COMPLEX NUMBER

Complex Numbers and Functions

A complex number z = (x, y) = x + iy, Where i = -1
Here the ordering of two real numbers (x, y) is significant,
i.e. in general x + iy  y + ix
x: the real part, labeled by Re(z); y: the imaginary part, labeled
by Im(z)

Three frequently used representations:

(1) Cartesian representation: x+iy
(2) polar representation, we may
write z = r(cos  + i sin) or

r – the modulus or magnitude of z

θ - the argument or phase of z

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The relation between Cartesian r = z =  x 2 + y 2 1 / 2
and polar representation:
θ = tan
-1
y / x

The choice of polar representation or Cartesian representation

is a matter of convenience.
Addition and subtraction of complex variables are easier in the
Cartesian representation.
Multiplication, division, powers, roots are easier in polar form,

z1 ± z2 = (x1 ± x2 ) + i (y1 ± y2 )
z1 z2 = (x1 x2 - y1 y2 ) + i(x1 y2 + x2 y2 )
z 1 z 1 z 2 x1 x 2 + y 1 y 2 x 2 y 1 - x1 y 2
= = 2 2
+i
z 2 z 2 z2 x2 + y 2 x 22 + y 22
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z1 z2 = (x1 x2 - y1 y2 ) - i(x1 y2 + x 2 y2 )
z1 z2  ( x1  iy1 )( x2  iy2 )  (x1 x2 - y1 y2 ) - i(x1 y2 + x 2 y2 )  z1 z 2
It is observed
De Moivre’s Formula z n  r nein  r n (cos n  i sin n)

ein  (cos   i sin )n

Prove : cos3θ = 4cos 3 θ - 3cosθ
cos n  i sin n  (cos   i sin ) n
 (cosθ + isinθ)3 = cos3θ + isin3θ
n
n  cosnθ = cos θ -   cosn-2θsin 2θ
n

cosnθ = cosn θ -   cosn-2θsin 2θ 2

 2 n
n +   cosn-4 θsin 4 θ - ...
+   cosn-4θsin 4 θ - ... 4
4  cos3θ = cos 3 θ - 3cosθsin 2θ
= cos 3 θ - 3cosθ(1 - cos 2θ)
= 4cos 3 θ - 3cosθ

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