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Temelj, bez kojeg se ne mogu naučiti glagolska vremena u engleskom jeziku, jesu pomoćni
glagoli (auxiliary verbs). Pomoćni glagoli u rečenici nemaju značenje sami po sebi, već nam
ukazuju u kojem se glagolskom vremenu nalazi glavni glagol. Budući da pomoćni glagoli
također mogu biti i u funkciji glavnoga glagola, osnovno pravilo koje treba zapamtiti je da
pomoćni glagol uvijek dolazi ispred glavnoga glagola. U engleskom jeziku u funkciji
pomoćnog glagola (pomoću kojeg se tvore složena vremena) mogu biti glagoli: biti (to be),
imati (to have) i činiti (to do ).
ZAMJENICA TO BE
PRESENT PAST
I am was
YOU are were
HE, SHE, IT is was
WE are were
THEY are were
ZAMJENICA TO HAVE
PRESENT PAST
I have had
YOU have had
HE, SHE, IT has had
WE have had
THEY have had
ZAMJENICA TO DO
PRESENT PAST
I do did
YOU do did
HE, SHE, IT does did
WE do did
THEY do did
1. Present simple
Prosto sadašnje vrijeme se koristi za:
Radnje koje se ponavljaju (navike, običaji, rutine)
Ona uvijek čini istu stvar. She always does the same thing.
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Englezi piju čaj u 5 sati popodne. The English drink tea at 5 o’clock in the
afternoon.
Za izražavanje osjećanja.
Osjećaš se dobro. You feel good.
za rasporede ili programe
Predavanje počinje u 10 sati. The lesson starts at 10 o’clock.
za opće istine
The sun sets in the west. (Sunce zalazi na zapadu.)
Ljudi mjenjaju novac u bankama. People change money in banks.
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2. Present continuous
se upotrebljava za radnje koje traju u sadašnjosti.
za izražavanje radnje koja se događa upravo sada, u trenutku dok o njoj
govorimo ili pišemo
Čitam knjigu. I am reading a book.
3. Past simple:
past simple tense koristimo za radnje koje su započele i završile u prošlosti.
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4. Present perfect
(since, just, so far, recently, lately i s pitanjem how long)
Have (has)+ ed
how long
I’ve worked here for six months.
I’ve known Julie for ten years.
Koliko si dugo bio u zatvoru How long have you spent in prison?
Kada pričamo o životnom iskustvu, nešto što smo nekada ili nikada
radili, nikad nisam bila u Londonu. (od kada sam se rodila do dana današnjeg).
Ever, never
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Džil mi nije pisala skoro mjesec dana Jill hasn't written to me for nearly a
month.
Izgubila sam ključeve (sad ne mogu da uđem u kuću). I’ve lost my keys (so I
can’t get into my house).
Just, yet, already, recently – nešto upravo, baš, već, još, nedavno
I’ve just seen Lucy.
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5. Present perfect continuous:
Have (has)+ ing
Sada spavaju (već) dva sata. They have been sleeping for two hours now.
Mr. Smith predaje matematiku 5 godina. Mr. Smith has been teaching
mathematics for 5 years.
Koristi se za radnju koja je trajala duži vremenski period, a prije neke glavne
radnje.
Čekala sam autobus tri sata prije nego je došao. I had been waiting three hours
for the bus before it arrived.
Satima smo čekali autobus We‘ve been waiting for the bus for hours.
( vjerojatno smo još na stanici čekamo ili smo stigli kući pa pričamo koliko je
trajalo to čekanje i zašto kasnimo – to je ona upotreba da se podsjetimo, prošla
radnja koja ima neki rezultat, posljedicu u sadašnjosti).
John has been sad for days.
I have been here since 10 o'clock.
Od nedavno dosta odlazim u teretanu.. I‘ve been going to the gym a lot recently.
Koliko dugo to traje i koliko dugo će trajati u ovom trenutku je nebitno. Važno
je da od nedavno traje moj novi hobi
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I’m so tired, I‘ve been studying.
Tako sam umorna, učila sam.
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Bila sam pogriješila (učinila pogrešku) i (nakon toga) stvari su krenule
nizbrdo. I had made a mistake and things went wrong.
Before- U dijelu rečenice s before je uglavnom past simple:
Before Tim called his grillfriend, he had thought exactly what to say. Prije nego
što je tim nazvao svoju djevojku, pažljivo je razmislio što će točno reći.
Carl je otišao prije nego što ga je ona vidjela. Carl had left before she saw
him.
Čim je Amanda položila usmeni ispit, otišla je u tuđinu. As soon as Amanda had
passed the oral exam she went aboard.
When we came Sally had been waiting for half an hour. (Kad smo mi stigli,
Seli je čekala već pola sata.)
When I called on him he had been reading for a while. (Kada sam ga
posjetio, on je čitao već neko vrijeme.)
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na ispitu zato što nije dovoljno učila.) To što je pala na ispitu je posljedica.
Uzrok se desio prije toga - nije dovoljno učila, a učenje je trajna radnja. Dakle
za uzrok ide had been, a za posljedicu past simple
Sem je bio umoran zato što je gledao filmove čitave noći. Sam was tired because
he had been watching films all night.
Gledala sam film, kada je moja sestra stigla. I was watching a film when my
sister arrived.
Gledala sam film dok je moj muž prao sudove I was watching a film while my
husband was washing dishes
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Padala je kiša sinoć. It was raining last night.
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10. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
- do određenog trenutka u budućnosti
kada želimo izraziti neku buduću radnju koja će se dogoditi ili događati do
određenog trenutka u budućnosti.
PASIV
Kada se pasiv upotrebljava?
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vrijeme pasiv aktiv
The letters are
Present Simple He delivers the letters.
delivered.
He is delivering the The letters are being
Present Continuous
letters. delivered.
He has delivered the The letters have been
Present Perfect
letters. delivered.
He delivered the The letters were
Past Simple
letters. delivered.
He was delivering the The letters were being
Past Continuous
letters. delivered.
He had delivered the The letters had been
Past Perfect
letters. delivered.
He will deliver the The letters will be
Future Simple
letters. delivered.
He is going to The letters are going to
BE GOING TO
deliver the letters. be delivered.
He can deliver the The letters can be
Modals
letters. delivered.
He has to deliver the The letters have to be
Infinitive
letters. delivered.
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PRVI TIP POGODBENIH REČENICA
Tvorba:
Primjer:
Ako imam novca, kupit ću kuću. If I have money, I will buy a house.
Ako ne požurite, zakasnit ćete. If you don't hurry, you will be late.
Ako mi pomogneš završit ću do 6. If you help me, I will finish by six o'clock.
Tvorba:
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Glagol „to be“ se za sva lica jednine i množine u prošlom vremenu koristi kao
were.
Primjeri:
Da sam na tvom mjestu ja ne bih tamo išao. If I were in your place, I would not
go there.
Da nije tako zauzeta pridružila bi nam se. If she weren't so busy, she would join
us.
Da ga sutra vidim, sve bih mu rekao. If I saw him tomorrow, I would tell him
everything.
Tvorba:
IF + past perfect (Uslovna ili IF rečenica); would ili should + have + prošli
particip glavnog glagola.
Primjeri:
Da sam pitao oni bi mi rekli. If I had asked, they would have told me.
Da ste bili na sastanku vidjeli biste ga. If you had been at the meeting, you
would have seen him.
Da je kišilo otišao bih kući. If it had been raining, I would have gone home.
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ČETVRTI TIP POGODBENIH REČENICA
Ovim rečenicama izražava se navika ili neka ponavljana radnja.
Tvorba:
Primjer:
Svaki put kad je lijepo vrijeme ja idem van. Everytime when the weather is nice
I go ou
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