12-09-2022

Mechanical Design of Process Equipment

(3170514)

Jilesh M. Pandya
Assistant Professor,
Chemical Engineering Department,
V. V. P. Engineering College, Rajkot.

Recap of Previous Lecture…

 Types of Fabrication
Techniques…
 Factor of Safety (FoS)…

1
 12-09-2022

Mechanical Properties of Material…

Represents the capacity of the material to withstand external
forces. Depending on the nature of forces strength can be
Strength
classified as tensile strength, compressive strength, shear
strength and impact strength

Stress An internal force of resistance of material per unit area.

Strain Deformation in original size and / or shape of material.

Modulus of Elasticity
Ratio of stress to strain and is represented by “E”.
(Young’s Modulus)

It is the measure of the ability of the material to resist

Stiffness & Rigidity
deformation,

It is the ability of the material to regain its original shape as

Elasticity
soon as the load is removed.

It the maximum stress at which the material can withstand

Elastic limit without deformation and it is generally very close to the
proportional limit.

It is the stress at which the resistance of the material begins

Yield stress to break down rapidly with a sudden increase in strain
occurs without an increase in stress.

It is the greatest stress at which the failure or breaking of

Ultimate stress
material takes place.
2
 12-09-2022

Elastic energy released by the material, after the

Resilience
removal of stress (load).
Maximum energy that can be absorbed by the
Toughness material per unit area without breaking.
Represents the surface characteristics of the
Hardness
material.
The failure of a material due to slow but progressive
enlargement of initial crack subjected to cyclic load.
---------------------------------------------
Fatigue The greatest stress which can be applied to the
material in unlimited number of times without
creating failure is called fatigue limit or endurance
limit.
The material which is ductile may fail well below its
Brittle fracture ultimate stress and it can occur at nominal stress
below the yield point.

Slow and progressive deformation of material with

Creep
time under the application of constant stress.

Ratio of unit axial elongation to the unit lateral

Poisson’s Ratio ()
contraction.

Measurement of the deformation of the material

and it is the property of material by the virtue of
Ductility
which the material can be drawn into wires and
rods.

Property of material by the virtue of which the

Malleability
material can be drawn into sheets.

3
 12-09-2022

Types of Welds & Joints

 A joining process of two materials that
coalesced at their contacting surfaces by
the application of pressure and/or heat.
****************
 It is very portable, permanent and stronger
than the parent materials with a filler metal.
*****************
 It is the most economical method to join in
terms of material usage and fabrication
costs.

Fillet Weld
 Fillet welding refers to the process of joining two
pieces of metal together when they
are perpendicular or at an angle.
 These welds are commonly referred to as tee
joints, which are two pieces of
metal perpendicular to each other, or lap joints,
which are two pieces of metal that overlap and
are welded at the edges.
 The weld is triangular in shape and may have a
concave, flat or convex surface depending on
the welder’s technique.

4
 12-09-2022

Groove Weld
 The groove weld is commonly used to make edge-to-edge joints,
although it is also often used in corner joints, T joints, and joints
between curved and flat pieces.
 A groove weld will be used when to parts come together in the
same plane.
 These welds will be applied in a butt joint and may have a
preparation or not before welding.
 A weld groove is defined as “A channel in the surface of a work
piece or an opening between two joint members providing space
to contain weld metal.”
 Groove welds fill the space made between sections of the work
piece.

Plug & Slot Weld

 Plug welds and slot welds are used to join overlapping members, one of
which has holes (round for plug welds, elongated for slot welds) in it.
 Weld metal is deposited in the holes and penetrates and fuses with the base
metal of the two members to form the joint.
 A plug weld is used to fasten two pieces of metal together.
 When joining the pieces, a hole is drilled into the top piece and it is laid over
the bottom one.
 A weld is then made by running a bead inside of the drilled hole, thereby
holding the two pieces together.

5
 12-09-2022

Spot & Seam Weld

 Spot welding uses two copper alloy electrodes to concentrate welding

currents into a small area, which creates welds at regular intervals on
overlapping pieces of metal.
 Spot welding does not require shielding gas in order to complete the weld.
 Spot welding cannot be used for thicker metal and the welds can be weak.
 A seam weld is a continuous weld along a joint.
 Because the joint is forged due to the heat and pressure applied, a seam
weld produces a very sturdy weld.
 Unlike a spot weld that uses a single point electrode, a seam weld uses a
rotating wheel electrode that produces a rolling resistance weld.
 Seam welding produces gas-tight and liquid-tight joints, which are needed
when welding things like fuel tanks.
 It also produces less overlap than spot welds.
 Seam welding is restricted to a straight line or uniformly curved line.
 A relatively higher current is required for seam welding than spot welding.

Spot Weld

6
 12-09-2022

Seam Weld

Types of Joints
 A joining process of two materials that
coalesced at their contacting surfaces by
the application of pressure and/or heat.
****************
 It is very portable, permanent and stronger
than the parent materials with a filler metal.
*****************
 It is the most economical method to join in
terms of material usage and fabrication
costs.
7
 12-09-2022

Butt Joint

 A butt weld joint is the most

common type of joint that
is used in the fabrication of
structures and piping
systems.
 It is a circumferential weld
joint where the molten
metal is applied around the
joint.
 A butt joint is the most
universally used method of
joining pipe to itself, fittings,
flanges, Valves, and other
equipment.

Lap Joint

 Lap welding joints are

used most often to joint
two pieces with differing
thicknesses together.
 Also considered a fillet
type, the weld can be
made on one or both
sides.
 A Lap Joint is formed
when 2 pieces are
placed in an over
lapping pattern on top
of each other.

8
 12-09-2022

Tee Joint
 Tee welding joints are
formed when two members
intersect at a 90 angle
which makes the edges
come together in the
center of a plate or
component.
 Tee Joints are considered a
type of fillet weld, and can
also be made when a pipe
or tube is welded onto a
base plate.
 Extra care is required to
ensure effective
penetration into the roof of
the weld.

Corner Joint
 Corner joints are used to join two
members located approximately at
right angles to each other in the form
of an L.
 The fillet weld corner joint is used in
the construction of boxes, box
frames, and similar fabrications.
 Corner joints on heavy plates are
welded from bothsides.
 A corner joint consists of two pieces
of material joined at their edges to
form an “L” shape.
 When the edge of one member lies
flush against the edge of the other
member, it is called a closed corner
joint.
 When two edges meet at their
corners and there is an opening
where the thicknesses of the
members are exposed, that is an
open corner joint.
9
 12-09-2022

Edge Joint
 Edge welding Joints are
often applied to sheet metal
parts that are placed at a
location where a weld must
be made to attach to
adjacent pieces.
 Edge joints are used to join
two or more parallel or
nearly parallel members.
 Edge joints are not very
strong, and are used to join
edges of sheet metal,
reinforcing plates in flanges.
 On heavy plates,
sufficient filler metal is added
to fuse or melt each plate
edge completely and to
reinforce the joint.

Thank You
Chemical Engineering Department,
V. V. P. Engineering College, Rajkot
10