Peralatan dan Mesin Industri (TIN326) -

Ono Suparno

Industrial Equipment and Machinery

(TIN326)

HEAT EXCHANGER

Ono Suparno

Department of Agroindustrial Technology

IPB University
Bogor

What is a heat exchanger?

§ an equipment/device built for

efficient heat transfer from one
medium to another
§ the media may be separated by a
solid wall to prevent mixing or they
may be in direct contact

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 Peralatan dan Mesin Industri (TIN326) -
Ono Suparno

Applications
Air conditioning, room
heating, refrigeration,
power plants, chemical
plants, petrochemical
plants, petroleum
refineries, natural gas
processing, and sewage
treatment

Example
• Radiator: heat is
transferred from liquid
to air.
• An internal combustion
engine in which a
circulating fluid (engine
coolant) flows
through radiator coils
and air flows past the
coils, which cools the
coolant.

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Concepts of heat exchangers

• Heat exchangers work because heat
naturally flows from higher temperature
to lower temperatures
• à if a hot fluid and a cold fluid are
separated by a heat conducting surface,
heat can be transferred from the hot
fluid to the cold fluid

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The rate of heat flow at any point (kW/m2 of

transfer surface) depends on:
§ Heat transfer coefficient (U) : a function of
the properties of the fluids involved, fluid
velocity, materials of construction, geometry
and cleanliness of the exchanger
§ Temperature difference between hot and
cold streams

Total heat transferred (Q) depends on:

§ Heat transfer surface area (A)
§ Heat transfer coefficient (U)
§ Average temperature difference between the
streams (∆Tlm)

Total heat transferred Q = U A ∆Tlm

The larger the area, the greater the cost of the

exchanger à there is a trade-off between the
amount of heat transferred and the exchanger cost

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The principles of heat

exchanger design
§ The movement of the fluid layer contacting
with both sides of the heat exchanger
surfaces must be fast
§ Stirring occurs between the contact surface
layer of heat exchanger with the fluid
§ Large temperature difference is consistent
with proper temperature control and prevent
the effects on the product

§ Use the enough fluid

§ Use wall fluid in the form of a thin sheet that
has excellent resistance properties
§ Use the metal having high/good thermal
conductivity

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Types of heat exchanger

(according to construction
feature)

§ Tubular heat exchanger

§ Plate heat exchanger
§ Shell and tube heat exchanger

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Tubular Heat Exchanger

§ The secondary fluid circulates through

straight or concentric pipes
§ These secondary tubes are encased within an
outer sealed tube that circulates the primary
fluid
§ The advantage: flexibility, since tubular heat
exchangers can be added or removed as
required, any number of heat exchangers can
be connected together in series or parallel
combinations

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 Peralatan dan Mesin Industri (TIN326) -
Ono Suparno

§ The effectiveness can be increased by having the

directional flow of the secondary fluid in the
opposite direction to the primary flow to
improve heat absorption and efficiency
§ If both the primary and secondary fluids flow in
the same direction à “parallel flow”
§ If the primary and secondary fluids flow in the
opposite direction à “counter flow”
§ The inner heat pipe can be either a single bare
tube, fitted with fins to increase the surface area,
or as a multi-tube design

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Tubular Heat Exchanger

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Parallel flow Counter flow

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Shell and tube heat

exchanger
§ Contains tubes inside a shell
§ Heavy duty equipment which is widely used
in process industries
§ Can handle higher temperature up to 900 oC
even more

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§ Temperature of fluids are maximum at wall

than the flowing stream and the heat has to
redistribute evenly, baffle arrangement make
the flow somewhat turbulent for better heat
transfer disturbing the boundary layer and
supporting the tube
§ In most cases, hot fluid like steam is fed
towards tube side and cold fluid is sent into
shell side

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Plate Heat Exchanger

• A common type of heat exchanger design
which offer improved efficiencies for their size
compared to tubular designs
• Provide a relatively large heat transfer surface
in a small space and can also operate at higher
fluid pressures

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• Made from lots of thin metal plates joined or

“stacked” together, with a small amount of
space between each plate to allow the heat
transfer fluid to circulate, extracting heat from
the plates as it flows
• These individual plates are usually joined
together using rubber gaskets and seals to
prevent leakage and direct the thermal fluids
through alternate flow passages

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The advantages of plate heat exchangers over

shell and tube heat exchangers:
• high overall heat transfer coefficient
• low cost
• lower space requirement
• easy maintenance
• less weight
• lower heat loss

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Selection
Criteria:
§ Design limitations for each heat exchanger
type
§ Cost
§ High/low pressure limits
§ Thermal performance
§ Temperature ranges
§ Product mix (liquid/liquid, particulates or high-
solids liquid)

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§ Pressure drops across the exchanger

§ Fluid flow capacity
§ Clean ability, maintenance, and repair
§ Materials required for construction
§ Ability and ease of future expansion
§ Material selection, such as copper, aluminum,
carbon steel, stainless steel, nickel alloys,
ceramic, polymer, and titanium

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Monitoring
§ Monitoring of the overall heat transfer
coefficient
§ The overall heat transfer coefficient tends to
decline over time due to fouling
§ By periodically calculating the overall heat
transfer coefficient can be estimated when
cleaning the heat exchanger

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Fouling
• Fouling occurs when impurities
deposit on the heat exchange
surface
• Deposition of these impurities
can decrease heat transfer
effectiveness significantly over
time and are caused by:
– Low wall shear stress
– Low fluid velocities
– Precipitation of reaction product
solid

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 Peralatan dan Mesin Industri (TIN326) -
Ono Suparno

Maintenance
§ Plate heat exchangers can be disassembled
and cleaned periodically
§ Tubular heat exchangers can be cleaned by
such methods as acid cleaning, high-pressure
water jet
§ In cooling water systems for heat
exchangers, water treatment such as
purification, addition of chemicals, and
testing is used to minimise fouling of the heat
exchange equipment

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Thank you for your attention.

Selamat belajar dan berkarya.

ono.suparno@apps.ipb.ac.id
http://ono.suparno.staff.ipb.ac.id

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