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©INOSR PUBLICATIONS
International Network Organization for Scientific Research ISSN: 2705-165X
Evaluation of Reasons for Excessive Alcohol use and the effects on Students
of Kampala International University Western Campus
Kaliza Esther
Department of Clinical Medicine Kampala International University Western
Campus Uganda.

ABSTRACT
People say they drink alcohol either to have fun, celebrate an achievement, or “down their
sorrows” after a major life stress. High alcohol consumption in Uganda is linked to the
aggressive marketing by manufacturers through mass media advertisements, sponsorship of
sports activities, performing arts and music, free alcohol promotions at discount prices and
total disregard of the law on availability of alcohol, time and selling points. Uganda still has
neither national alcohol policy nor an effective regulatory body. Attempts by the ministry of
health to regulate the consumption of alcohol have been opposed by the ministry of trade
which has blocked a propose ban on the manufacture and consumption of alcohol.
Adolescents and the youth are highly engaged in this practice, as they are the ones who
frequent night clubs, bars and even throw house parties. Alcohol is affordable, and available.
This study focuses on the reasons for consumption of alcohol among students of KIU-WC. It
also examines the effects these students have had with taking alcohol, as well as their
awareness of the effects of alcohol. The campus, located in Western Uganda (Ishaka,
Bushenyi) has a standing population of about three thousand two hundred and seventy one
students. A sample size of three hundred and forty six students was estimated using a
Morgan’s table, but because the study was carried out while most students were on a
semester break, a sample size of two hundred sixty students was used in this study. A
questionnaire was used for data collection. Data has been presented in form of charts and
tables. It showed that 52% of the respondents consume alcohol, and those who motioned
they don’t basically attributed it to their religious affiliation. Most of the respondents (45%)
were between ages; 23-27 years. The study also shows that for those who consume alcohol,
many don’t solely consume one brand of alcohol. The major reason given for consumption
of alcohol was because “everyone does it.” This could be people taking alcohol so as the fit
in the crowd. The next reason given was to relieve stress. Most of the respondents answered
to having been absent from school because of alcohol. This could have been because they
were nursing a hangover, catching up on sleep because they were out till late at night, or
because they were busy drinking in their rooms or organizing a drink-party.
The greatest percentage (78.46%) of respondents was found to be aware of the effects(s)
alcohol has on health, while the remaining11.92% was unaware. 9.62% gave no response.
Among the health effects known to the respondents, liver disease; a long term effect of
alcohol consumption was listed by majority of the respondents (149). The least mentioned
effect was acute intoxication; a short term effect of alcohol consumption. In conclusion, this
study demonstrates that majority of students in KIU-WC campus do consume alcohol for a
number of reasons. Most of them are also well aware of the effects of alcohol, but still chose
to drink. There is, therefore need to keep up with education of the public about excessive
alcohol use. There is still need for the country to implement an alcohol law, governing the
sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages.
Keywords: Alcohol, Manufacturer, Consumption, Students, Health.

INTRODUCTION
Globally drinking alcoholic beverages is a consequences related to its intoxicating,
common feature of social gatherings. toxic and dependence-producing
Nevertheless, the consumption of alcohol properties [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. Alcohol is the
carries a risk of adverse health and social most commonly used psychoactive

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substance in the world and is one of the
leading causes of death and disability
worldwide [2,8,9,10,11,12]. Globally,
alcohol use causes 1.8 million or 3.2% of
all deaths and accounts for 4.0% of the
disease burden. The disease burden
related to alcohol use is especially great
among low income and middle-income
populations and countries, where alcohol
consumption is increasing and injury rates
are high due to limited implementation of
public health policies and prevention
strategies [3]. A critical aspect of alcohol
use is pre-teen alcohol initiation, which
worsens adverse health outcomes among
youth. Epidemiological studies in western
countries have examined the association
between early alcohol initiation and
problems related to alcohol among youth,
but data is lacking to study such
associations in most developing countries.
Literature on pre-teen alcohol initiation
have identified gender, age, monthly
income, living arrangement, attitude
toward alcohol use, perceived
susceptibility of alcohol use, perceived
self-efficacy, peer drinking, relatives
drinking, accessibility of alcohol around
university, accessibility of alcohol around
community, exposure to anti-alcohol
campaign, [4] exposure to alcohol
advertising, and ownership of alcohol
promotional items as significant correlates
of alcohol use. The risk of alcohol use
among youth in low-income countries is a
vital public health concern. In Africa,
alcohol use is related to poverty, road
traffic crashes, sexual intercourse among
Statement of Problem
The WHO estimates that around 2 billion
people worldwide consume alcohol [1] and
there is clearly no single reason why they
do or why different people drink to
different extents. It is apparent though
that drinking is influenced by factors such
as genetics, social environment, culture,
age, gender, accessibility, exposure and
personality. Alcohol consumption has
been part of human history since
antiquity. There are not only numerous
Biblical examples and ancient myths which
refer to alcohol but local oral history and
archeological findings suggest that
consumption has been part of African
2
adolescents, unprotected sex, [5] and
psychological distress [6]. To exacerbate
the conditions, heavy episodic drinking is
prevalent among young adults in several
African countries [1]. For example, more
than one in every three Zambian
adolescents have ever drunk alcohol,
[7,8,9,10] and Uganda has been noted
shaving the highest alcohol per capital
consumption in the world [1]. Ugandans
consume more alcohol than counterparts
in any African countries, demonstrating
the citizens’ “abiding love for liquor”.
According to a study done by US
broadcaster, Cable News Network
(CNN);titled “World’s 10 best drinking
nations,” Uganda is ranked 8th globally
(with home-made waragi (a.k.a war gin)
and ajono (semi-fermented beer drunk
from communal pots using long straws,
topping the alcohol menu) ahead of
Germany and Australia at positions 9 and
10, respectively (www.cnn.com, March
2013). Alcohol ranks high (6th position) in
generating domestic revenue in Uganda.
About 10% of revenue comes from alcohol
and this has been reportedly to be steadily
increasing since it is rooted in a very
strong culture of alcohol acceptance. The
lack of a clear national alcohol policy
coupled with weak and poorly enforced
laws provides fertile ground for increasing
the availability and accessibility of alcohol
in Uganda. In Uganda, most alcohol
consumers have been found to be middle-
aged, leading to the conclusion that age as
a factor may be a determinant in alcohol
consumption patterns.
culture, rituals since “time memorial”. But
the fact of enduring alcohol consumption
and the passing down of this habit through
generations does not adequately explain
why alcohol is consumed [8].
Alcohol abuse is a significant problem
among young people and a solution needs
to be found. It is the drug of choice among
the youth, often with devastating
consequences. Most people do consume
alcohol, and barely know the effects it
could have on them; be it short or long
term effects. Alcohol plays a powerful role
in risky sexual behavior, including
unwanted, unintended and unprotected
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sexual activity, and sex with multiple
partners. Alcohol is associated with
academic failure and drug use. Young
people drink too much and at too early an
age, thereby creating problems for
themselves, for people around them, and
for society as a whole. A study conducted
by [9] on the prevalence of alcohol
consumption among university students
showed that 78% of the students were
using alcohol. About 79% of the males used
alcohol as compared to 75% among
Justification of the Study
Alcohol is a product that is highly
advertised, and the media portrays alcohol
consumption as something normal and
acceptable. Each individual has reason(s)
as to why he/she consumes alcohol and
the amount consumed. Some know the
Aim
The study seeks to find the
reasons for excessive alcohol
Specific objectives
i. To find the proportion of students
of KIU-WC who consume alcohol.
ii. To establish the possible reasons as
to why students of KIU-WC
Research Questions
What is the proportion of students of
KIU-WC that consume alcohol?
What are the possible reasons for
excessive alcohol consumption among
KIU-WC students?
METHODOLOGY
Study Design
A cross-sectional study was used to
determine the reasons for excessive
females. The study further showed that the
majority (92%) of the students began
drinking alcohol before joining university.
By inference these findings are evidence
that there is a general increase in the
prevalence of alcohol and drug abuse
among the youth, hence the need for this
study to focus on educational institutions
and the stakeholders to implement an
alcohol law governing the sale and
consumption of alcoholic beverages as a
point of reference.
effects of excessive alcohol consumption,
and others don’t. This study seeks to
document the possible reasons as to why
students of KIU-WC consume alcohol in
excess and the possible effects they have
encountered.
consumption and its effects
among students of KIU-WC.
consume alcohol in excessive
amount.
iii. To find whether the students of
KIU-WC understand the effects of
excessive alcohol consumption.
What is the level of awareness about
the effects of excessive alcohol
consumption among students of KIU-
WC?
alcohol use and the effects among
students of KIU-WC.

Area of Study
Kampala International University's
Western Campus [KIU-WC] is situated on
about 70 acres of land at Ishaka town in
Bushenyi District, along Mbarara –Kasese
Road in Western Uganda. This spacious
campus was opened in November 2004.
The School Allied of Health Sciences [SAHS]
is located at the KIU-WC. It offers a number
of courses in bachelors, diplomas and
certificates. Bushenyi District is one of the
oldest districts in Uganda. It was created in
1974, curved out of Mbarara District
Administration then in 2009, it was split
into five districts (4 new districts of
Buhweju, Mitooma, Sheema and Rubirizi
districts) with one new municipal Council
of Bushenyi- Ishaka. Bushenyi District lies
between 0 0 N and 0 0 46’ S of the equator
and 29 0 41’ East and 30 0 30’ East of
Greenwich. Bushenyi District headquarters
is located 340 kilometres from Kampala in
the South Western part of Uganda,
neighbored with the districts of Rubirizi in
theNorth, Buhweju and Sheema in the
North East, Sheema in the East, Mitooma in
the South West and Sheema in the South.
The district has a land area of 3’949 square
kilometers and lying between 910 – 2,500

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meters above sea level. The main physical population of 241,500 people made up of
features within the district include natural 117,000 males and 124,000 according to
tropical forests of Karinzu and the projected population estimates of
Imaramagambo covering an area of 784 2010.
kilometres. Bushenyi District has a

Population of Study
The study was conducted by the proportion of students of KIU-WC who
researcher at Kampala International consumed alcohol and the reason for
University Western Campus which had a excessive alcohol intake were also under
population of 10,271 students. The study.

Inclusion Criteria
Current students of KIU-WC were the target
for this study.

Exclusion Criteria
Students who were not willing to consent.
Study Variables

Dependent Variable
Reasons of excessive alcohol use and its
effects amongst students of KIU-WC.

Independent Variables
Proportion of KIU-WC students who Level of awareness about the effects of
consume alcohol excessively. Possible excessive alcohol consumption amongst
reasons for excessive alcohol students of KIU-WC.
consumption amongst KIU-WC students.

Sample Size Determination

Morgan’s table was to determine the of error; 5.0%, the sample size for this
sample size for this study with a study was three hundred forty six (346)
confidence interval of 95%, and a margin students.

Data Collection
Data was collected using a structured corresponding space using a pencil or a
questionnaire which was administered by pen and respondents given time frame of
the researcher and the population under not more than two days to answer the
study answered questions by ticking in the questions.

Sampling Methods
Simple random sampling was used for this study.

Analysis of Data
Data collected was analyzed in form of were also used and descriptive words
tables and pie chart and bar graphs in were used to explain the data that was
respective of each Objective, percentage represented.

Quality Control
To ensure quality control, I conducted a of the study tools. A total of four
questionnaires were distributed for the
one day training for the one research
pre-test with my close supervision
assistant who there-after did field testing
.

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RESULTS

Age groups of respondents

The majority (45%) of students who participated in the study were between 23-27 years,
followed by those between 18-22 years; (34%). The rest of the respondents were below
eighteen years, and others above twenty seven years.

Age of Respondents

7%
14%

<18
18-22
34%
23-27
>27
45%

Figure 1: Age of respondents.

Gender
More males (67%) than females (33%) participated in the study.

Gender of respondents

Female
33%

Male
67%

Figure 2: Gender of respondent.

Religion
Majority (83%) of the respondents were Pentecostals etc. The remaining 17% were
Christians. This encompassed Anglicans, of Muslim faith.
Catholics seventh day Adventists,

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17%

Christian
Moslem
83%

Figure 3: Religion of respondents.

Nationality
One hundred sixty seven respondents;
64% were Ugandans, fifty six Nigerian,
nineteen Kenyan and Tanzanians were
eight. The others were Rwandese,
Sudanese, Cameroonians, etc who
were ten (10).
Table 1: Number of respondents by nationality
Nationality No. of respondents
Ugandan 167
Nigerian 56
Kenyan 19
Tanzanian 8
Others 10

Table 1: Number of respondents by nationality

180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Ugandan Nigerian Kenyan Tanzanian Others

Figure 4: Nationality of respondents.

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Response to taking Alcohol
The majority of respondents 136; (52%)
consumed alcohol, and the rest; 124
(48%) did not.

No
48%
Yes
52%

Figure 5: Percentage of respondents who take alcohol

Reason(s) for not taking alcohol

For those who responded to not was followed by those who don’t consume
consuming alcohol, most respondents; it out of health reasons (34). The least of
thirty seven (37) said it was because of these respondents; ten (10) did not
their religious faith; being born again, this respond.

No response

Health reasons

I am Muslim

I am saved

I just don’t like alcohol

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Figure 6: Reasons for not taking alcohol.

Type of alcohol consumed

Of the one hundred thirty six respondents twenty two who chose wine.The rest
who said they consumed alcohol, the preferred more than just one alcoholic
majority; thirty one consumed beer only as drink; for example twenty two preferred
their alcohol preference, followed by taking beer, spirits and gins as well as

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wines. Sixteen respondents did not choose
any alcohol type.
Table 2: Type(s) of alcohol consumed.
Type of alcohol preferred No. of respondents
Beer only 31
Wines only 22
Beer+Spirits&Gins+Wines 22
Anything alcoholic 19
Beer+Spirits&Gins+Wines+ others
(Malwa) 13
Spirits & Gins 6
Sherries 3
Spirits & Gins+
Wines 2
Others 2

Reason(s) for consuming alcohol

Fifty (50) respondents said they consumed thirty said they found it cheap and readily
alcohol because “everyone” does it. Forty available, whereas eight said they just felt
eight said they did it to relieve stress, like doing it.

I just feel like doing it

It is cheap and available

To relieve stress

Everyone does it

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Figure 7: Reasons for consuming alcohol.

Drinking patterns
Most of the respondents (37%) answered to consuming alcohol on a weekly basis. The least
(29%) took alcohol on a monthly basis.

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Frequency of Consuming Alcohol

29% Daily
34%
Weekly
Monthly
37%

Figure 8: Drinking patterns.

Effect(s) of alcohol on respondents

Eighty seven (87) respondents answered to
having ever been absent from school
because they consumed alcohol, thirty
seven (37) responded to having ever been
drunk while at school, thirty one (31)
experience poor performance at school,
and other had ever experienced an
accident from drinking alcohol. The rest
had ever been arrested, driven under the
influence and had had family problems

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Figure 9: Effect(s) of alcohol on the respondents

Awareness of the effects alcohol has on health.

The greatest percentage of respondents; has on health. 11.92% were unaware, and
78.46% were aware of the effects alcohol 9.62% didn’t respond.

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80.00%

60.00%

40.00%

20.00%

0.00%
Yes No No response
Figure 10: Percentage on awareness of the effects of alcohol on health.

Effects of Alcohol
Majority of the respondents; one hundred least mentioned effect was acute
forty nine (149) listed liver disease (a long intoxication (a short term effect). The
term effect) as the commonest effect of majority of respondents 136; (52%)
alcohol consumption. This was followed consumed alcohol, and the rest; 124 (48%)
by psychological/mental problems, the did not.

Acute intoxication 18

Brain damage 19

Loss of jobs 25

Violence 25

Psychological/mental problems 80

liver disease 149

0 50 100 150 200

Figure 11: Effects of alcohol on health known by the respondents.

DISCUSSION
The study was set to assess the reason(s)
for alcohol consumption and its effects
among students of KIU-WC. The majority
of respondents (45.38%) were between the
ages; twenty three to twenty seven years.
Others were between eighteen to twenty
two years (33.46%), above twenty seven
years (13.85%). The least number of
respondents was those below eighteen
years (7.30%). More than half (66.54%) of
the respondents were male. There were
more respondents of Christian faith
(83.46%) than Islam (16.54%). The
respondents were of different nationality,
with Ugandans being the majority
(64.54%), followed by Nigerians (21.54%).
The least number of respondents were
Tanzanian (8). Other nationalities were
Kenyans, Rwandese, Burundian, and
Cameroonian. More than half; one hundred
thirty six (52.30%); the sample size of the
population admitted to consuming
alcohol. The remaining one hundred
twenty four (47.69%) said they did not
consume alcohol. Of these, thirty seven
attributed their not taking alcohol to their
Christian faith; that is being born again.
Other reasons given for not taking alcohol

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were; health (34), naturally don’t like it (24)
and Islamic faith (19). Ten respondents
didn’t give any reason. The world’s
religions have differing relationships with
alcohol. Many religions forbid alcoholic
consumption or see it sinful or negative.
Today, some Christians believe one ought
to abstain from alcohol. Islam considers
consumption of khamar (fermented
drinks, wine) sinful under the Islamic
dietary laws. With a wide range of alcoholic
beverages on the market today, it is quite
rare to find individuals who solely
consume one type of alcoholic beverage.
This study, however, identified 31, 6, 22
and 3 individuals who consumed beer,
spirits & gins, wines and Sherries solely
respectively. The rest of the participants
were found to consume a variety; for
example twenty two consumed beer,
spirits & gins as well as wine as reflected
in table 2. Other alcoholic drinks of
consumption were basically local brew like
malwa and kwete. Alcohol has been a part
of communal life for millennia, and has an
important place in social, spiritual, and
emotional experience. There are a
multitude of reasons as to why people
drink. In this study, most of the
respondents (50) said they drink because
everyone does it. This could be linked to
the fact that they drink in order to “fit in”.
Forty eight (48) said they did it in order to
relieve stress. In a study carried out in UK,
in 2011, alcohol was named the top stress
reliever; 61% of adults said drinking was
their top choice after a stressful day.
Donna Dawson, a psychologist said, “when
it comes to drinking alcohol, the way the
human brain works means we are naturally
disposed to find a reason to indulge,
particularly if we’ve had a tough day. An
example of this is having a drink after work
as a way to unwind from stress- in this
scenario, the brain has decided that stress
is ‘bad’ for us, and that alcohol, because is
apparently relieves stress ‘is good’. So, at
the end of the day, we may know that the
second or third glass of alcohol is not
really needed or desired, but the brain has
already rationalized that if one glass felt
11
good, then more will feel even better.”
Thirty (30) respondents said they drink
because alcohol is cheap and available,
and eight (8) said they just felt like it.
Drinking patterns reflect how people drink
instead of how much they drink. This
study revealed 36.67% of the respondents
who consume alcohol did it on a weekly
basis, 33.83% on a daily basis, and 29.41%
on a monthly basis. Respondents turned
out to have experienced more than one
effect according to the questionnaire. The
majority; eighty seven turned out to
having been absent from school, either
because they were in bars, or even their
rooms consuming alcohol, or they were
recovering from the after effects
(hangover) of alcohol consumption. Thirty
seven (37) said they had ever been drunk
while at school, thirty one (31) said they
had ever had poor performance at school.
This encompassed performance in
academics, concentration in class, etc.
Other effects included sustaining an
injury, driving under the influence, having
been arrested, as well as family problems.
For most people, drinking responsibly can
be part of a balanced and healthy lifestyle.
It is no secret that alcohol can cause major
health problems. In adverts of alcoholic
beverages, the closing remark is usually,
“excessive alcohol consumption can be
harmful to your health.” Worldwide, a vast
number of individuals are aware of the
health hazards of alcohol. The study
showed that 78.46% of the respondents
were aware of the effects alcohol has on
health. 11.92% were unaware. 9.62% did
not respond. According to the study, the
commonest effect of alcohol on health
mentioned was liver disease. This is in line
with what is known worldwide; liver
cirrhosis being the commonest known long
term effect of alcohol consumption. This
was followed by psychological/mental
problem(s), which was listed by eighty (80)
of the correspondents. Other effects
mentioned were violence (25), loss of
employment (25) brain damage (19), and
acute intoxication (18).
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Challenges
During the time of the study, students of
the university were on a semester break.
Therefore the initial sample size (three
hundred forty six) could not be reached.
Conclusion
Although classified as a depressant, the
amount of alcohol consumed determines
the type of effect. Most people drink for
the stimulant effect, such a beer or glass of
wine taken to “loosen up. “Reasons as to
why people consume alcohol vary among
individuals. A number of factors; including
environment, genetics, etc. come into play
and influence an individual’s drinking
habits. This study demonstrated the
following reasons as to why students of
KIU-WC consume alcohol; Everyone around
me does it (36.76%), to relieve stress
(35.29%), it is cheap and available (22.06%),
Recommendations
National level; Uganda, as a nation has no
strict and enforceable law that governs the
distribution and consumption of alcohol.
Alcohol is affordable and can be accessed
by anyone. The young are being initiated
into consuming alcohol by either their
parents, peers, or by the easy availability
of alcoholic beverages. Adolescents are
inquisitive and they would do just about
anything to “taste the waters.” Just like as
been done in the neighboring country;
Kenya, there is, thus a need for the
responsible bodies to formulate a law that
governs the distribution and consumption
of alcohol in the country. There is still
need for education of the population
regarding the effects of alcohol. This study
was done among students of the medical
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Hence the sample size used for the study
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lastly just feel like doing it (5.88%). For
those who said they didn’t take alcohol,
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