IV.

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Layer Broiler
Production Production
Poultry Production
 Housing and
Selection
facilities

Brooding Management
Management management of growers
Practices in
Layer Egg

Poultry Production
Management Feeding
Production of layers management

Health
management
43
Selection

• Pullets from egg production lines

• Single Comb White Leghorn
• Small body size
• Active and nervous
• Non-sitters
• Efficient egg producers
• Longer production cycle
 Considerations in selecting
egg-type strains to raise

Availability of
stocks and Consumer
Performance
reliability of preference
suppliers
 Location of a Poultry House

Away from Well connected Provision of

Accessible to
residential or with roads for electricity and
market
crowded areas transportation clean water

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 The design and construction of
housing should provide:

Optimum environment
Optimum performance
control

Maximum labor Satisfactory waste

efficiency disposal

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Roof Types

Semi-
monitor
monitor

Gable Shed

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 Brooding Management

• Management of chicks from one

day old to about 4 weeks of age
• Provision of heat and other
necessary care during chicks’ early
growing period

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Temperature requirement

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Floor space requirements
Egg-type chickens
Age (weeks) Area (sq ft/bird)
0-3 0.3
3-9 0.5
8-12 1.0

Meat-type chickens
Age (weeks) Area (sq ft/bird)
0-2 0.3
2-market age 1.0
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Sources of heat for
Electricity
brooders
LPG (liquefied petroleum
gas)

Infrared lamp

Kerosene lamp

Charcoal

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 Lighting requirement

Correct light to dark ratio in the rearing house

• affects egg production

First few days

• lighting the chicks throughout the night is favorable for growth

Light in the brooder

• encourages the birds to keep close to source of heat, feed, and water
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Factors affecting length of brooding period

Weather/climatic conditions Rate of feathering

- Longer during cold and rainy months - Shorter for first feathering breeds/varieties/strains
- Shorter during dry and warm months - Longer for slow feathering
- Due to genetic make-up or nutrition

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Requirements for successful brooding

1. Good quality chicks

2. Proper temperature
3. Good ventilation
4. Adequate floor, feeding, and drinking spaces
5. Dryness and cleanliness
6. Protection from predators
7. Proper feeds and feeding system

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Management
of growers

• Systems of rearing
• Growing pullets
• Signs of sexual maturity

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Systems of rearing

Free-range / extensive system

Brooder Grower Semi-confinement system

house house
Complete confinement system

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 • Extensive system
• Adequate land is
available
• Ensure desired stocking
density
• Avoid overcrowding
• 250 birds/ha
• Provides:
▪ Shelter
▪ Feed
▪ Water
Free-range system ▪ Shade

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Free range system advantages

1. Less investment
2. Least housing cost
3. Feed on grasses
4. Soil fertility maintained

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Free range system disadvantages

1. Scientific management practices cannot be adopted

2. Egg collection problems
3. Losses
4. Diseases from wild birds

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 • Half-way reared in houses,
half-way on ground or range
• Houses have solid floors
• Runs are fields only
• Success of rearing
• Depends on maintenance of
condition of runs
• Stocking density: 750/ha

Semi-confinement system
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Semi-confinement system advantages

1. Economical land use than free range

2. Protection from extreme weather conditions
3. Some scientific management practices controlled

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Semi-confinement system disadvantages

1. High fencing cost

2. Routine cleaning
3. Removal of litter

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 • Intensive
• Either of the following:
✓ Ground
✓ Wire-netting floor
✓ Cages
✓ Slats
• Modern trend
• Most efficient,
convenient,
Complete confinement economical
system
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Intensive system advantages

1. Minimum land
2. Easier management
3. Higher production performance
4. Easier detection and treatment of diseases

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Intensive system disadvantages

1. Welfare is affected
2. Nutritional problems
3. Faster spread of diseases

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 Floor space requirements

Type of confinement Area (sq ft/bird)

Litter floor 2.0 - 2.5
Slat floor 1.5 - 2.0
Cages 0.75 - 1.0

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 Light management
Growing of pullets
End of brooding until Transfer of pullets
early sexual maturity
Cannibalism

Signs of sexual maturity

Culling

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Light management

Affects production Do not increase length of

performance light exposure

Constant or decreasing
Early maturing vs late
but SHOULD NOT be
maturing pullets
increasing

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 1 month before onset of egg
production

Transfer of Careful and proper handling

pullets

Age at first egg

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• toe pecking
• feather Cannibalism among
pecking growing chickens 1. Serious
wounding
Causes 2. Death of birds
1. Imbalanced rations
2. Overcrowding What to do?
3. Insufficient feeding and 1. Proper feeding
drinking spaces 2. Proper housing
4. Hunger 3. Beak trimming / debeaking
5. Poor ventilation 4. Proper ventilation

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Poultry Production

Signs of sexual maturity

1. Increase in comb and wattle size
2. Comb and wattle redden
3. Friendly pullets (cackle)
4. Docile and gregarious
5. Enlarged vent and abdomen
laying of the first egg
Early sexual maturity
1. Too small eggs produced
2. Lower egg production rate
3. Higher mortality
4. Higher incidence of
prolapse
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Measures 1. Reduce feed quantity

to delay 2.
3.
Fiber diet
Low protein (lysine)
sexual 4. Skip feeding

maturity 5. Reduce light

Management
of Layers,
Feeding,
and Health
Layer flock management

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Management of layers

Light Egg
Culling
management collection

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 Increase light duration when pullet
reached minimum body weight

16 hrs light ➔ maximum response from

the lighting program
Light
management
Never reduce light

30-minute light increment per week

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 One egg per day

Egg collection
Some days are skipped (26 hrs
for full egg development)

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Oviposition

• Act of egg laying

• Usually, 7AM to 4PM
• Majority, 10AM-2PM

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Advantages of frequent egg collection

1 2 3 4 5
Eggs can be kept Avoid egg Avoid exposure to Minimize dirt Avoid egg eating
in the egg storage breakage unfavorable and dust heat
room environmental
conditions

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Egg grading

• Sorting of eggs into different

categories based on
✓ Weight
✓ Size
• Important
• egg size is one of the major
determinants of profitability

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 Identification & removal of non-productive
hens
Can be executed at any time

Increase flock productivity and profitability

Culling Reduce cost of production

Reduce diseases incidence

Increase available space for more productive

hens
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Layer vs Non-Layer
Characteristic Layer Non-Layer
Comb and wattles Large, bright red, glossy Small, dull, shriveled
Head Neat, refined Beefy, weak
Eye Bright, prominent Dull, sunken
Eye ring Bleached Yellow tinted
Beak Bleached Yellow
Abdomen Deep, soft, pliable Shallow, tough, tight
Pubic bones Flexible, wide apart Stiff, close together
Vent Large, moist, bleached Small, dry, puckered, yellow
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Feeding Management
Age Diet Water should be made
available at all times.
0-6 weeks old Chick booster/starter
6-12 weeks Grower ration (16% CP)
12-18 weeks Pullet developer ration (14% CP)
18 -42 weeks Layer/breeder ration (15-18% CP)

Feed Provided (in feeders) Feed Wastage

Completely full 30%
2/3 full 10%
½ full 3%
1/3 full 1%

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Poultry Production

Health Management
• Most economical and ideal method to minimize losses due to diseases
• Proper management
• Feeding
• Housing
• Strict sanitation
• Effective vaccination
• Mareks vaccine, NCD vaccine, fowl pox vaccine
 Common
Pre-requisites
Broiler Strains

Management
Systems of
Practices in Broiler
Feeding
Broiler Management
Operation

Poultry Production
Production
Broiler
Production
Parameters
86
Pre-requisites for establishing
a broiler enterprise

1. Land
2. Capital
3. Supply
4. Skills and experience
5. Market outlet

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Common Broiler Strains
Strain Supplier
Arbor Acre San Miguel Foods, Inc.
Avian Swift Foods, Inc.
Cobb Cobb-Vantress Phils; San Miguel Foods, Inc
Hubbard Universal Robina Corp.
Hybro Swift Foods, Inc.
Ross San Miguel Foods, Inc.; Tyson Agro-Ventures Corp.
Starbro Universal Robina Corp.

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Systems of Broiler Operation

All-in all-out Two-stage Multiple stage Contract growing

system operation operation

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 All-in all-out system Only one age group

Advantages Disadvantages

1. Disease control measure 1. Not suitable for large scale

farming
2. Less mortality rate
2. Higher fixed working capital
3. Better growth rate
4. Improved feed efficiency

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 Two-stage • Two age groups are kept
operation • Separate brooder and grower house

Advantages Disadvantages
1. More efficient use of house and 1. Two houses constructed
facilities 2. Transport is stressful
2. More broilers raised 3. More labor
3. More frequent intervals of
marketing broilers

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 More units

Multiple stage No mixing of age

operation groups

Turn over can either be

daily, every 2 days,
weekly, biweekly, etc.

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Multiple stage operation

Advantages Disadvantages
1. Regular & frequent slaughter 1. Ineffective cleaning &
2. Continuous production disinfection
3. Easier to maintain customer base 2. Pathogen proliferation
4. Less capital outlay per batch 3. Poor uniformity
5. Fund rotation 4. High mortality
6. Less equipment 5. Financial losses

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Contract growing system

Integrator
Chicks Farmer
company
Feeds (grower) Land
(contractor)
Medicines Labor
Technical services Housing & facilities
Output

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 Provision of inputs Access to credit Introduction of
and production appropriate

Advantages services technology

for farmers
Skill transfer Guaranteed and Access to reliable
fixed pricing markets
structures

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Problems faced by farmers
Manipulation of
Unsuitable
Increased risk quotas and quality
technology
specifications

Corruption Price control Indebtedness

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 Political acceptability

Overcoming land constraints

Advantages Production reliability and shared risk

for contractors
Quality consistency

Promotion of farm inputs

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 Problems faced by contractors
Land Social and
Farmer
availability cultural
discontent
constraints constraints

Extra-
Input
contractual
diversion
marketing
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Feeding Management

Broilers are fed ad libitum from Feed consumption is (+) correlated

start to market. with:
Growth rate
Feed conversion efficiency

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 Feeds offered

Age (weeks) Type of feed

0-2 Pre-starter / chick booster
2-4 Broiler starter
4 and above (or until market Broiler finisher
weight is attained)

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Broiler Production Parameters
Production Parameter
Cost of DOC, Php 50-60
Total feed consumption, kg 3.0-3.5
Feeding duration, days 30
Weight at 30 days, kg 1.60-2
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) 1.8-2.0
Mortality rate, % 3.0-4.0
Dressing percentage, % 70
Labor ratio 1:5000
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Sample Computation for ADG
Given
Initial weight, g 40
Final weight, g 1600
Growing period, days 30

𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 1600 − 40 𝑔 1560 𝑔

𝑨𝑫𝑮 = = = = 𝟓𝟐 𝒈/𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 30 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 30 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

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Sample Computation for FCR & FCE
Given
Total feed consumption, kg 3.0-3.5
Feeding duration, days 30
Weight at 30 days, kg 1.60-2

𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 3.0 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 1.6 𝑘𝑔

𝑭𝑪𝑹 = = = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝑭𝑪𝑬 = = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 1.6 𝑘𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 3.0 𝑘𝑔

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 Thank you,
everyone!
See you next meeting!

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