AD 1121
excavation site
Module 7: Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals
FERROUS - metals in which iron is the
principal element
● CHARACTERISTICS
- Mostly contain iron
- Good conductors of
electricity
- Good magnetic properties
- Lower resistance to rust and
corrosion
- Weigh More
● APPLICATION
- Carbon Steel
- Cast Iron
- Wrought Iron
FERROUS METALS
● STEEL - malleable alloy of iron and
carbon
- PIG IRON - crude iron that is
drawn from a blast furnace
and cast into pigs in
preparation for conversion
into cast iron
- PIG - molded metal
● HOT ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS -
usually ferrous and has bumps; used
for structural frames
● COLD ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS -
Greasy and used for ferlins; stronger
than hot
● CURVED STEEL SECTIONS -
● SHEET PILING - used for slope
protection during excavation;
prevent the surrounding ground to
cade in; placed around the side
along the perimeter of the
● STEEL PIPING -
● REINFORCING STEEL
● WELDED WIRE FABRIC -
● STEEL WIRE -
● BOLTS AND KNOTS -
NON-FERROUS - contains no or very little
iron
● CHARACTERISTICS
- Do not contain any iron
- Higher resistance to rust and
corrosion
- Malleable
- Non-magnetic
- Weigh Less
● APPLICATION
- Copper
- Aluminum
- Zinc
NON-FERROUS METALS
● ALUMINUM - architectural shapes
and are widely used for doors,
window jabs, panel frames, etc.
● COPPER - contains zinc and tin; used
for hardware applications (door
knobs or hinges)
● LEAD - soft, malleable, heavy metal
having low melting point;
● TIN - lustrous white, soft, and
malleable having low melting point
● ZINC - helps with corrosion
FIRE PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
● INTUMESCENT COATING - up to
2hrs fire protection
● SPRAYED COATING - up to 4 hrs
 ● BOARD SYSTEMS - screwed directly
into the structural steel
● CONCRETE FILLED - composite
construction; high beams with
concrete
Module 8: Glass and Glazing
GLASS
- A hard, brittle inorganic substance
ordinarily transparent or translucent
- Produced by melting a mixture of
silica sand with added alkaline salts
and soda
- Characterized by:
- Transparency
- Brittleness
- Hardness
- Chemical Inertness
!!! You can orient the glass on a building to
lessen heat gain !!!
GLAZING
- Term used for the installation of
glass
- Glazing Materials - are materials
used for a weather type joint
between a glass and the frame into
which the glass sets
FACTORS AFFECTING GLASS
● HEAT FLOW - Heat buildup that will
result in thermal expansion and
contraction; heat = expansion & cold
= contraction
● AIR PRESSURE AND IMPACT - glass
will fail in tension; thickness
sufficient for uniform wind loading
may not be adequate for
concentrated point loads
TYPES OF FLAT GLASS
● SHEET GLASS - Molten glass is
drawn horizontally or vertically and
then annealed; to minimize
distortion, glass should be glazed
with the wave running horizontally.
● FLOAT GLASS - most common glass
used for glazing. 3mm to 25mm
(thickness); 3m to 5m (size)
- CLEAR GLASS
- TINTED GLASS - purpose of
reflecting and absorbing
solar radiation.
● PLATE GLASS - virtually clear,
undistorted vision
OTHER VARIATIONS
● REFLECTIVE GLASS - visible light is
allowed to pass; solar heat gain is
controlled
● WIRED GLASS - a rolled glass with a
welded wire mesh incorporated
during its manufacture
● ART/CATHEDRAL GLASS - stained
glass windows
● LAMINATED GLASS - made from two
or more layers of glass which are
laminated to an interlayer of clear or
tinted POLYVINYL BUTYRAL (PVB)
SHEET
● TEMPERED GLASS - glass treated at
a temperature of about 700 degrees
which increases 4 to 5 times the
resistance to impact, wind loads,
and thermal stress than that of other
annealed glass; break in a multitude
of small fragments; most storefronts
used tempered glass; usually takes 2
to 3 weeks when preparing.
 ● INSULATING GLASS - assembly of
two or more layers of glazing, both
sides have glass with a vacuum in
between.
● GLASS BLOCKS - a hollow or solid
block of glass, usually translucent
with textured faces; low thermal
insulation and low fire resistance
value.
Module 9: Plastics and Related Products
● PLASTICS - large group of synthetic
materials which are made from a
number of common substances
known as monomers; built up into
chainlike molecules of higher
molecular weight called POLYMERS.
● POLYMER
- Has low extensibility
TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS
● THERMOPLASTICS
- Soft when heated
- Hard when cooled
- Acrylics Cellulosis
- Polyethylene
- Polyvinyl Chloride - used for
storm pipes; sanitary pipes
- Polypropylene
- Polystyrene
- Polyallomer
- Polycarbonates
- Polyimide
- Nylons
● THERMOSETTING PLASTIC
- Setting into a permanent
shape when heated and
pressure is applied; molded
PRODUCTION PLASTIC
● Injection Molding Process - there is a
sheet cavity (mold); heated and
forced heated air into a nozzle into
the mold.
● Blow-Molding Process - extruder
extrudes a hollow tube which is
captured between the two halves of
a hollow mold.
● Rotational Molding - hollow units
with complex shapes; mold is
rotated horizontally and vertically to
distribute the material evenly over
the inner mold surfaces
● Expandable Bead Molding - small
granules are placed in a rolling drum
and steam heated.
● Compression Molding - powder is
placed in a heated mold. Heat and
pressure are applied to the powder
which melts and flows to all parts of
the mold.
● Transfer Molding - the powder is
heated and liquified outside the
mold and injected into the mold
under heat and pressure
● Foamed Plastic - made by expanding
agent with either granules or powder
then heating it. Heat melts the
plastic and causes the formation of
a gas which expands the molten
material into a foamed structure.
● Thermostat Foam - mixing the
appropriate resin with a curing agent
and an expanding agent and then
heating them in a mold.
● Extrusion Forming - used for
mass-produced materials which
have a constant cross section, and it
is done in two ways by forcing a
semiliquid plastic through a die of
 the proper size and shape in a
manner similar to that used for
forming brick extrusion.
● Thermoforming process - sheet
plastic is heated until soft and then
forced by air pressure against a cold
and hardens in shape
● Laminating Process - consist of
impregnating sheets of paper, glass
fiber, or cloth with a thermosetting
liquid resin and then applying heat
and pressure to a number of sheets
to form a laminated product.
● Casting - liquid plastics with their
appropriate curing agents, are
poured into molds and set, with or
without heat.
● Calendar Process - plastic is fed to
revolving rollers which turn out a thin
sheet or film the thickness of the
product is determined by the roller
spacing, and the surface of the
sheet may be smooth or matted
depending on the roller surface.
Module 10: Sealants, Gaskets, and
Adhesives
- Plays a significant role in the
perceived success or failure of a
building
- Combination of correct detailing and
appropriate use is needed to prevent
the need for expensive remedial
work
SEALANTS - designed to seal the joints
between adjacent building components
while remaining EXTREMELY FLEXIBLE to
accommodate expansion or compression
TYPES OF SEALANT
● PLASTIC SEALANT
○ When held in a deformed
state, they stress-relax
○ Elastic recovery is limited to
a maximum of 40%
● LIQUID ASPHALT
○ Usually used for concrete or
wooden tanks
○ Coated inside to hold the
water in the tanks
○ In order to be effective as a
waterproofing membrane,
sealers must be elastomeric
which means they need to be
resilient enough in order for
them to expand over small
cracks in the base surface
without losing their
effectiveness.
● POLYSULFIDE POLYMERS
○ Excellent adhesive qualities,
are highly flexible, and
applied either hand or spray.
● OILS AND TURPENTINES
○ Seal wood surfaces before
the application of paint or
varnish
● SYNTHETIC PLASTIC PRODUCTS
○ Form over the surface and
allow better bonding of
synthetic lacquers to wood
● EPOXY - RESIN FORMULATION
○ Sealers for concrete, wood,
and old terrazzo surfaces
before epoxy-resin terrazzo is
applied.
GASKETS - usually for pipes, flexible hoses, NAILS
and under the sink; usually made out of
rubber and if it is exposed to heat or cold, it Process of Manufacturing
will brittle. ● Cut Nails
● Wire Nails
TYPICAL GASKETS FOR CLADDING ● Clinch Nails

● Compressed Gasket Constructions

● Encapsulated Gasket ● Common Nails
● Compressed Sealing Strip ● Casing Nails
● Capping Seal ● Finishing Nails
● Recessed Seal ● Box Nails
● Brads
GLAZING SYSTEMS ● Roofing Nails
● Concrete Nails
● U-gasket
● Zipper H-gasket BOLTS AND NUTS
● Zipper U-gasket
● Machine Bolts
CONCRETE WATERSTOP SEALS ● Carriage Bolts
● Stove Bolts
● Typical Internal Waterstop Seals
● Typical External Waterstops Seals SCREWS
● Typical Junction Piece - Pointed for wood, slightly distorted
● Expansion Joint in Concrete for metals
● PVC Capping Strip - Riveter

ADHESIVES - WA NA GIDISCUSS KAY FINISH HARDWARE

LABING TAASA HAKDOOOOG
HINGES - depends on where it is located
Module 11: Hardware, Fasteners, and
Accessories ● Concealed Hinge
● Pivot Hinge
- In building construction, renovation, ● Invisible Hinge
repair and improvement, fasteners
hardware and accessories are DOOR LOCKS AND LATCHES
critically important.
- ROUGH HARDWARE ● Thumb Lock
- FINISH HARDWARE ● Rim Lock
● Bore-in Door Lockset
ROUGH HARDWARE ● Deadbolt Locket
● Mortise Door Lockset
MISCELLANEOUS DOOR HARDWARE
● Overhead Door Closer
● Floor Door Closer
● Panic Exit Mechanism - can only be
opened on one side
● Barrel Bolt
● Foot Bolt
● Door CHain
● Sliding Door Track Mechanism
Module 12: Paints & Protective Coatings
PAINT
- Consist of a blend of components,
each with their specific function
- These include the binder, solvent,
base, extenders, pigments, & driers.
TYPES OF PAINT
- Enamel for wood because it is
thicker; wood absorbs paint that is
why it is ideal compared to others
because it is viscous.
- Solvent based paints are used for
metal and wood.
- Latex paints are used for cement
boards or cement walls; easy to
apply
- Epoxy based can be used anywhere
because it’s surface adhesion is
strong; suited to areas with heavy
traffic.
How do you apply paint?
● WOOD
○ Make sure it is clean and
smooth with no holes; patch
the defects
○ Primers for the paint to
adhere to your wood
○ 1st coat and 2nd coat
○ 3rd coat depending on the
thickness of the paint
○ NOTE! Add thinners to thick
paints to apply the paint
easily through a brush, roller,
or spray.
● CONCRETE
○ Make sure it is clean;
concrete is acidic so use
neutralizers
○ Skim coat to fix out the
imperfections
○ Primer
○ 1st and 2nd coat\
VARNISH
SHELLAC
- Similar to varnish but solvent based
STAINS
- To unify the color and grains of the
wood.
Module 13: Flooring Materials
FACTORS IN CHOOSING MATERIALS
● Type of building involved
● Type of usage to which the floor will
be subjected
● Special requirements such as sound
absorption qualities, resilience, color,
heavy foot traffic
● Cost (labor and material)
WOOD FLOORING - softwood and hardwood
● Strip Flooring
○ Tongue and groove located
at the center; on concrete
 floors, you need nailers or
vapor barriers
○ Layout: one third of the first
plank; usually recommended
for ceramic planks
○ Can be softwood (pine) or
hardwood (narra, yakal)
● Parquet Flooring
○ small strips of wood usually
use adhesive such as
parquet glue or wood glue’
● Block Flooring
CONCRETE FLOORING
● Concrete slab with a rough surface
and add floor topping
● Polyurethane for it to shine
● To achieve hard surfaces, add
metallic aggregates into the topping
(usually for driveways or car parks)
● Add inorganic coloring agent for
colored concrete floors
CLAY-TILE FLOORINg
● Glazed Tile
○ Non Vitreous
○ Semi Vitreous
○ Impervious
● Unglazed Tile
ASPHALT FLOORING
● Rarely used
○ ASBESTOS is bad as a
construction material
TERRAZZO FLOORING
● Marble aggregates and is mixed in
concrete
● Slippery on
PLASTIC FLOORING
● Rarely used
● Plastic Terrazzo
● Epoxy Resin because it can easily be
scratched but can still be polished
afterwards; can apply color to it to
make it look like marble or granite
● Vinyl Tile
● Vinyl Asbestos
● Vinyl
Module 15: Building Protection
● Create a barrier from water
penetration, fire, or pests to go in
● Protects the building
PREVENTIONS
WATERPROOFING
● a method of protecting surfaces
against the destructive effects of
water; when the exposed wall has
cracks and the water will go through
it and it will lead to bumps on your
walls
○ Waterproofing from the
outside - form a protective
barrier from water and an
elastomeric paint
● TYPES OF WATERPROOFING
○ Integral Type - mixed with
cement before mixing with
sand, gravel, and water to
make concrete.
■ Cementitious - mixed
with cement and
water then wipe it on
the surface that
needs waterproofing
○ Membrane Type - made out
of asphalt; your roll of
asphalt will be melted to
 make it an adhesive;
overlapping
○ Fluid Applied - monolithic,
seamless, flexible, and
elastic; used through
brushing and spraying
● Damp-proofing - the moisture from
your concrete will not go to your
planks
● Soil poisoning - use brands that are
not harmful to your plants; it is using
chemical that is not recommendable
FIREPROOFING
● Prevent fire from happening
● Fire rating - dili siya dali masunog
● FDAS - Fire Detection and Alarm
System
● Smoke Detectors
● FACP - Fire Alarm Control Panel
● When your smoke detector will
detect smoke, it will go to your FACP
and the FACP will alarm. The fire
bells will also ring. People will know
that there is smoke or fire within the
building. In big buildings, they can
detect which zone or floor has fire.
FIRE PROTECTION
- WET
● The sprinkler has a small glass that
will break when it is very hot due to
the fire then the water will pour out.
● Buildings with at least 4 floors are
required to have sprinklers
- DRY
● Ciamis - Y bronze color
● The ciamis connection leads to the
risers and the fire cabinets with fire
hose, fire acts, and extinguisher
(break glass incase of fire).
● Fire exits with panic device & fire exit
signs
● Fire exit plans
● Exits with emergency lights
MODULE 16: INSULATING MATERIALS
THERMAL INSULATION
● Prevent heat outside to go inside
Three Ways
● Conduction
● Radiation - heat from the outside
wall to the inside
● Convection - when the air is heated,
it expands and circulates. During
the circulation, it comes in contact
with a cooler surface and heat is
given up to them
Kinds of Thermal Insulation
● Loose Fill
- used to insulate buildings
that have been built without
insulation; attached to the
concrete and covered with
plywood for walls.
○ Fibrous Type - wool or fibre
○ Granular Insulation -
expanded minerals
● Blanket Insulation
- made from fibrous materials
● Batts
- similar to blankets but are
restricted to 48 in long. They
are covered with paper and
made especially for
 insulation between stud
spacings
● Structural Insulation Board
○ Strawboard
○ Corkboard
● Rigid Slab Insulation
- relatively stiff and inelastic
- bubble wrap (two sides of
aluminum with a bubble wrap
in the middle)
● Cellular Glass Insulation
- Expanded molded glass cut
into various sizes
● Rigid Slab Insulation
● Reflective Insulation
- Reflect heat rather than
absorbing it
● Foamed-in-Place Insulation
- Eco Foam - spray the foam
over the GI Sheet
● Corrugated Insulation
- Made from paper formed into
shapes and produce inclosed
air pockets
● EIFS Exterior Insulation and Finish
System
- exterior
- It does not absorb heat
- It reduces the electricity
(air-conditioning)
Module 17: Ceiling & Acoustical Materials
CEILING
- Cover the under slabs and utilities
- Contain lighting figures
● Suspended Ceiling
● Light metal frame
- Double Furring Clip (seals
- Single Furring Clip
● T-bard
○ For acoustical boards
! Disadvantage of acoustic boards is that
they will sag in the center due to heat from
the roof!
Module 19: Doors and Windows
EXTERIOR
● Weather resistant because it is
exposed to the elements outside
either sunlight or rain
● Weather resistant through the
finishing
INTERIOR
● Soundproof
● Usually flush door or laminated
board
MODES OF DOOR OPERATION
● Swinging
● Bifold
● Accordion
● Pocket Sliding - inside the walls
● Bypass Sliding - two doors both
ways
● Surface Sliding - ex. Barn doors
● Overhead - to the ceiling
● Coiling - roll up; convenient stores
HOLLOW STEEL DOOR FRAME DETAILS - From your panels,
you’ll have an inverter,
● These are important because the then to your panel
details tell the manner of how it board
should be constructed. - Works with sunlight
● Concrete finishing first then add - If it does not
door jams by using bolts; because if generate
you attach the door jams first, the enough
insects will eat up the door jams and electricity, ir
the surroundings will have to be goes to the
broken in order to repair it unlike the electrical grid
concrete first, you just have to take (VECO)
out the bolts and change the door - ADVANTAGE:
jam. when cloudy,
and no
WINDOWS sunlight, you
- Giagian ra ni ser can take
electricity
from VECO
MODULE 20: SKYLIGHTS ○ OFF GRID
- You are totally off
● Careful of the water flow to not enter power grid
the house - The batteries charge
● TYPES OF SKYLIGHT the panels; from the
○ Ventilating battery there is an
○ Fixed inverter to your panel
○ Tubular board
○ Stilt - Inverter: to maximize
Tubular energy production. It
MODULE 21: ENERGY-SAVING MATERIALS converts direct
& COMPONENTS current of the PV
modules into
PHOTOVOLTAICS grid-compliant
● You have your cells available in 50, alternating current
100, 200, and 500. It is minted on and feeds this into
aluminum rails the public grid.
● TWO TYPES OF SYSTEM - DISADVANTAGE: after
○ ON GRID a while, the batteries
- Does not require will decay
batteries
- Your panels generate ● Orientation should be on the north or
electricity south because as the sun rises from
 the east to the west, it can still ● Cistern tank - it converts direct
absorb the sunlight current of the PV modules into
grid-compliant alternating current
SOLAR COLLECTORS and feeds this into the public grid.

● Flat-Plate Collectors
○ Heat metal-absorbing plate STOP AT 25:30
closely bonded to copper
water pipes which transport
heated water to a storage
system
● Evacuated-Tube Collectors

GROUND WATER COOLING SYSTEM

● Underground is much cooler

WIND CATCHERS
● Louvers
● Cold air usually comes down
● High ceiling - heat goes up so it is
cooler in the floor area

RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

● The rainwater from your own
property will be stored in a tank
● Include in building plan
● From the main line to your house, the
water pipes should have a gate
valve, a check valve
● Gate valve is the front and if you
haven’t paid your water bills, they will
lock it and the check valve is your
own lock for you to stop the flow of
your water when needed.
● You are not allowed to place your
booster pump near the main line
source.
● Main line > gate valve > check valve
> cistern tank > water softener >
booster pump > your house