ESAT Basic Tene om Frequency 1. is @ collection of electronic itis simply the number of times 2 particular phenomenen Lobelia quater se occursin a given period of time. convert the information into a signal suitable for transmission ver 2 mesium Fonte eran geen © mixer B. channel D. transmitter 2. Itis the medium by which the electronic signal is sent from one place to another. 1 tranamiter © receiver Wovotength B. channel D. signal The DISTANCE between TWO POINTS of similar cycles oO ONCWANE 3. The process of converting a frequency The DISTANCE traveled by an electromagnetic wave or band of frequencies to another during ne THE of ONE CYCLE, location in the total frequency € spectrum, aak ‘A modulation F B. detection ©. frequency translation andwidth D. ampiteation 's that PORTION of the electromagnetic spectrum | 4 Calculate the wavelength in free space OCCUPIED by 9 SIONAL, coresponding 0 2 ffequency of AN The FREQUENCY RANGE over whieh an information ee nae signal is transmitted or over which a receiver or other | “soo 1m ea as circuits operates. B1Sm 325m 5. Infrared occupies the range between approximately 207 ta 10 microns B. 0.01 fo 1000 am ©. 1000 to 700 nm D: 0.40 0.8 microns Power and Decibel! Solutions hore... Power is the fundamental quantty representing the RATE al which ENERGY is used Power is more readily messurable since it can be ‘converted to HEAT. Detibel indicates the relation between two powers. OG) PERC Learnhud ICT Integrated ECE Review2__ANS—Basie Communications ESAT Decibel Computation [n-ne a —7— or — Teasers [a= Foe ange an P 5 post awl 2 ienogtv wes o 100 mes) B10 8 =20) mes (0.0 ta) 2.10 58-20 She 0) Communications Sysiem itis the sending, processing and receiving of information by electncal or electtonics means. The exchange of information by electronics meana, The Basic Communications System: ansmission Cxamelor Nedum The Componer Transmitier A touree of information, which must be delivered or ‘ransmitted toa paricular destination over a channel device tha transmits information Receiver The destination upon which information from tho trarsmitteris delvered The DESTINATION of NFORMATION, Transmission Channel The path or mogiury that tho information tavsla from the transmitter to the recener. The MEDIUM. 6. When the input powers reduced in hat at the output, the signal power is said to be reduced by Adds 6.403 55 d3 D308 7. A-current change that is equal to twice ite original value vill comespond {0.3 change of A3ds 6.1048 5.908 D.6as 8 There are four networks in earias. The first network has 2 gain of 15 dB, the second has a loss of 4 dB, the third gan of 35 d8, and ine fourth a loss of §, 4B. The input of the fst network ‘+348im. What ie the output to the last retvor in mi A151 6.2512 51999 D.2956 9. A gain of 60 dB is the same as a gain of A.10volttvolt —. 1000 vv B 100 vatsirot 0. 10000 viv 410. What ia 49dBm in dB? A.10 dBu ©. 8060 B70 Bu D.120dBu 11.4 combining network has two inputs: 420dBm and <6dfim it hasan insertion loss of 3d8. What is the combined output in dBm? All ©. 0.082 Bot1D4 Dus 12. An amplifier has an input of SW and an output of 15W what is if gain in Nepers? A105 Np ©.24 Np B 10.99 Np D055 Np Solutions here... GE) PeRCoG Learnud ICT Integrated ECE ReviewESAT Basic Communications The Cirouits 43, The maximum efficiency of a dass 8 ampiiters RF ANPLIFIERS sae RF amplfers differ from audio amplifiers in that wise | 8 so% andvidth may or may not be requied Linearty of he output may oF may not be required, 44, ttyou have available number of power Effiency can be improved through the use of Cizss C |" Smpiners vath again of 100 cach, how amolifers many such amplifier do you need to cascade to give an overall gain of 60 Radio-Frequency Oscillators 4B RF oscilators donot differ in principle then other| 20 oa oscilators but practical ciruits are quite diferent 3a bs Any amplifier can be made to oscilate i @ portion of the autbut signals fed back tothe input 45. An oscillator is. connected with two The Barkhausen crtera establishes the requirements for| "” ‘pier and one double, the output of 2 crea fe oscilate ‘is system is 162MHZ, what is the frequency produced by the oscillator? BARKHAUSEN CRITERIA Aenne C18 ue For a feedback circuit to sustain oscilafon: 313.5 MHZ Bots Mae ‘+The net voltage gain around the loop must be unly or greater. 16. An amplifer can be made to oscilat i + Tho not phase chit around the loop mustbo a | "a parton ofthe culpul fed back tothe Dosive integer muliple of360 ° input in euch a way that the foloving criteria are satisfied. These crieria is Lc Oscillators noun as, Proctical RF circus whose trequency s controted ty a| 8 uta iGrt teria resonant LC circuit are 3. Batthausen citeia TYPES ©. Flyuheaterteria + Hartley Oscitator O. Harley eriena + Cobitis Oscilater + Clapp Oscillator 417. A varactor has a maximum capacitance of 00 pF and is used in a tuned circuit Varactor Tuned Oscillator with a 100 oH inductor. What ie the ‘The freavency of an cscilator may be tuned by varying | ‘tuning votage necessary forthe circuit tne inductance or capacitance ofthe circuit ‘o resonate at double the resonant Varactors are more convenient substitutes than vafable | _‘requency? ccapaciiors inmany circumstances, ATV o7sv C 3 25v DBsv Gs re Solutions here. Crystal-Controlled Oscillators Ghsta-contoied escilators are more stable than Lc oscars. Gnstal oscilators utlize the piezoelectric effect to generate a freqvency-variable signal. $,= f,(IFKAT) OG) PERC Learnhud ICT Integrated ECE ReviewENS —Basie Communications ESAT “he Electromagnetic spectrum Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) + 30300 He range © ACPower Line Voice Frequency (VF) + 300-3000 He range + Normal range of HUMAN SPEECH Very Low Frequency (VLF) +30 KHz range + Used in some GOVERNNENT and MILITARY Communications * Used in NAVY to communicate with SUBMARINES. Low Frequency (LF) + 30-300 kHz range + Used as SUBCARRIERS. + Subcartiers are signals which carry the BASEBAND modulating information but which in tum, MODULATE another higher- Fequency carier Medium Frequency (MF) © 300-3000 kHz range * Major appication is the AM RADIO BROADCASTING (935 10 1605 bHz) +" Also for MARINE and AERONAUTICAL Communications Applications. High Frequency (HF) + 330 mits range + Known as SHORT WAVES. Used for AMATEUR RADIO and CB Communicatons Very High Frequency (VHF) © 30-300 wiz + Usedin VHF Television (CH.2-19) + Used in MOBILE RADIO and FM RADIO. BROADCASTING. GG) PERCoG L earnub 18. A portable radio transmitter nas to operate to operaie al temperatures from —§ degrees to 25 degrees. Hite signals defived from a. orystal oscillator wih a temperature ceeffcient of +Ippmidegree C and it transmits at oxaclly 148 MHz at 20 degrees C, fd the tolal frequency change over the tctal temperature change 5.84 MH 1B 145.99095 Mite ©. 146.00219 MHE D365 Mie 19. Whatis the frequency range of EHF? 3-30 Che 8 30-300 GHz ©. 30-300 MH: 300-3000 Nz 20. The frequency band normaly used to penetrate orean depths and therefore Used for communicating ith ‘submarine EHF THE BMF 0. ELF 21. The frequency band used as subcarriers, or signals wich carry the baseband modulating informazon but in turn modulate another higher- frequency carriers ALE BMF VLE D. VHF |sorutions here. ICT Integrated ECE ReviewESAT Unractign Frequency (UHF) 300-3000 Miz range + Used in UHF Television (CH. 14.83) © Used in LAND MOBILE Communications ané RADAR. + "Also called MICROWAVES. ‘Super High Frequency (SHF) © 3.30 GH2 range * Widely “used in. SATELLITE Communications ard RADAR. Exitemely High Frequency (EHF) 20300 GHzrange © Includes Satelite communications and SPECIALZED RADAR, + Referted to 2s MILLIMETER Waves. Noise and Noise Calculations Noise is random, undesirable electric energy that enters the communication system via the communicating ‘mealum andinterteres win the tansmited message aories of Noise 4. Uncortelates Uncorrelated Nose Is PRESENT regarctess of wnemer there is a SIGNAL PRESENT or NOT 2. Correlated Correlated Noise is NOISE that is CORRELATED to the SIGNAL and CANNOT BE PRESENT in CIRCUT UNLESS there Is an INPUT SIGNAL 4. Uncortelates Noise 1 Extemal Noise 2 Internal Noise Extornal N ‘Type ef noise that affects the communication system coming from OUTSIDE environment. 1 Atmospheric Noise 2. Extraterrestnal Novse + Solar Noise + Cosmic Noise 3. Industrial Noise Basic Communications 22. Which of the following is not a thecmal agitation noise? Acwhite nose ©. brown noise B Gaussian noise D. gink noise 29. Aimospheric noise is less severe al frequencies above about A30 MHZ ©. 10 MHz BS MHE 3. 20 MHz 24. Flicker noise may be completely ignored above abeut, A500 Hz Per 350 HE 9. 300 Hz 25. Detemine the equivalent nese bandwidth for a single RC low pass filer # R= 20 KO and C = 0.1UF. A125 HE ©. 125 MHZ 250 HE 0. 250 MHz 26. The following are characteristics of noise excent ‘A-unwanted energy BB present in the channel © predictable in character D.due to any cause |Solutions here... OG) PERCIG Learnhud ICT Integrated ECE ReviewENS —Basie Communications ESAT ‘Atmospheric Noise + Algo called STATIC noise. © It is. caused by LIGHTNING discharges in thunderstorms Extraterrestrial Noise ‘SOLAR NOISE constant neiee radiation from the sun ‘© Electrical disturbance due to SOLAR CYCLE activites + Repeats every 11 YEARS. ‘CosMIC NOISE +) RE-NOISE radiaied by DISTANT STARS, 4+ Noise intensity are relatively small. © BLACK-BODY noise Industrial Noise A man-made nase usually most intense in industiial and densely populated are: Auiomobile and Aircraft ignition, electric motors and sswiiching equipment, leakage from high vatiage lines, fluorescent lames etc Internal Noise Thermal Agitation Noise Shot Noise Patton Noise Excess Noise Transi-time Nose Thermal Agitation Noise Produced by random mofon of electrons in a conductor due to HEAT. + Brownian noise Johnsen noise Random noise White noise Gaussian noise Thermal tise Pover NoKTS eee WK ite orperatre in K ive Bandit He a1, 28. 29. For the equivalent noise bandwidth of 10MiHz, determine the noise power. AATAdBm = C.~124 dam 5-70 Bm D.=104 dam A 300-dhm resistor is comectes ‘across the 200-ohm antenna input of 3 television receiver ‘The bandwith Of the receiver s MHz, and the resisior is al 20 degrees Celsius. Find the nose voltage applied at the receiver input. Ray c.24¢uv 5 54uy DaN An amplifier operating over the frequency range of 455 to 460 kHz has a 200k ohms input resistor What is the RMS noise voltage at the ingut to this amplifier i the ambient ‘temperature is 17 degrees C?, AW C40u 400 Ww D.4omv 30. If bandwidh is doubled, the signal ower is Avnet changed ©. tipled B quadupled 0D. éousled Solutions hare.. GG) PERCoG L earnub ICT Integrated ECE ReviewESAT ‘Thermal Hoise Voage Vv, = (ante RI R= Ressance nO Shot Noise Due te RANDOM VARIATIONS in current fow in ACTIVE DEVICE. e.g. Tubes, transistors, semiconductor Giodes, ete. [n= Jae, 1" ect Goce caren in A Partition Noise Similar fo Shot Noise but occurs ONLY in devices where @ SINGLE CURRENT separates into TWO 0: MORE PATHS. Excess Noise Algo called FLICKER NOISE or ‘Vf NOISE oecause NOISE POWER varies INVERSELY with FREQUENCY. Algo called PINK NOISE because there is PROPORTIONATELY MORE ENERGY at the LOW. FREQUENCY end ofthe spestrum. Transit-Time Noise Any MODIFICATION to a stieam of CARRIERS as they PASS from INPUT fo OUTPUT of a DEVICE procucse an IRREGULAR, RANDOM VARIATION. 2, Uncortelated Noise Harmonie Distortion Harmenie Distortion is when UNWANTED HARMONICS of a signal are PRODUCED through NON-LINEAR AMPLIFICATION. Intermodulation Distortion It's the GENERATION of UNWANTED SUM ang DIFFERENCE FREQUENCIES when two or more signals are ampified by a NON-LINEAR DEVICE. GG) PERGDG Learnhub IcT Basic Communications 31. Indicate the ndise whose source i in 2 calegary different rom that of the other three. Avsolar ©. atmospheric Bcosme D. Galacte 32. Which of the following types of ncise becomes of great importance at high frequencies? A shot impulse random D. transit time 33. Detemine the noise current for a diode with a forward bias of 35 mA over a 100 KHZ BW. 105004 c.212n8 B0335na D 560A 34, A diode noise generator is required to produce 10uV of noise in the receter wih an input impedance of 75 ohms, fesisive anda noise power bandwidth of 200 KHz. What must the current through be? A.0.133UA ©.276ma 20.276 ma D.123mA lSolutions here... Integrated ECE ReviewENS —Basie Communications ESAT Impulse Noise Ite charactorized by HIGH-AMPLITUDE PEAKS of SHORT DURATION in he tolal noise spectrum. Consists of SUDDEN BURST of IRREGULARLY SHAPED PULSES. Interference It is @ form of EXTERNAL NOISE that means “TO DISTURE or DETRACT FROMM.” Electrical Interference 's when INFORMATION SIGHALS from one SOURCE preduce FREQUENCIES that FALLS OUTSIDE ‘ALLOCATED BANDWIDTH and INTERFERE with another SOURCE. System Analysis Signal to.Neiae Power Ratio It's the RATIO of the SIGNAL POWER level to the NOISE POWERIevel Noise Factor (F) and Noise Figure (NF) FIGURE of MERIT used to INDICATE how much SIGNAL‘-NOISE RATIO. DETERIORATES as a SIGNALS passes threugh a OIRCUIT or SERIES OF circurrs' Nose Figure (NF) is Noise Factor (F) expressed in oB. Nose Factors (F) input(SIN) output(S7N) sical temperature AK ‘SIN = signal toncise ato 35. For an ampier wth an output signal power of 10VV and an output ncise ewer of OOIW, determine the signai-to.nose power ratio AC100B ©.20 8 5.3005 0. 40 08 36. A transistor has a measured SIN ower of 60 at its input and 19 at its ‘output. Determine the neise figure of the tansiste. ATE cede 5668 D.5dB 37. A receiver produces a noise power of 200 mvv with no signal The oubut level increases to SV vhen a signal is applied. Calculate (S + N)Nin o3 AladB 0.25 08 5.0.08 6B D.=140B, 28. For three cxecaded amplifer stage each with noise fiaures of 3 dB and ower gains of 10 dB, determine the {oial noise foure. A2110B 6.12208 2.32408 D.43248 lSolutions here... GG) PERCoG L earnub ICT Integrated ECE ReviewESAT Noise Factor of Noisy Network 2NS Baie Communications _9 39. Determine the noise ‘gure for an equivalent nose temperature of 75K. Ales 6.248 5308 3.1638 40. A dslage amplifier is to have an overall noise temperature no ‘eater than 70 degrees K. The overall gain of the amplifier is to be at least 45 dB. The amplifiers to Tout Gain (Gy) ofNosy Networks Be by a a ence Ht Stage fo an existing amplifer ui (5r=66,6,.6] existing characteristics as follows Stage 2 has 20 dB power gain; 3 4B nase figure, Stage 3 has a15, Ovorat Equivaont Temperature dB power cain and 6 dB ncise Refered to the Inpet (Te) in K figure. Calculate the maximum nojse figure (in dB) that the frst stage can have, A113 6.056 2 D. 1241 |Solutions hare... OG) PERC Learnhud ICT Integrated ECE ReviewESAT 15 Answers to this exercise will be posted. 1. tis random, undesirable electre energy that enters the communications system Via the communicating medium and inierferes vith the transmitted message A. noise ©. dstertion B. dispersion D.difracton 2. Occurs when one signal uses the same tranemission meduum the signals may interact with each other harmonic distortion interference intermeduiation istortion pope ‘Anoise that occurs only in cevies where a single curent separates into wo of more paths equipment noise shot neise parition noise transit ime noise por Indicate the noise whoee source ig ina category different rom that ofthe other tee A. solar noise 1B. atmospheric noise ©. eosmicnoise D. galactic nose 5. Equivalent temperature of a passive ‘system having the same noise power output as a given system. noise figure noise temperature signal-o-noise ratio ‘hemal agitaton nose pomp Device for ctsplaying signals in the frequency domain logic cip ©. logic analyzer spectrum analyzer. osciloszope GG) PERCoG L earnub 7. Representation of signal's amplitude as a funetion of ime A time domain B. amplitude domain . trequency domain phase domain 8. collection of electronic components and circuits that accept ihe transmitted ‘message trom the channel and convertit back into a form undoretardablo by humars. A mxer © receiver B. transmitter local esoilator 9. tis the process of having a bascband signal madify another, higher frequency signal called the carrier. interference C. modulation encoaing D.dezoang a> 410. Putting the signals directly into the medium is refered toas A. broadband transmission modulated vansmssion baseband transmission D.analeg sonal 11. itis the broad general term applied fo any ‘om of wireless communication rom one point to another. A meroware © space wave B radio D. transmission 12, Catulate te wavetenetn in tee space corosponding te a froquency used for Satelite television ( GHz) A300m C1tin B.750m D.3.25em 418, What athe other name for HF? A microwaves C. millimeter waves B.shortwaves D. audiowaves 114, He was ine trst io complete tne sysiem ot \relose communications. A. Lee de Forest B, Edwin Howard Armstrong C Samuel Morse . Guglielmo Marconi ICT Integrated ECE ReviewESAT 15. Loweirequency signals are sometines called A. short vave ©. microwave 8 millmeter D.teng wave 1G, Itis 2 resistive network thatis used to introduce a fixed amount of attenuation between the source anda lead A. Emiter ©. mixer 5. clipper D. attenuator 17. Which ofthe amplifiers is the most cflcent? A. class A ©. cass. 5. class D. cass AB 18. Five amplifiers are cascaded, each wth 2 gain of 5. What fs ts total gain? A. 3125.68 0.25 a8 5.3008 0.35 a8, 19. An oscillator produces 9 MHz and followed by two triples, two doublers and four uacrupiers, what's the output frequency? A.s29GHz 829 Tre 2.76 one 0.39 oz 20. The oscilator type can be recognized by its use of a tapped inducior, pat of a Fesonant cicut, to provice feedback. | Onyatal ©. Clagp 8 Colpits D Hartey 21. Atype of oscillator that uses a capacive valtage divider instead ofa lapped inductorto provide fesdback. A Colpits © Crystal 8. Shannen D.Hartey 22. Type of uning were a tenis core ts moved into or out of te coil of an inductor A. slug tuning ©. rotor tuning 8. stator tuning D. any of these 23, Balances mixer Is also known as 1. balanced detectors 8 near summer ©. balanced modulators D frequency synthesizers GG) PERGDG Learnhub Basic Communications _11 24, The low-pass fitr in a phase-locked loop is also caled ‘A.VCO 009 B. loop iter . control vortage ter D. phase detector 25. itis the ability ofan oscillator to remain at a fed frequency A. sensivty G. seecevty B. fealty D. stability 28. itis defined as the range of frequencies in the vicinity ofthe VCO's natural frequency ver winici the prase-tocked loop can maintain lock wih an input signal 1 capture range tracking range B. shooing range D. loop range 27. A technique used in moroving communication when a high peak-to- average power ratio of atmospheric noise ‘occurs, the recewveris disabled during the duration of these burst ‘A. quieting mung B. noise Blanking D.mixing 28, A noise that is due to random variations in curent fw in active devices. A shot nolse B.tharmal agitation noise C transi fime noise .ecuipment noise 29, The vaue of a resistor creating thermal noise fs doutled. Tho noieo power generated is therefore A halved ©. quadnuples B. doubled unchanged 30._ Which of tho following stalomonts io trus? ‘A. Random noise powers inversely proportional i bandvaicth B, Flicker is sometimes called demodulation noise. . Noiag in mizore fe caused by inadequate image frequency reiection D. Arandom voltage across a resistance ‘cannot be calculated ICT Integrated ECE Review12_BNS—Basie Communications ESAT 31. When two éifferent “frequency signals are Added in a non-linear ar overdiven circuit, they infermodulate, producing sum and diference frequencies of the original two ‘equencies. This is calles |. harmonic distortion 8. intermeduiation cistrtion . phase distortion D- amplitude distortion 32, Dotomine the oquivalent noise temperature for a noise figure cf 6 dB. A.370K ©.230K 5.730K D.a70K 39. The frststage of a two-stage amplifier has a votage gain of 10, a 500-ohm input Fesisior, a 1800-0hm equivalent noise resistance and a 27-hohms output resister. For me second stage, these vaues are 25, B1-kohms, 10skehms and 1Megohms respectively, Catulate the equivalent ingutnose resistance of this two-stage ampli |. sMegonms ©. 2518 onms 2.90.2 kohms D2 konms 34, It is the study of the form, structure, properties and classifcatons of crystals, A. crystatograpny 8. Stalagmite| © Crystamography D. Stalactte 35. 1118 he rato of te signal power tevel 10 neive power lovel A. noise figure B. signal-to-noise ratio ©. SINAD noise improvement tactor 36. An ampiffer operating over the frequency range of 455 to 480 kHz has a 200-kohm input resisior. What is the rms noise voltage at te input io tis ampliner ifthe ambiont tomperaturo ie 17 degrocs. Aww 3 B.2uy Dot GG) PERCoG L earnub 37. Which of the folowing is the mest reliable measurement for camparing amplifier noise characteristics? A signal-to-noise ratio. 5. shot noise C cise factor thermal agitation noise 38, Its a figure of meit used to indicate how ‘mush the signalto-nolse ratio detenorates a0 a signal pasess through a circuit or series of circlts A. Qfactor B.signal-tonose ratio noise tactor numerical aserure 33, One of the following is not a useful quently for comparing the noise Pertormance ot receivers. A ingut noise volage B noise temperature . equivalent noise temperature D. cise figure 40, There are three networks in series. The firs! network has again of 19 08, the second a loss of 23 dB, and the third 2 gain of 11 dB. The oulput of the tire Network 1s +23 atm. what is the put to the fret network in ew? ea Dos eu. For more practice problems, you ean use PMN ESAT: secton 11 Communication Fundamental + Section 12. The Electromagnetic Spectrum + Seaton 1.31.3 Decibel Computations + Section 1.4 Noise ICT Integrated ECE Review