XP P98 - 151

Members of the standards

committee President: M
MOULIERAC

Secretariat: MISS GOYON - SETRA CSTR

M B R O S SE A U D LCPC
M DELORME MELUN REGIONAL LABORATORY
M IRASTORZA-BARBET USIRF
M LAFON TOULOUSE REGIONAL LABORATORY
M THE CAIGNEC SCETAUROUTE
M LETAUDIN SACER COMPANY
M MARSOT COMPANY JEAN LEFEBVRE
M MICHAUT COLAS COMPANY
M MOULIERAC SACER COMPANY
M RAUCH VAE DE PARIS
M RENAULT THIS MEDITERRANEAN
M SMERECKI AFNOR
M SOLIMAN COMPANY JEAN LEFEBVRE
M STAWIARSKI GPB
M VAN GREVENYNGHE REGIONAL LABORATORY OF AIX-EN-PROVENCE
M ZUNDEL ASPHALT OFFICE

Foreword

This document supplements the approved standard NF P 98-150 of December 1992, entitled
"Hydrocarbon mixes - Execution of pavement bodies, binding layers and wearing courses -
Constituents - Composition of mixtures - Execution and control". Indeed, the latter foresees in
certain cases the reailsation of a "reference board", the measurements reailsées then during
thesite, for occasional checks, being compared to the reference population, from this sheet.
The approach described has never been formulated previously. It therefore presents a
characterexperimental.
It takes into account the concepts of control test and information test. The control testuses the
results of measurements obtained with standardized methods, and is contractual in nature. The
results obtained with other methods constitute information tests.
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Summary

Page

1 A p p l i ca t i on d om a i n 4
2 N or m a t i v e r e f e r e n ce s 4
3 T e r m i n o l og y 5
4 N u m be r a n d l oc a t i on of m e a s u r e m e n t s of t h e p e r c e n t a g e of v oi d s on t h e r e f e r e n c e
board 5
5 M e t h o d s a n d m e a n s of m e a su r in g t h e p e r ce n t a g e o f v o id s on t h e r e f e r e n ce bo a r d
7
5 . 1 B y sa m p l e s a n d a n a l y si s o f s a m p le s 7
5 . 2 B y d e n si t y m e a su r e m e n t i n p l a ce 7
6 A cc e p t a n c e of t h e e m p t y p e r ce n t a g e r e s u lt s of t h e r b oa r d r e f e r e n ce 7
7 O c c a s i on a l con t r ol t e s t s o f t h e p e r ce n t a g e of v oid s 8
8 A d m i s s i b i l i t y of t h e r e su l t s of o cc a si on a l co n t r ol t e st s 8
8 . 1 I n t e r v a l m e t h od 8
8 . 2 M e t h o d by C O LIN W H IT E t e st s 9
9 Bibliography 13
A n n e x A ( i n f or m a t i v e ) U s e of i n f or m a t io n t e st s 14
A n n e x B ( i n f or m a t i v e ) E x a m p l e of n u m e r ic a l a p p l i ca t i on of C O L IN W H IT E t e st s 1 5
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1 Application domain
This document defines the occasional checks of the percentage of voids in asphalt mixes. -
born in the event that a reference board is performed.

The population which is taken from this plate is used as a reference to judge the results
of occasional control.
This document deals with:

— implementation of measures;

— methods and means of measurement;

— a c c e p t a n c e o f t h e r e f e r e n c e b o a r d;

— means of measuring the occasional check;

— c o m pl i a n c e c r i t e r i a f o r t h e r esu l t s o f o c c a si o n a l c h ec k s.
It applies to all pavement layers (running, bonding, bedding) made of hot or cold
hydrocarbon mixes in accordance with standard NF P 98 -150 and implemented in an average
thickness greater than 3 cm, at the exclusion of cold cast bituminous materials.

2. Normative references
This document incorpor ate s by dat ed or undated r efer ence, provi si ons from other
public ations. The se nor mativ e ref er ences are ci ted at the appropri at e places in the t ext
and the publication s ar e list ed below. For dated r efer ences, subsequent a mendm ents to or
revi sions of any of the se public ations apply to thi s document onl y when in corporated in it
by amen dm ent or r ev isio n. For unda ted r efer ences, th e lat est edit ion of the publication
referr e d to a ppl ie s.

P 18-558 Aggregates - Determination of the absolute density of fines.

P 18-559 Aggregates - Measurement of the density of sands and gravels in paraffin oil .

NF P 98-150 Hydrocarbon mixes - Execution of pavement bodies, tie layers and layers bearing -
Constituents - Composition of mixtures - Execution and control.

NF P 98-241-1 Tests relating to pavements - Measurement of the density of materials in place Part 1:
Point measurement of the mean apparent density by direct transmission gamma density meter.

NF P 98-250-5 Tests relating to pavements - Preparation of hydrocarbon mixtures - Part 5: Laboratory

measurement of the apparent density of a test body on the bench
gammadensimetric.

NF P 98-250-6 Tests relating to pavements - Preparation of hydrocarbon mixtures - Part 6:

Measurement of the apparent density of a test specimen by hydrostatic weighing.

NF T 66-007 Determination of the relative density of bituminous products - Picnometer method.

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3 Terminology

For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply:

spreading belt: Total width of the wraps spread in a single pass by a single paver or several pavers
in parallel.

tread: Location of the most frequent passage of each stub axle of heavy vehicles on a traffic lane.

Calculated actual density:Density of the coating calculated from the actual densities of each
component and their respective proportions in the mixture, using the following relationship:

WHERE:

MVR is the actual calculated density;

TL is the binder content = (mass of binder / mass of aggregates) x 100;
are the weight proportions of the different dry fractions of sand and
gravel;
f is the weight proportion of the intake fines (lower elements to 0.08 mm);
MVRg "MVR92, ..., are the actual densities of sands and gravels (XP P 18-559);
MVR9n
MVRf is the actual density of fines (P 18-558);
MVRb is the actual density of the bitumen (NF T 66-007).

4 Number and location of the measurements of the percentage of voids on the

Reference

The measuring points are located in the spreading belts, preferably on the running belts or in the
immediate vicinity. They are located outside an area with a width of 30 cm to 40 cm neutralized
around the entire perimeter of the spreading strip as well as outside zones covering a structure
different from that of the current roadway (for example stop strip), even if these zones are part of the
same spreading strip (these singular zones or of different structure do not generally not the subject of
a reference board). The measuring points are staggered and spaces at a constant pitch P over the
entire surface of the board so as to obtain at least 20 values.
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5 Methods and means of measurement of the percentage of voids on the

Reference

5.1 By surveys and sample analysis The samples concerned may be taken from coring or other
sampling methods.

5.1.1 Sampling by coring The test pieces comply with article 3 of the standard NF P 98-250-6
regarding the taae (volume) of carrots. Carrots have a diameter of at least 80 mm

5.1.2 Other sample collection Other methods of sample collection may be accepted (eg sawing), if
they do not alter the bulk density in place, during cutting and sample collection.

5.1.3 Measurements of the percentage of voids on samples taken - Expression of results

These measurements are made in accordance with the standard NF P 98-250-5 or to the standard NF
P 98-250-6.
Each test piece is characterized by the value of its average apparent density in grams per cubic
centimeter. This value is used to calculate the percentage of voids contained in the sample by taking
the calculated real density of the coating, determined during the formulation study using the relation
recalled in article 3 above. .

5.2 By measuring density in place

These measurements are made using a gammadensimeter in accordance with the standard. NF P 98-
241-1.

Each measuring point is characterized by an apparent density expressed in grams per cubic
centimeter.

This value is used to calculate the percentage of vi of the contents in the sample, by taking the
calculated real density of the coating, determined during the formulation study using the relation
recalled in article 3 below. -above.

6 Acceptance of the empty percentage results of the reference board

Reference board void percentage results are accepted when all of the following conditions are met:

- normal operation of the production unit: mixing conformity, compliance with temperatures, speed,
etc. ;

- normal transport conditions: number of trucks, tarpaulin, duration of transport, etc. ;

- normal operation of the spreading and compaction workshops: compliance with the settings and
procedures defined during the test or verification board;

- weather conditions accepted by the project manager: value of the parameters (temperature,
rain, wind, etc.) and variation in the day;

- average of the percentage of vi of obtained on the board respecting the conditions defined by the
product standards considered;

- total of the percentage values of voids obtained within the following interval: average
± 3 %of voids.
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7 Occasional control tests of the percentage of voids

Occasional checks of the percentage of voids are carried out under the same conditions as when the
reference board was reworked (measuring methods and devices, setting up of measurements). A
population of controls is then obtained which can be processed according to one of the methods
described in article 8 of this document.

If the measuring equipment does not meet the NF standard P 98-241-1 or the NF standard P 98-250-5
or the NF standard P 98-250-6, that is to say different from those used on the reference sheet, the
results of these measurements should not be used for the acceptability of the work. Informative Annex
A gives indications on the use which can be made of it as an informational test.

8 Admissibility of the results of occasional control tests

Two methods are possible:

- "Interval" method: comparison of the control population with two values, minimum and maximum,
defining a percentage interval of reference voids.

- Method by COLIN WHITE tests: comparison of the control population to the population
of the reference plate using a non-parametric statistical method. The chosen method is applied to the
entire site.

8.1 Interval method

The method consists in determining a lower value Vi and a higher value Vs to which the population of
the occasional check is compared.

8.1.1 Definition of lower valuesVi and higher Vs acceptable for the percentages of empty controls

Values Vi and Vs are stopped at the end of the reference sheet, from:

- results obtained on this board when it was accepted;

- results of the formulation study;
- and previous experience;

by respecting the following conditions:

1) The extentVs - Vi is between 5 % and 7 %;

2) when the hydrocarbon product used is the subject of a standard and that this includes
(compaction paragraph) maximum (and possibly minimum) values of the percentage of voids
to be obtained on the reference board:

the higher valueVs cannot exceed more than 2 % the maximum value of the normailse product;

the lower value Vi may not be within 2% of the minimum value of the standard product, when it exists.

8.1.2 Admissibility of the checked batch

An occasional test on a daily lot has twenty values or a multiple of twenty values. The batch is
declared admissible if the proportion of defective, that is to say of measured values located outside
the interval[Vi, Vsl is at most 1/20 (a twentieth).
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8.2 Method by the tests of COLIN WHITE

The aim of the COLIN WHITE test is to assess whether the controlled population (n values of% of voids
expressedav ~ cone decimal) is significantly different, at the confidence level of 95 %, of the reference
population (m values).

Three tests are possible:

unilateral test "on the right" (table1) which consists in examining whether the controlled void contents are
significantly higher (at the threshold of 95%) than those of the reference population;

unilateral "left" test (Table 2) which consists in examining whether the controlled void contents are
significantly lower (at the threshold of 95%) than those of the reference population;

bilateral test (table3) which consists in examining whether the controlled void contents are significantly
different (at the 95% threshold) from those of the reference population.

8.2.1 Nature of the test

The test consists of:

- to classify the m + n values in ascending order, without distinction of the origin of the values according to
their population;

- to assign them a value equal to their rank (increasing by 1 am + not). If there is a tie, we give them
an average rank, equal to the arithmetic mean of their ranks in the following 1,2, ..., m + not ;

- calculating the sum S of the ranks of the n values of the control population;

- to compare this sum with a limit value function of m and n, given in one of the tables below, to choose
according to the test which one wants to carry out.

8.2.2 Admissibility of the checked batch

A daily batch subject to an occasional control test is declared admissible if the sum
S of the ranks of the n values of the controlled population respects the following condition:

- unilateral "right" test: S less than or equal to the limit value (function of m and n) in Table 1;
- unilateral "left" test: S greater than or equal to the limit value (function of m and n) in Table 2;
- bilateral test: S between the limit values (function of m and n) in the table 3 or equal to one of these.
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For values of n and m different from those in tables 1, 2 or 3, the value of S is obtained by one of the
following formulas:

- unilateral test "on the right" (table 1)

- unilateral test "on the left" (table 2)

- Bilateral test (table 3)

A numerical example of the application of these tests is given in informative appendix B.

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9 Bibliography

X 06-065 Introduction to the use of statistical tests - Comparison of two samples.

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Annex A
(informative)
Use of information proofs

When the measuring equipment does not comply with the cited standards to Article 5 above (case of
devices which weigh the apparent density as a function of depth, and / or which carry out a spatial
integration of the measurement), the results cannot be opposed for the admissibility of the work.

These materials, which can be very efficient in terms of measurement efficiency, are therefore useful
for information testing. they are then particularly interesting for detecting singular zones, and thus limit
the more cumbersome control tests.

We describe as an indication an operating diagram of the results of the measurements of these

devices, implying their use from the reference board:

Reailsation of the reference board in accordance with article 5 above;

Reailsation on the reference board of a series of measurements with a non-standard device;

During the work, occasional re-testing of information with the same device not
normailse, on daily lots;

Comparison, by the COLIN WHITE test of the results obtained on each daily batch, with the
result obtained (with the same non-standard device) on the reference board;

Possible detection by this means of presumed non-admissible lots;

Reailsation on these batches of control tests in accordance with article 7

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Annex B
(Iinformative)
Example of numerical application of COLIN WHITE tests

The reference population includes 30 values (m = 30).

The controlled population to which the comparison test relates to the reference population includes 15
values (n = 15).

The numerical values of the void contents measured on each of these populations appear
respectively in the second (reference population) and third (controlled population) columns of Table 4,
where they are classified in ascending order.

The sum S of the ranks of the n values of the control population is equal to 421.

Unilateral test "on the right"

In this case, the hypothesis is tested that the controlled vacuum contents are significantly higher than
those of the reference population.

The sum S = 421 is greater than the value of the array 1 for me = 30 and N = 15 that is 414.

According to the paragraph 8.2.2 of this document (admissibility of the batch checked), the daily batch
cannot be declared admissible with regard to the test carried out: the levels of vi of the checks are
significantly higher (at the threshold of 95 %) to those of the reference population.

Unilateral "left" test

In this case, the hypothesis is tested that the controlled void contents are significantly lower than
those of the reference population.

The sum S = 421 is greater than or equal to the value of the array 2 for me = 30 and N = 15 that is
276.

According to the paragraph 8.2.2 of this document (admissibility of the controlled batch), the daily
batch is declared admissible with regard to the test carried out: the levels of vi of the controls are not
significantly lower (than the threshold of 95 %) to those of the reference population.

Bilateral test

In this case, the hypothesis is tested that the controlled vacuum contents are significantly different
from those of the reference population.

The sum S = 421 is between the values of the table 3 for me = 30 and N = 15 that is 264 and 426.

According to the paragraph 8.2.2 of this document (admissibility of the controlled batch), the daily
batch is declared admissible with regard to the test carried out: the contents of controlled voids are
not significantly different (at the threshold of 95 %) those of the reference population.

NOTE: The apparent contradiction between the conclusions of the unilateral test "on the right"
(inadmissibility)
and the bilateral test (admissibility) results from the fact that in the latter, when the hypothesis of
the difference of populationsat the threshold of 95 %, we actually test at the same time two
hypotheses:

that according to which the vi contents of the controls are significantly higher, threshold
from 97.5%, than those of the reference;
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and that according to which the contents of controlled vacuums are significantly lower, to
threshold of 97.5%, than those of the reference.
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In order for the bilateral test to be comparable to unilateral tests, the bilateral test must be performed.
at the threshold of 90 % so that the probabilities "on the right ”(higher population) and“ on the left
”(lower population) are 95%.

In such a case, the values in tables 1 and 2 are therefore used as limit values comparable to those in
table 3, but at the threshold of 90% instead of 95%.
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