO Custome2
kpecta ftor
E: No o page Laout
USER SE NARIos
n +Rts Hfhc dovetoposs and tsoss dhold c9oat0 tRo
Sconastos +0 undes Stand houo+fo hunctfon and
tRe eatuoos ufu bo uscd by +fRe ènd usCro

EICITATION wORk PRODUCTS

TAB s CH0atod Qs a A08uut ot a0qRao.mont
iftaton dopondeng on tAd dfzo p} tRe
phoduct
0ONSEGVENCE OF ORK PPODUCT
OStat emon+ et noed and foosabPIl
Boundod &tatoment oj deopa
tono have
s t O cutoMOAS ULOs0 and 9takonoldes
pasHe&pated tn +Ra nqufAOmont
9conasas.
Sct we Caso
Descsfptfon 0 +Ra 9ustom s tochnecal onvehonmonH
 SOFTWARE PROJECT ESTIMATION
ndiect
Ovocost andoLHOA bo usod en
Th
Tha OvcDSt andoH0E Cdlouated can 2

oas
Q Loc basad (1ncs opcodo
FP bsod Funotfenal PRnt)

Any lenc 9 toxe en tfRie Code OXcopt +ho tommont Eno

FP tAo
paovedos a Standandtzod mothod to doteno
9E2o etha Sotae poect