Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Top 10 Brgys
BALULANG 33.01%
CANITOAN 32.58%
KAUSWAGAN 30.52%
CARMEN 30.51%
IPONAN 30.36%
CAMAMAN-AN 30.29%
MACASANDIG 29.83%
BUGO 29.74%
BULUA 29.20%
TABLON 29.01%
Government Regulations on
hazard mitigation zoning and
structural design standards
Generally C or Moderate (Local
government has existing
regulations on hazard mitigation
and structural design)
Commercial - Total hectares exposed SENSITIVITY: (4) Very High = 0 Area & Cost per Risk Category: Upper-bound projection
to >1.5m = 104.52 Average estimated percentage Very High = 15.04 ha; P1.5B
- Top 5 Barangays of Building walls with light to (3) High = 8 (in three High = 88.2 ha; P8.82B Floods of >1.5m would be
(Lapasan=16.78, salvageable materials= 50% Barangays: Iponan, Moderate = 1.27 ha; P127M more likely (highly probable)
Bulua=13.10, Macasandig, Nazareth) Low = 0 Total commercial areas
Nazareth=10.84, Average of Est. percentage of exposed could increase
Consolacion=8.54, dilapidated/ condemned (2) Moderate = 2,256 Very High = 3 Brgys (Nazareth, Severity of impacts of
Iponan=5.67) buildings out of affected Macasandig, Iponan) flooding to business and
- Total affected value = structures = 0.0% or none (1) Low = 871 High = 35 commerce in the city could
Php 26,714,656,045.51 Moderate = 32 increase
Average of Estimated Low = 0 More flooding in
percentage of buildings built (see list in table___) commercial areas can
before 1992 = 15% disrupt and impact formal
(create table from and informal jobs and
Average of Estimated RiskInfoSummary3 (2) tab) livelihoods, especially those
percentage of structures not dependent on daily wage
employing resilient design = 20%
Lower-bound and Median
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY: Projection:
Average of Est. percentage of The RCP 8.5 decreasing trend,
owners aware and provided coupled by economic growth
information on hazards and can increase the pressure for
climate change = 100% water services from
commercial/business
Average of Est. percentage establishment
covered by infrastructure-
related measures = 15% DJF, JJA seasons for median
and upper bound projections
Average of Est. percentage of (where same or more rainfall as
owners with capacity and to current is projected)
willingness to retrofit/ relocate = presents an opportunity to
35% harvest water that can be used
by commercial areas for
Average of Est. percentage of purposes it could serve.
property covered by insurance =
30%
Government Regulations on
hazard mitigation zoning and
structural design standards
Generally C or Moderate
(Local government has
existing regulations on
hazard mitigation and
structural design)
Industrial - Total hectares exposed SENSITIVITY: (4) Very High = 0 Area & Cost per Risk Category: Upper-bound projection
to >1.5m = 16.06 Average estimated percentage Very High = 2.82 has, P282M
- Top 5 Barangays of Building walls with light to (3) High = 1 (Iponan) High = 13.12 has; P1.31B Floods of >1.5m would be
(Tablon =5.37, Puntod salvageable materials= 50% Moderate = 0.11has; P11.1M more likely (highly probable)
= 4.45, Iponan = 2.87, (2) Moderate = 204 Low = 0 Total industrial areas
Bulua 2.76, Bugo= 0.40) Average of Est. percentage of exposed could increase
- Total affected value = dilapidated/ condemned (1) Low = 81 Very High = 1 Brgy (Iponan) More flooding in industrial
Php8,064,010,550.23 buildings out of affected High = 6 Brgys (Tablon, area can disrupt and impact
structures = 0.0% or none Puntod, Bulua, Bugo, Cugman, formal and informal jobs
Iponan) and livelihoods
Average of Estimated Moderate = 4 (Puntod, Bulua, allied/related to the
percentage of buildings built Tablon, Cugman) industry, especially those
before 1992 affected structures Low = 0 dependent on daily
= 15% (see list in table___) wage/income.
Government Regulations on
hazard mitigation zoning and
structural design standards:
Generally C or Moderate
(Local government has
existing regulations on
hazard mitigation and
structural design)
Institutional - Total hectares exposed Average estimated percentage (4) Very High = Very High = 3.18 ha; P318M Upper-bound projection
to >1.5m = 13.51 of Building walls with light to High = 10.29ha; P1.03B
- Top 5 Barangays salvageable materials= 50% (3) High = 5 Moderate = 0.04; P3.9M Floods of >1.5m would be
(Lapasan =3.60, Barangays: Low = 0 more likely (highly probable)
Carmen = 2.34, Average of Est. percentage of 01 ------ Total commercial areas
Camaman-an = 1.37, dilapidated/ condemned 02 exposed could increase
Brgy22= 1.21, buildings out of affected 22 Very High = 4 Brgys (Lapasan, Severity of impacts of
Macasandig= 1.11) structures = 0.0% or none LAPASAN 22, Nazareth, 01, 02) flooding to institutional
- Total affected value = NAZARETH High = 19 areas in the city could
Php 4,418,337,184.65 Average of Estimated Moderate = 11 increase
percentage of buildings built (2) Moderate = 91 Low = 0 More flooding in
before 1992 affected structures institutional area can disrupt
= 15% (1) Low = 26 (see list in table___) and impact the services to
people
Average of Estimated (create table from
percentage of structures not RiskInfoSummary3 (2) tab) Lower-bound and Median
employing resilient design = 20% Projection:
The RCP 8.5 decreasing trend,
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY: coupled by socio-economic
Average of Est. percentage of growth can increase the
owners aware and provided demand from institutions to
information on hazards and provide water while also having
climate change = 100% an increase in water need for
institutional facilities
Average of Est. percentage
covered by infrastructure- DJF, JJA seasons for median
related measures = 15% and upper bound projections
(where same or more rainfall as
Average of Est. percentage of to current is projected)
owners with capacity and presents an opportunity to
willingness to retrofit/ relocate = harvest water that can be used
35% by used by government
institutions
Average of Est. percentage of
property covered by insurance =
30%
Government Regulations on
hazard mitigation zoning and
structural design standards:
Generally C or Moderate
(Local government has
existing regulations on
hazard mitigation and
structural design)
Parks and - Total 161.63 hectares SENSITIVITY: (4) Very High = Affected Areas: Upper-bound projection
Open Spaces exposed to flooding Average estimated percentage
>1.5 meters of Building walls with light to (3) High = 0 Floods of >1.5m would be
- Top 5 Barangays use salvageable materials= 50% high 17.01 more likely (highly probable)
(Balulang= 78.51, (2) Moderate = 26 07 1.06 Total parks and open
Macasandig= 49.82, Average of Est. percentage of 10 1.60 spacesl exposed could
Indahag=8.26, dilapidated/ condemned (1) Low = 744 13 1.82 increase
Consolacion=4.32, buildings out of affected 15 2.26 More flooding in parks and
Nazareth 2.97) structures = 0.0% or none 17 1.28 open spaces can limit its use
- No analysis for by the people
BALULANG 8.71
projected cost for Average of Estimated Could be an area for water
LAPASAN 0.15
affected value percentage of buildings built harvesting
before 1992 affected structures PAGATPAT 0.06
= 0.0% or none TABLON 0.07 Lower-bound and Median
Projection:
Average of Estimated moderate 144.62 The RCP 8.5 decreasing trend,
percentage of structures not 01 0.07 coupled by socio-economic
employing resilient design = 07 0.13 growth can increase the
0.0% or none 10 0.00 demand from people to better
13 1.14 designed parks and open
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY: 15 0.15 spaces that can double its use
Average of Est. percentage of 17 0.10 as rain water capture area
owners aware and provided BALULANG 69.81
information on hazards and BONBON 0.20 DJF, JJA seasons for median
climate change = 100% and upper bound projections
BUGO 0.04
(where same or more rainfall as
BULUA 0.36
Average of Est. percentage to current is projected)
CAMAMAN-AN 1.13
covered by infrastructure- presents an opportunity to
related measures = 0.0% or none CARMEN 2.46 harvest water that the
CONSOLACION 4.32 people/communities it service
Average of Est. percentage of GUSA 0.02
owners with capacity and INDAHAG 8.26
willingness to retrofit/ relocate = IPONAN 0.36
0.0% or none KAUSWAGAN 0.31
LUMBIA 0.37
Average of Est. percentage of MACABALAN 2.59
property covered by insurance = MACASANDIG 49.82
0.0% or none NAZARETH 2.97
Government Regulations on
hazard mitigation zoning and
structural design standards:
Generally C or Moderate
(Local government has
existing regulations on
hazard mitigation and
structural design)
-
Hazard: Flooding
B. Moderate Flood Susceptible Areas (with flooding intensity of 0.5 to 1.5 meters)
Government Regulations
on hazard mitigation
zoning and structural
design standards
Generally C or Moderate
(Local government has
existing regulations on
hazard mitigation and
structural design)
Commercial Total hectares exposed to 0.5 to SENSITIVITY: (4) Very High = Area and Cost (per risk category) Upper-bound projection
1.5m = 277.08 Average estimated Very High = 0 hectares
percentage of Building (3) High = 3 High = 18.82; P940M Floods of .5 to 1.5m would
Top 20 Barangays (area affected) walls with light to Moderate = 252.42has; P12.6B be more likely (highly
BULUA 45.869 salvageable materials= (2) Moderate = 1372 Low = 5.85has;P292M probable)
BAYABAS 34.651 0.40% Commercial Areas
KAUSWAGAN 25.836 (1) Low = 871 --- exposed could increase to
LAPASAN 24.116 Average of Est. higher level of flooding
CARMEN 18.569 percentage of Very High = 0 Brgys Severity of impacts of
dilapidated/ condemned High = 5 (Tablon, Bayabas, 33, 28,24) flooding to business and
TABLON 15.825
buildings out of affected Moderate = 53 commerce in the city
31 15.794
structures = 0.0% or Low = 53 could increase
CAMAMAN-AN 7.989 none (see list in table___) More flooding in
PUERTO 7.189 commercial areas can
24 6.700 Average of Estimated (create table from RiskInfoSummary3 (2) disrupt and impact formal
GUSA 6.053 percentage of buildings tab) and informal jobs and
35 5.037 built before 1992 = 0.05% livelihoods, especially
22 4.970 those dependent on daily
28 4.690 Average of Estimated wage
27 3.751 percentage of structures
CUGMAN 3.666 not employing resilient Lower-bound and Median
MACABALAN 3.517 design = 15% Projection:
NAZARETH 3.087 The RCP 8.5 decreasing
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY: trend, coupled by economic
33 3.051
Average of Est. growth can increase the
32 2.831
percentage of owners pressure for water services
aware and provided from commercial/business
Total affected value (commercial
information on hazards establishment
areas)= Php 13,854,409,845.13
and climate change =
100% DJF, JJA seasons for median
and upper bound projections
Average of Est. (where same or more rainfall
percentage covered by as to current is projected)
infrastructure-related presents an opportunity to
measures = 20% harvest water that can be
used by commercial areas for
Average of Est. purposes it could serve.
percentage of owners
with capacity and
willingness to retrofit/
relocate = 30%
Average of Est.
percentage of property
covered by insurance =
10%
Government Regulations
on hazard mitigation
zoning and structural
design standards
Generally C or
Moderate (Local
government has
existing regulations
on hazard mitigation
and structural
design)
Industrial Total hectares exposed to 0.5 to SENSITIVITY: (4) Very High = 0 Very High = 0 (none) hectares (similar impacts as that of the
1.5m = 110.07 Average estimated High = 2.30has;P114M next range of flood intensity
percentage of Building (3) High = 2 (Iponan and Moderate = 107.14has;P5.36B noted above)
Top Barangays (area affected) walls with light to Macabalan) Low = 0.63has;P31.39M
PUNTOD 42.868 salvageable materials=
TABLON 33.322 0.40% ---
BUGO 14.879 (2) Moderate = 344
BULUA 9.309 Average of Est. Very High = 0 (none) Brgys
CUGMAN 6.996 percentage of (1) Low = 871 High = 2 (Iponan, Macabalan)
IPONAN 1.868 dilapidated/ condemned Moderate = 8 (Puntod, Tablon,
MACABALAN 0.763 buildings out of affected Macabalan, Cugman, Bulua, Bugo, Agusan,
AGUSAN 0.061 structures = 0.0% or Iponan)
none Low = 6
Total affected value (all industrial)
areas)= Php 5,503,328,936.42 Average of Estimated
percentage of buildings
built before 1992
affected structures =
0.05%
Average of Estimated
percentage of structures
not employing resilient
design = 15%
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY:
Average of Est.
percentage of owners
aware and provided
information on hazards
and climate change =
100%
Average of Est.
percentage covered by
infrastructure-related
measures = 20%
Average of Est.
percentage of owners
with capacity and
willingness to retrofit/
relocate = 30%
Average of Est.
percentage of property
covered by insurance =
10%
Government Regulations
on hazard mitigation
zoning and structural
design standards:
Generally C or
Moderate (Local
government has
existing regulations
on hazard mitigation
and structural
design)
Institutional Total hectares exposed to 0.5 to Average estimated (4) Very High = 0 Very High = 0 (none) hectares (similar impacts as that of the
1.5m = 44.77 percentage of Building High = 12.87has; P643M next range of flood intensity
walls with light to (3) High = 5 (two in Brgy 26, Moderate = 31.59has;P1.58B noted above)
Top 20 Barangays (area affected) salvageable materials= one each for 27,36, Nazareth) Low = 0.31ha; P15.5M
PUNTOD 6.663 0.40% ------
PATAG 4.562 (2) Moderate = 141
MACASANDIG 4.509 Average of Est. Very High = 0 Brgys
CARMEN 3.526 percentage of (1) Low = 871 High = 9 (Gusa, Macasandig, Nazareth,
LUMBIA 3.262 dilapidated/ condemned Tablon, 22,26, 27, 36, 40)
buildings out of affected Moderate = 26
NAZARETH 3.048
structures = 0.0% or Low = 23
22 3.001
none
27 2.748 (see list in table___)
36 2.346 Average of Estimated
40 2.328 percentage of buildings (create table from RiskInfoSummary3 (2)
LAPASAN 1.478 built before 1992 tab)
BULUA 1.323 affected structures =
AGUSAN 1.282 0.05%
TABLON 1.135
GUSA 1.061 Average of Estimated
KAUSWAGAN 0.810 percentage of structures
BALULANG 0.779 not employing resilient
design = 20%
26 0.283
MACABALAN 0.242
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY:
CAMAMAN-AN 0.121
Average of Est.
-
percentage of owners
Total affected value (all Insti
aware and provided
areas)= Php 2,238,581,476.76
information on hazards
and climate change =
100%
Average of Est.
percentage covered by
infrastructure-related
measures = 20%
Average of Est.
percentage of owners
with capacity and
willingness to retrofit/
relocate = 30%
Average of Est.
percentage of property
covered by insurance =
10%
LGU capacity to make
investments = very high
Government Regulations
on hazard mitigation
zoning and structural
design standards:
Generally C or
Moderate (Local
government has
existing regulations
on hazard mitigation
and structural
design)
Parks and Total hectares exposed to 0.5 to SENSITIVITY: (4) Very High = (similar impacts as that of the
Open Spaces 1.5m = 12.15 Average estimated Very High = 0 (none) hectares next range of flood intensity
percentage of Building (3) High = 0 High = 0 noted above)
Top 20 Barangays (area affected) walls with light to Moderate = 0
CAMAMAN-AN 4.492 salvageable materials= (2) Moderate = 10 Low = 5.86
BUGO 2.352 0% ------
IPONAN 0.852 (1) Low = 871
BULUA 0.840 Average of Est. Very High = 0 Brgys
NAZARETH 0.608 percentage of High = 0
dilapidated/ condemned Moderate = 9
KAUSWAGAN 0.542
buildings out of affected Low = 22
PUNTOD 0.519
structures = 0.0% or
BALULANG 0.430 none (see list in table___)
INDAHAG 0.294
GUSA 0.281 Average of Estimated (create table from RiskInfoSummary3 (2)
MACABALAN 0.189 percentage of buildings tab)
CONSOLACION 0.173 built before 1992
CARMEN 0.127 affected structures =
03 0.102 0.0% or none
06 0.057
LUMBIA 0.055 Average of Estimated
PATAG 0.044 percentage of structures
01 0.040 not employing resilient
design = 0.0% or none
17 0.038
PAGATPAT 0.034
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY:
Average of Est.
No analysis for projected cost for
percentage of owners
affected value
aware and provided
information on hazards
and climate change =
100%
Average of Est.
percentage covered by
infrastructure-related
measures = 0.0% or none
Average of Est.
percentage of owners
with capacity and
willingness to retrofit/
relocate = 0.0% or none
Average of Est.
percentage of property
covered by insurance =
0.0% or none
Government Regulations
on hazard mitigation
zoning and structural
design standards:
Generally C or
Moderate (Local
government has
existing regulations
on hazard mitigation
and structural
design)
-
Hazard: Flooding
C. Moderate Flood Susceptible Areas (with flooding intensity of <0.5)
Government Regulations on
hazard mitigation zoning and
structural design standards
Generally C or Moderate (Local
government has existing
regulations on hazard mitigation
and structural design)
Commercial Total hectares exposed to 0.1 to SENSITIVITY: (4) Very High = Very High = 0 hectares Upper-bound projection
0.5m = 160.56 Average estimated percentage of High = 0 hectares
Building walls with light to (3) High = Moderate = 19.31;P290M Floods of <0.5m would be
Top 20 Barangays (area affected) salvageable materials= 10% Low = 141.25; P2.12B more likely (highly
TABLON 29.241 01 probable)
KAUSWAGAN 23.926 Average of Est. percentage of AGUSAN --- Commercial Areas exposed
BAYABAS 18.819 dilapidated/ condemned BULUA could increase to higher
BULUA 14.858 buildings out of affected CAMAMAN-AN Very High = 0 Brgys level of flooding
CARMEN 10.868 structures = 0.05% or none CANITOAN High = 0 Severity of impacts of
Moderate = 3 flooding to business and
CUGMAN 8.679
Average of Estimated percentage (2) Moderate = 191 Low = 60 commerce in the city could
LAPASAN 8.037
of buildings built before 1992 = (see list in table___) increase
GUSA 7.308
PUERTO 3.546 0.0% (1) Low = 871 More flooding in
PUNTOD 2.819 (create table from commercial areas can
32 2.675 Average of Estimated percentage RiskInfoSummary3 (2) tab) disrupt and impact formal
40 2.464 of structures not employing and informal jobs and
21 2.370 resilient design = 0.05% livelihoods, especially those
dependent on daily wage
BONBON 1.907
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY:
29 1.503
Average of Est. percentage of Lower-bound and Median
MACABALAN 1.342 owners aware and provided Projection:
31 1.335 information on hazards and The RCP 8.5 decreasing trend,
39 1.334 climate change = 100% coupled by economic growth
CAMAMAN-AN 1.316 can increase the pressure for
38 1.128 Average of Est. percentage water services from
covered by infrastructure-related commercial/business
Total affected value (commercial measures = 25% establishment
areas)= Php 2,408,358,050.15
Average of Est. percentage of DJF, JJA seasons for median
owners with capacity and and upper bound projections
willingness to retrofit/ relocate = (where same or more rainfall
15% as to current is projected)
presents an opportunity to
Average of Est. percentage of harvest water that can be used
property covered by insurance = by commercial areas for
10% purposes it could serve.
Government Regulations on
hazard mitigation zoning and
structural design standards
Generally C or Moderate
(Local government has
existing regulations on
hazard mitigation and
structural design)
Industrial Total hectares exposed to 0.1 to SENSITIVITY: (4) Very High = Very High = 0 (none) hectares (similar impacts as that of the
0.5m = 63.67 Average estimated percentage of High = 0 (none) next range of flood intensity
Building walls with light to (3) High = Moderate = 4.95has; P74M noted above)
Top Barangays (area affected) salvageable materials= 10% Low = 58.27; P880M
TABLON 38.772 01
CUGMAN 10.862 Average of Est. percentage of AGUSAN ---
PUNTOD 6.103 dilapidated/ condemned BULUA
BUGO 5.786 buildings out of affected CAMAMAN-AN Very High = 0 (none) Brgys
BULUA 1.146 structures = 0.05% CANITOAN High = 0 (none)
Moderate = 3(Bugo, Macabalan,
MACABALAN 0.433
Average of Estimated percentage (2) Moderate = 86 Puerto)
AGUSAN 0.417
of buildings built before 1992 Low = 8
PUERTO 0.147 affected structures = 0.00% or (1) Low = 871
none AGUSAN
Total affected value (all industrial)
BUGO
areas)= Php 955,006,649.33
Average of Estimated percentage BULUA
of structures not employing CUGMAN
resilient design = 0.05% MACABALAN
PUERTO
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY: PUNTOD
Average of Est. percentage of
TABLON
owners aware and provided
information on hazards and
climate change = 100%
Government Regulations on
hazard mitigation zoning and
structural design standards:
Generally C or Moderate
(Local government has
existing regulations on
hazard mitigation and
structural design)
Institutional Total hectares exposed to 0.1 to Average estimated percentage of (4) Very High = Very High = 0 (none) hectares (similar impacts as that of the
0.5m = 55.25 Building walls with light to High = 0 (none) next range of flood intensity
salvageable materials= 10% (3) High = Moderate = 17.61;P264M noted above)
Top 20 Barangays (area affected) Low = 37.64;P564M
PUNTOD 11.345 Average of Est. percentage of 01 ------
LUMBIA 10.094 dilapidated/ condemned AGUSAN
PATAG 10.072 buildings out of affected BULUA Very High = 0 (none) Brgys
29 4.803 structures = 0.05% CAMAMAN-AN High = 0 (none)
40 4.627 CANITOAN Moderate = 9 (29, Kauswagan,
Average of Estimated percentage Puntod)
CARMEN 3.538
of buildings built before 1992 (2) Moderate = 74 Low = 27
MACASANDIG 1.759
affected structures = 0.00% or (see list in table___)
KAUSWAGAN 1.756 none (1) Low = 871
BALULANG 1.341 (create table from
MACABALAN 1.121 Average of Estimated percentage RiskInfoSummary3 (2) tab)
TABLON 0.901 of structures not employing
27 0.894 resilient design = 0.05%
GUSA 0.730
BULUA 0.727 ADAPTIVE CAPACITY:
LAPASAN 0.318 Average of Est. percentage of
23 0.241 owners aware and provided
NAZARETH 0.219 information on hazards and
climate change = 100%
22 0.204
CAMAMAN-AN 0.183
Average of Est. percentage
AGUSAN 0.157 covered by infrastructure-related
- measures = 25%
Total affected value (all Insti
areas)= Php 828,678,341.30 Average of Est. percentage of
owners with capacity and
willingness to retrofit/ relocate =
15%
Government Regulations on
hazard mitigation zoning and
structural design standards:
Generally C or Moderate
(Local government has
existing regulations on
hazard mitigation and
structural design)
Parks and Total hectares exposed to 0.1 to SENSITIVITY: (4) Very High = (similar impacts as that of the
Open Spaces 0.5m = 7.65 Average estimated percentage of Very High = 0 (none) hectares next range of flood intensity
Building walls with light to (3) High = High = 0 noted above)
Top 20 Barangays (area affected) salvageable materials= 0% Moderate = 0
BULUA 1.137 01 Low = 7.65has
CAMAMAN-AN 1.080 Average of Est. percentage of AGUSAN ------
BUGO 1.051 dilapidated/ condemned BULUA
BALULANG 0.832 buildings out of affected CAMAMAN-AN Very High = 0 Brgys
KAUSWAGAN 0.791 structures = 0.0% or none CANITOAN High = 0
Moderate = 0
27 0.626
Average of Estimated percentage (2) Moderate = 7 Low = 21
MACASANDIG 0.453
of buildings built before 1992
GUSA 0.363 affected structures = 0.0% or (see list in table___)
(1) Low = 871
PUNTOD 0.303 none
MACABALAN 0.223
CARMEN 0.176 Average of Estimated percentage
05 0.117 of structures not employing
IPONAN 0.117 resilient design = 0.0% or none
INDAHAG 0.115
BAYABAS 0.083 ADAPTIVE CAPACITY:
03 0.074 Average of Est. percentage of
01 0.049 owners aware and provided
CUGMAN 0.026 information on hazards and
06 0.015 climate change = na
LAPASAN 0.011
Average of Est. percentage
No analysis for projected cost for covered by infrastructure-related
affected value measures = 0.0% or none
Government Regulations on
hazard mitigation zoning and
structural design standards:
Generally C or Moderate
(Local government has
existing regulations on
hazard mitigation and
structural design)
-