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ANS 215
Physiology and Anatomy of
Domesticated Animals
Sensations
Receptors
• Exteroceptors
- Detect stimuli near outer body surface
• Interoceptors
- Detect stimuli from inside the body
• Proprioceptors
-Detect stimuli deep within the body
Exteroceptors
• Cold
• Warmth
• Touch
• Pressure
• Special senses
1. Hearing
2. Vision
Interoceptors
• Taste
• Smell
• pH
• Distension
• Spasm
• Flow
Proprioceptors
Sensory Receptor
• Peripheral component of an afferent axon and the centrally located nerve cell
body of that axon.
• Convert different types of energy into nerve signals (sound, light, thermal,
chemical, and mechanical).
• Generally receptors are specific and only respond to one form of energy.
Graded Responses
Adaptation
Tonic Receptor
Pain Reception
Visceral Pain
• Usually felt on surface of the body, but source is deep within viscera
• Caused by convergence of cutaneous and visceral pain afferent fibers on the same
neuron in the sensory pathway
• Example (traumatic pericarditis) hardware
• Pressure applied to withers causes pain response
The sensory pain pathway. A cutaneous pain afferent fiber (A) and a visceral pain afferent fiber (B)
converge on a common neuron (C). Neuron D conveys the pain impulse from the thalamus to the cerebral
cortex.
Taste
Taste Reception
• Taste bud pit communicates with the oral cavity by way of the pore.
• Any substance tasted must get into solution and enter the pore of the taste bud.
• Hair of the gustatory cell is affected causing stimulation of the gustatory cell.
• The impulse is transmitted by cranial nerves VII and IX to the brain.
Taste Sensations
• As evolution progressed, nerve cell bodies migrated centrally so that only the
nerve fibers remained in a peripheral position.
• This provided protection for nerve cells, which do not regenerate.
• Central migration did not occur for the nerve cell bodies of Cranial Nerve I
(olfactory).
• Cell bodies of Cranial Nerve I are found in the mucous membrane of the nasal
cavity.
• This location is known as the olfactory region.
• The size of this region is directly related to the development of the sense of smell.
• Dogs can detect substances 1:1000 of that detectable by humans.
• Sensation of smell is known as olfaction.
• Animals with greatly developed sense of smell are macrosmatic.
• Animals with less developed sense are microsmatic. (e.g. humans and monkeys)
• Animals with no sense of smell are anosmatic. (many aquatic animals)
• Each olfactory receptor has a cell body and a nerve fiber extending from each
end. One is an axon and the other a dendrite.
• The dendritic process of the olfactory cell extends to the outside of the olfactory
region membrane in crevices between sustentacular cells.
• Sustentacular cells provide major support to the dendritic processes and shield the
nerve cell body from the olfactory cavity.
• Dendritic processes form hair-like structures (olfactory cilia) that extend into the
nasal cavity.
• Cilia are covered with secretions from the glands of Bowman.
• Ducts from the glands of Bowman lead through the epithelium of the nasal cavity
to its surface.
• Secretions constantly refresh the thin layer of fluid bathing the olfactory cilia.
• Sniffing allows for back-and-forth movement of air, providing a greater chance
for substances to go into solution.
• Once the compound is in solution it binds to olfactory cilia and provides a
stimulus for the impulse to be transmitted.
• Axons of the olfactory cells join and proceed as fibers and branches of the
olfactory nerves.
• Basal cells divide and become sustentacular cells or olfactory cells replacing
those lost.
• It is unlikely that a specific olfactory cell exists for each smell.
• It is probable that the basic smells combine to provide the sensation of a particular
odor.
• Only one odor can be perceived at any one time.
• Olfactory cells adapt to odors.
Pheromones
The Ear
• External ear
• Middle ear
• Inner ear
External Ear
• Middle ear separated by inner ear by membranes that close the vestibular (oval)
window and cochlear (round) window
• Middle ear communicates with the pharynx by way of the auditory tube
(Eustachian tube)
• Auditory tube allows for pressure equalization
• Within the middle ear, a mechanical linkage is provided between the tympanic
membrane and the membrane closing the vestibular window by three auditory
ossicles (bones).
1. Incus – hammer
2. Malleus – anvil
3. Stapes – stirrup
Section of ampulla: 1 – ampulla, 2 – macula, 3 – ampullary crest, 4 – cupula containing sensory hairs,
5 – layer of neuroepithelial hair cells, 6 – statoconia, 7 – gelatinous layer of macula, 8 – perilymphatic
space, 9 – wall of osseous labyrinth
• As each membranous labyrinth occupying the semicircular canals leaves the
utricle, a dilated portion is noted – the ampula
• Each of the three ampullae contains sensory receptors for equilibrium known as
the crista ampullaris. The utricle and saccule each contains a sensory receptor
area known as the macula.
1. Macula receptors are more or less stimulated depending on the position of the
head in space.
2. The cristae are stimulated during head movement
• Extension of the membranous labyrinth into the cochlea is known as the cochlear
duct or scala media. This divides the cochlea into a part above the scala media
(scala vestibuli) and a part below (scala tympani).
• Along the length of the scala media are a large number of structures each
individually called an organ of corti.
1. Convert sound waves to nerve impulses
2. Location of organ of corti within scala media determines frequency of
sound perceived
3. Organ of cortis is composed of hair cells that have hairs projecting toward
the tectorial membrane. Displacement of the hair cell cilia against the
tectorial membrane by oscillations of the basilar membrane causes the hair
cells to depolarize and create a nerve impulse.
Section through one turn of the cochlea.
Organ of corti
Summary of Sound Reception
1. Sound wave is directed into the external auditory meatus by the pinna.
2. Sound wave strikes the tympanic membrane (eardrum) and sets it in motion.
3. The motion of the eardrum is transmitted through the middle ear by the
auditory ossicles to the vestibular (oval) window.
4. The stapes moves back and forth pushing the membrane of the oval window
in and out.
5. The movement of the oval window sets up fluid pressure waves in the
incompressible perilymph of the cochlea.
6. Pressure waves are transmitted through the scala vestibuli.
7. The pressure waves deform the walls of the scala vestibuli, scala tympani, and
vestibular membrane, resulting in fluctuating increasing and decreasing
pressure of the endolymph in the cochlear duct.
8. Endolymph pressure fluctuations move the basilar membrane, resulting in
vibrations that cause the hair cells of the spiral organ to move against the
tectorial membrane. The bending of microvilli results in receptor potentials
that ultimately lead to nerve impulses.
9. Pressure waves eventually cause the round window to bulge into the middle
ear.
The Eye
Dog eye.
Muscles of the Eye