Peralatan dan Mesin Industri (TIN326) -

Ono Suparno

Industrial Equipment and Machinery

(TIN326)

EVAPORATOR

Ono Suparno

Department of Agroindustrial Technology

IPB University
Bogor

WHAT IS EVAPORATION?

Removal process of the vapour from a

boiling liquid solution to obtain a more
concentrated solution

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WHAT IS EVAPORATOR?

v In majority of cases, evaporator is equipment

to remove water from an aqueous solution
v In some cases, evaporator is to concentrate the
solution so that upon cooling, crystals will form
and be separated (crystallization)

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WHAT INDUSTRIES USING

EVAPORATORS?

Sugar, salt/NaCl, glycerol, glue, milk,

orange juice industries.

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EXAMPLES OF EVAPORATION
v Concentration of aqueous solutions of sugar, NaCl,
glycerol, glue, milk, orange juice
à the concentrated solution is the desired product;
the evaporated water is discarded
v In a few cases, water, which has a small amount of
minerals, is evaporated to give a solids-free water
which is used as boiler feed, for special chemical
processes, or for other purposes

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THERMAL ECONOMY

v Thermal (heat or steam) economy is a major

consideration in the design and operation of
evaporators
v Improved by operating several vessels in series
at successively lower pressures and utilizing
vapours from upstream units to reboil the
contents of downstream units à multiple
effects evaporator

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v Thermal economy is ratio of the amount of water

evaporated in the complete unit to the amount of
external steam that is supplied
𝑘𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑇𝐸 =
𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑
v For a single effect, the thermal economy is about 0.8,
for two effects it is 1.6, for three effects it is 2.4
v Minimum cost usually is obtained with eight or more
effects

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RATE OF HEAT TRANSFER IN

AN EVAPORATOR
q = U A ∆(Ts-T1)

q = the rate of heat transfer in W (btu/h; J s-1),

U = the overall heat-transfer coefficient in W/m2.K
(btu/h.ft2.oF; J m-2 s-1 °C-1)
A = the heat-transfer area in m2 (ft2; m2)
Ts = temperature of condensing steam in K (oF; °C)
T1 = the boiling point of the liquid in K (oF; °C)

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EVAPORATOR

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TYPES OF EVAPORATORS

The types of the evaporators used depend on:

1. the configuration of the heat-transfer surface
2. the means employed to provide agitation or
circulation of the liquid

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TYPES OF EVAPORATORS
1. Open kettle or pan
2. Horizontal-tube natural circulation evaporator
3. Vertical-type natural circulation evaporator
4. Long-tube vertical-type evaporator
5. Falling-film-type evaporator
6. Forced-circulation-type evaporator
7. Agitated-film evaporator
8. Open-pan solar evaporator
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OPEN KETTLE OR PAN

Ø The simplest form of evaporator consists of an open
pan or kettle in which the liquid is boiled
Ø The heat is supplied by condensation of steam in a
jacket or in coils immersed in the liquid or direct-fired
Ø In some cases, paddles or scrapers for agitation are
used
Ø Inexpensive and simple to operate, but the heat
economy is poor

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HORIZONTAL-TUBE NATURAL
CIRCULATION EVAPORATOR
Ø Relatively cheap and is used for non viscous
liquids having high heat-transfer coefficients
and liquids that do not deposit scale
Ø Since liquid circulation is poor, they are
unsuitable for viscous liquids
Ø Operated continuously, where the feed enters
at a constant rate and the concentrate leaves
at a constant rate

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(A) HORIZONTAL-TUBE NATURAL

CIRCULATION EVAPORATOR
(B) VERTICAL-TYPE NATURAL CIRCULATION
EVAPORATOR

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VERTICAL-TYPE NATURAL
CIRCULATION EVAPORATOR
Ø This type is often called the short-tube
evaporator
Ø It is used for non viscous liquids
Ø Widely used in the sugar, salt, and caustic soda
industries

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(A) HORIZONTAL-TUBE NATURAL

CIRCULATION EVAPORATOR
(B) VERTICAL-TYPE NATURAL CIRCULATION
EVAPORATOR

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LONG-TUBE VERTICAL-TYPE
EVAPORATOR
Ø The tubes are 3 to 10 m long and the formation of
vapour bubbles inside the tubes causes a pumping
action giving quite high liquid velocities
Ø The liquid passed through the tubes only once and
is not recirculated
Ø Contact time can be quite low
Ø Widely used for producing condensed milk

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(C) LONG-TUBE VERTICAL-TYPE

EVAPORATOR
(D) FORCED-CIRCULATION-TYPE
EVAPORATOR

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FORCED-CIRCULATION-TYPE
EVAPORATOR
Ø The liquid-film heat-transfer coefficient can be
increased by pumping to cause forced
circulation of the liquid inside the tubes
Ø Very useful for viscous liquids

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(C) LONG-TUBE VERTICAL-TYPE EVAPORATOR

(D) FORCED-CIRCULATION-TYPE EVAPORATOR

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FALLING-FILM-TYPE
EVAPORATOR
Ø Variation of the long-tube type, where the liquid is
fed to the top of the tubes and flows down the
walls as a thin film
Ø Vapor-liquid separation usually takes place at the
bottom
Ø Widely used for concentrating heat-sensitive
materials such as orange juice and other fruit
juices, because the hold up time is very small (5 –
10 s or more)

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AGITATED-FILM EVAPORATOR

Ø A modified falling-film evaporator with only single

jacketed tube containing an internal agitator
Ø Useful for highly viscous materials, since the heat-
transfer coefficient is greater than in forced-
circulation evaporators
Ø Is used with heat-sensitive viscous materials such
as rubber latex, gelatin, antibiotics, fruit juices
Ø Has a high cost and small capacity

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OPEN-PAN SOLAR
EVAPORATOR
Ø A very old but yet still used process
Ø Example: salt water is put in shallow open pans and
allowed to evaporate slowly in the sun to crystallize the
salt

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OPERATION METHODS OF
EVAPORATORS
1. Single-effect evaporators
2. Forward-feed multiple-effect
evaporators
3. Backwards-feed multiple-effect
evaporators

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SINGLE-EFFECT
EVAPORATORS
vThe solution in the evaporator is assumed to be
completely mixed
vThe concentrated product and the solution in the
evaporator have the same composition and
temperature T1, since it is in equilibrium with the
boiling solution
vThe pressure is P1, which is the vapour pressure of
the solution at T1

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v If the solution to be evaporated is assumed to be

dilute and like water, then 1 kg of steam
condensing will evaporate approximately 1 kg of
vapour
v A single-effect evaporator is wasteful of energy
since the latent heat of the vapour leaving is not
used, but is discarded
v The latent heat can be recovered and reused by
employing multiple-effect evaporator

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FORWARD-FEED MULTIPLE-
EFFECT EVAPORATORS
v The fresh feed is added to the first effect and flows
to the next in the same direction as the vapour
flow
v This is used when the feed is hot or when the final
concentrated product might be damaged at high
temperature
v The boiling temperatures decrease from effect to
effect

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FORWARD-FEED MULTIPLE-
EFFECT EVAPORATORS

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v If the feed to the first effect is near the boiling

point at the pressure in the first effect, 1 kg of
steam will evaporate almost 1 kg of water
v The first effect operates at a high-enough
temperature so that the evaporated water
serves as the heating medium to the second
effect

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v Almost another kg of water is evaporated,

which can be used as the heating medium to
the third effect
v Almost 3 kg of water will be evaporated for 1
kg of steam for the three-effect evaporator
à steam economy is increased

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BACKWARD-FEED MULTIPLE-
EFFECT EVAPORATORS
v The fresh feed enters the last and coldest
effect and continuous on until the
concentrated products leaves the first effect
v Liquid pumps are used in each effect, since the
flow is from low to high pressure

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BACKWARD MULTIPLE-
EFFECT EVAPORATORS

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v This method is advantageous when the fresh feed

is cold, since a smaller amount of liquid must be
heated to the higher temperatures in the second
and first effects
v This method is used when the concentrated
product is highly viscous
v The high temperatures in the early effects reduce
the viscosity and give reasonable heat transfer
coefficient

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Thank you for your attention

Selamat belajar dan berkarya

ono.suparno@apps.ipb.ac.id
http://ono.suparno.staff.ipb.ac.id

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