GEN BIO 2
change over time in excitation response to
Aristotle – father of
Biology.
Cellular organization –
characteristics of life that
simply means that living
things are made of
cells.
** Two types of
reproduction:
>> Sexual and Asexual
Reproduction.
** Multicellular life
forms such as humans
reproduce sexually.
** Unicellular life forms
like bacteria reproduce
asexually.
Homeostasis –
maintaining a stable
internal environment.
Heredity – genetic
information can be
passed from one
generation to another.
** Living things need to
move for the following
reasons:
>> to find nutrition
>> to breed
>> to excrete waste
products
>> to respire
>> to get a sense of
their world
>> to grow
Adaptation – ability to Irritability – an
response to the stimuli.
environment.
** Tropism > Plants
Stimuli – a detectable
change in the internal > Thermotropism –
or external movement or growth in
environment. response to heat and
temperature.
Reproduction –
process by which > Phototropism –
plants and animals plant’s movement in
produce offspring. response to light.
Asexual reproduction > Geotropism –
– a single cell divides to movement or growth in
plants in response to
form two daughter cells
that are genetically gravity.
identical to the parent > Thigmotropism –
cell. movement or growth in
response to touch or
Nutrition – activities by
which living things contact.
obtain raw materials > Hydrotropism –
from the environment plant’s movement or
and transport them into growth in response to
their cells. water.
Nutrients – elements ** Taxis > Animals
and compounds taken
into a living thing. > Geotaxis – gravity
Respiration – process > Chemotaxis –
that requires oxygen. migratory response
that is elicited by
Autotrophs – chemicals.
organisms that
prepare their own food > Aerotaxis –
movement caused by
through the process of
photosynthesis, e.g, oxygen gradients
plants.
> Phototaxis –
Heterotrophs – organism moves
organisms that cannot towards or away from
prepare their own food a stimulus of light. 
and depend upon
autotrophs for nutrition. > Thigmotaxis – touch
**ADAPTABILITY > Mimicry Cellular respiration –
set of metabolic
*Plants Chemical Reaction – reactions and
occur in the cells of processes that take
> Hydrophytes – plants living organisms all
which only grows in or place in the cells of
the time to carry out organisms to convert
on water. the life processes. biochemical energy from
> Hygrophytes – grows Metabolism – sum of nutrients into adenosine
in wet conditions. reactions. triphosphate (ATP).

– adapted to the Excretion – removal of Positive Feedback –

conditions of metabolic waste occurs when a stimulus
abundant moisture products from the creates a chain
pads of surrounding air. body of an organism. reaction that amplifies
as it goes on.
> Halophytes – adapted ** Plants can remove
to growing in saline their waste in 3 Negative Feedback –
conditions, as in salt processes: occurs when a stimulus
marsh. happens and triggers
> photosynthesis the organism to
– salt-tolerant plant.
counteract the
> respiration
> Xerophytes – has stimulus.
adaptations to survive > transpiration
Homeostasis –
in an environment with
Oxygen – tendency of an
little liquid water, such
waste/product that organism or cell to
as a dessert or an ice or
was produced during regulate its internal
snow-covered region in
photosynthesis. environment and
the Alps or the Arctic.
maintain equilibrium.
–Ex. Cactuses/Cacti Carbon dioxide –
produced during Gregor Mendel –
> Mesophytes – respiration. discovered the
terrestrial plants which fundamental laws of
are neither adapted to Water – waste that was inheritance.
particularly dry nor removed during
transpiration of plants The Law of
particularly wet
Segregation – Each
environments. Excretory System – A inherited trait is
*Animals passive biological defined by a gene pair.
system that removes Parental genes are
> Living together excess, unnecessary randomly separated to
materials from the body the sex cells so that sex
> Migration fluids of an organism. cells contain only one
> Hibernation gene of the pair.

> Artificial Bigness

> Camouflage
– “During the formation Phenotype – physical Non-Mendelian
of gamete, each gene appearance/properties/ Inheritance –
separates from each expression of the gene inheritance of
other so that each characteristics is not
gamete carries only Principle of always as simple as it is
one allele for each Independent for the characteristics
gene.” Assortment – that Mendel studied in
describes how pea plants.
The Law of different genes
Independent independently – each characteristic
Assortment – Genes separate from one was inherited
for different traits are another when independently of the
sorted separately from reproductive cells other characteristics.
one another so that the develop.
inheritance of one trait Codominance – occurs
is not dependent on Dihybrid cross – cross when both alleles are
the inheritance of between two parents expressed equally in
another. that differ by two pairs the phenotype of the
of alleles (AABB x heterozygote.
– Alleles for different aabb)
traits are distributed to Incomplete Dominance
sex cells Dihybrid – individual – occurs when the
independently of one heterozygous for two dominant allele is not
another. pairs of alleles (AaBb) completely dominant.

– occurs during Punnet square – used – Expression of the

meiosis in eukaryotes. to predict the dominant allele is
genotype (of allelic influenced by the
The Law of Dominance combinations) and the recessive allele
– An organism with phenotype of an
alternate forms of a offspring after a Multiple Alleles – Many
gene will express the genetic cross. genes have multiple
form that is dominant. (more than two) alleles.
Allele – one of two or
– “When parents with more versions of a Polygenic
pure, contrasting traits gene. Characteristics –
are crossed together, controlled by more
only one form of trait ** If the two alleles are than one gene, and
appears in the next the same, the each gene may have
generation. The hybrid individual is two or more alleles.
offsprings will exhibit homozygous for that The genes may be on
only the dominant trait gene. the same chromosome
in the phenotype.” or on nonhomologous
** If the alleles are chromosomes.
Genotype – genetic different, the individual
code is heterozygous.
Sex Linked Trait – Hypertrichosis pinnae Transcription –
Recombination of auris – Y-linked trait information in the DNA
genes/ alleles in where affected males of every cell is
Meiosis results to have hair growing converted into small
variation in the genome from their external portable RNA
of gametes, the sperm ears. messages.
cells and egg cells.
** Genes that are Translation –
X and Y – gene (pair) carried by either sex messages travel from
that determines a chromosome are said where the DNA is in
character is located on to be sex linked. the cell nucleus to the
the sex chromosomes. ribosomes where they
** Men normally have are ‘read’ to make
X-linked trait – sex- an X and a Y specific proteins.
linked trait is where combination of sex
the gene or allele for chromosomes. Reverse transcription
the trait is found on the – transfer of
X chromosome. ** women have two information from RNA
X's. to make new DNA
Y-linked trait – sex-
linked trait where the ** There are about
gene or allele for the 1,098 human X-linked
trait is found on the Y genes.
chromosome. Module 12
Color blindness – X- Francis Crick –
linked recessive trait discoverer of the
where an affected structure of DNA
individual could not
distinguish red from ** DNA contains the
green color. information needed to
make all of our
Hemophilia – X-linked proteins.
recessive trait where
an affected individual ** RNA is a messenger
suffers from delayed that carries this
blood clotting during information to the
injuries because of the ribosomes.
absence of certain
** Ribosomes serve as
blood clotting factors.
factories in the cell
** In x-linked traits, where the information
most females are just is ‘translated’ from a
carriers, only few are code into the
affected, the most functional product.
affected ones are the
males.