PILOT ATS UNIT RT PHRASEOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO PILOT ATS UNIT RT PHRASEOLOGY

The use of standard Radio Telephony (R/T) phraseology is to improve

transmission and reception of messages, information or instructions useful or
essential for enhancing Flight Safety. It has to be concise, crisp and clear. The idea
being that the receiver of the message or information or instruction should
understand correctly what the sender wants to say. We know that many times
what we intend to convey and what is factually conveyed are different.

In aviation, especially in an emergent situation, time and availability of resources

may be at a premium, hence the need for good ethics in the use of standard R/T.

Good airmanship ethics call for patience and awareness of the air situation at all
times whilst flying and as part of an operating crew. The fact that someone
somewhere might be in an emergent situation and might require assistance must
always prevail on the mind of a good flyer and therefore one needs to be alert at
all times when flying, especially as a pilot. After a call has been made, a period of
at least 10 seconds should elapse before a second call is made. This should
eliminate unnecessary transmissions while the receiving station is getting ready to
reply to the initial call.

The following lessons have been formulated to help a student to understand the
RT Phraseology to be used under different situations. It cannot be all
comprehensive since the air situation is so dynamic and repetition of situations is
rare. Different situations have been visualized and solutions suggested for the
same. The international language for R/T is English and one has to be proficient in
its use. It is expected that normal English in addition to the words and phrases
used in Document 4444 and Annex 10(Telecommunications) Volume 1 Annex 3
(Met), should be utilized. Students should have perused the three ICAO books as a
prerequisite to learning R/T.

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 LESSON 1

Transmission of Letters
The words in the table below shall be used when individual letters are required to
be transmitted. The syllables to be emphasized are underlined.

Letter Word Appropriate pronunciation

A Alpha AL FAH
B Bravo BRAH VOH
C Charlie CHAR LEE
D Delta DELL TAH
E Echo ECK OH
F Foxtrot FOKS TROT
G Golf GOLF
H Hotel HOH TELL
I India IN DEE AH
J Juliett JEW LEE ETT
K Kilo KEY LOH
L Lima LEE MAH
M Mike MIKE
N November NO VEM BER
O Oscar OSS CAH
P Papa PAH PAH
Q Quebec KEH BECK
R Romeo ROW ME OH
S Sierra SEE AIR RAH
T Tango TANG GO
U Uniform YOU NEE FORM
V Victor VIK TAH
W Whiskey WISS KEY
X X-ray ECKS RAY
Y Yankee YANG KEE
Z Zulu ZOO LOO

2
Transmission of Numbers
The syllables to be emphasized are underlined.
All numbers, except those contained in Sub-para (a) shall be transmitted by
pronouncing each digit separately as follows:
a) When transmitting messages containing aircraft callsigns, altimeter settings,
flight levels (with the exception of FL 100, 200, 300 etc. which are expressed as
‘Flight Level (number) HUN DRED’), headings, wind speeds/directions, pressure
settings, transponder codes and frequencies, each digit shall be transmitted
separately; examples of this convention are as follows:

Table 2
Numeral or numeral element Latin alphabet representation
0 ZERO
1 WUN
2 TOO
3 TREE
4 FOW - ER
5 FIFE
6 SIX
7 SEVEN
8 AIT
9 NINER
Decimal DAY –SEE - MAL
Hundred HUND RED
Thousand TOUSAND

Number Transmitted as Pronounced as

BAW246 Speedbird Two Four Six SPEEDBIRD TOO FOWER SIX
FL 100 Flight Level One Hundred FLIGHT LEVEL WUN HUND RED
FL 180 Flight Level One Eight Zero FLIGHT LEVEL WUN AIT ZERO
150 Deg One Five Zero Degrees WUN FIFE ZERO DEGREES
18 Knots One Eight Knots WUN AIT KNOTS
122.1 One Two Two Decimal One WUN TOO TOO DAYSEEMAL WUN
6500 Six Five Zero Zero SIX FIFE ZERO ZERO (SQUAWK)

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Number Transmitted as Pronounced as
10 One Zero WUN ZERO
100 One Hundred WUN HUN DRED
2 500 Two Thousand Five Hundred TOO TOUSAND FIFE HUNDRED
11 000 One One Thousand WUN WUN TOUSAND
25 000 Two Five Thousand TOO FIFE TOUSAND

Frequency Transmitted as Pronounced as

118.125 One One Eight Decimal One Two Five WUN WUN AIT DAY SEE
MAL WUN TOO FIFE
119.050 One One Nine Decimal Zero Five Zero WUN WUN NINER DAY
SEE MAL ZERO FIFE
ZERO
122.500 One Two Two Decimal Five WUN TOO TOO DAY SEE
MAL FIFE
118.000 One One Eight Decimal Zero WUN WUN AIT DAY SEE
MAL ZERO

When transmitting time, only the minutes of the hour are normally required.
However, the hour should be included if there is any possibility of confusion. Time
checks shall be given to the nearest minute. Co-ordinated Universal Time (UTC) is
to be used at all times, unless specified. 2400 hours designates midnight, the end
of the day, and 0000 hours the beginning of the day.

Number Transmitted as Pronounced as

0823 Two Three or Zero Eight Two Three TOO TREE (or ZERO AIT
TOO TREE)
1300 One Three Zero Zero WUN TREE ZERO ZERO
2057 Five Seven or Two Zero Five Seven FIFE SEVEN (or TOO
ZERO FIFE SEVEN)
WIND DIRECTION AND SPEED TO BE TRANSMITTED AS
260 degree 10 knots Wind too six zero degrees wun zero
knots or Wind too six zero wun zero
knots

070 degrees 23 knots gusting to 32 knots Wind zero seven zero degrees too
tree knots gusting tree too knots
ALTIMETER SETTING TO BE TRANSMITTED AS

4
998 QNH Niner Niner Ait hectopascals
1000 QNH Wun Zero Zero Zero
1012 QNH Wun Zero Wun Too
(Hectopascals ought to be used when different types of aircraft using differing
altimeter calibration settings)

VISIBILITY TO BE TRANSMITTED AS
800 metres Visibility Ait Hundred metres
1200 metres Visibility Wun Tousand Too Hundred
metres
3000 metres Visibility Tree Tousand metres
5000 metres Visibility Fife Kilometers

RVR TO BE TRANSMITTED AS
TDZ 350 metres Touchdown RVR Tree Fife Zero
700 metres RVR Seven Hundred
1200 metres RVR Wun Tousand Too Hundred

 When the visibility is less than 500 m, it shall be expressed in steps of 50 m;

 when it is 500 m or more but less than 5 000 m, in steps of 100 m;
 5 000 m or more but less than 10 km, in kilometre steps; and
 when it is 10 km or more, only 10 km shall be given,
 except when the conditions for the use of CAVOK apply.

The term Runway Visual Range (RVR) is axiomatic to a Precision Approach. Its
use therefore should be when aircraft intend to use a Precision Aid.

Annex 03 Meteorological (Extract)

4.7.6 Recommendation.— Runway visual range should be reported throughout
periods when either the horizontal visibility or the runway visual range is observed
to be less than 1 500 m.

4.7.13 The reporting scale shall consist of

 increments of 25 m for runway visual range below 400 m,
 increments of 50 m for runway visual range between 400 m and 800 m and
 increments of 100 m for runway visual range above 800 m.
Any observed value which does not fit the reporting scale in use shall be rounded
down to the nearest lower step in the scale.

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4.7.14 Recommendation.— Fifty metres should be considered the lower limit and
1 500 metres the upper limit for assessments of runway visual range. Outside of
these limits reports should merely indicate that the runway visual range is less
than 50 m or more than 1 500 m.
Runway TO BE TRANSMITTED AS
09 Runway Zero Niner
27 Runway Too Seven
18 L Runway Wun Ait Left
36 C Runway Tree Six Centre

Annex 03 Meteorological (Extract). Reporting of clouds

4.9.5 Recommendation.— In local routine and special reports, the name of the element
should be given together with cloud amount using the abbreviations
 “FEW” (1 to 2 oktas),
 “SCT” (3 to 4 oktas),
 “BKN” (5 to 7 oktas) or
 “OVC”(8 oktas).
The height of the base of cloud should be reported
 in steps of 30 m (100 ft) up to 3 000 m (10 000 ft) together with the units
 used and in steps of 300 m (1 000 ft) above 3 000 m (10 000 ft).

CLOUD TYPE AND HEIGHT TO BE TRANSMITTED AS

1/8 to 2/8 3000 feet Few at Tree Tousand
3/8 to 4/8 4200 feet Scattered at Fower Tousand Too
Hundred
5/8 to 7/8 25000 feet Broken at Twenty Fife Tousand
8/8 8000 feet Overcast at Ait Tousand
ALTITUDE TO BE TRANSMITTED AS
2500 Too Tousand Fife hundred
6700 Six Tousand Seven Hundred
14000 Wun Fower Tousand
SECONDARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR CODES
CODE TO BE TRANSMITTED AS
3278 Tree Too Seven Ait
5403 Fife Fower Zero Tree

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Word/ Phrase Meaning
ACKNOWLEDGE Let me know that you have received and understood this
message.
AFFIRM Yes.
APPROVED Permission for proposed action granted.
BREAK Indicates the separation between messages.
BREAK BREAK Indicates the separation between messages transmitted to
different aircraft in a busy environment.
CANCEL Annul the previously transmitted clearance.
CHANGING TO I intend to call . . . (unit) on . . . (frequency).
CHECK Examine a system or procedure. (Not to be used in any other
context. No answer is normally expected.)
CLEARED Authorised to proceed under the conditions specified.
CLIMB Climb and maintain.
CONFIRM I request verification of: (clearance, instruction, action,
information).
CONTACT Establish communications with ... (your details have been
passed).
CORRECT True or accurate.
CORRECTION An error has been made in this transmission (or message
indicated). The correct version is ...
DESCEND Descend and maintain.
DISREGARD Ignore.
HOLD SHORT Stop before reaching the specified location .
Note: Only used in limited circumstances where no defined
point exists (e.g. where there is no suitably located holding
point), or to reinforce a clearance limit.
HOW DO YOU READ What is the readability of my transmission?
I SAY AGAIN I repeat for clarity or emphasis.
MAINTAIN Continue in accordance with the condition(s) specified or in its
literal sense, e.g. “Maintain VFR”.
MONITOR Listen out on (frequency).
NEGATIVE No; or Permission not granted; or That is not correct; or Not
capable.
OUT This exchange of transmissions is ended and no response is
expected. Normally not used in VHF transmissions.
OVER My transmission is ended and I expect a response from you.
Normally not used in VHF transmissions.

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READ BACK Repeat all, or the specified part, of this message back to me
exactly as received.
REPORT Pass requested information.
REQUEST I should like to know ... or I wish to obtain ...
ROGER I have received all your last transmission.
Note: Under no circumstances to be used in reply to a question
requiring a direct answer in the affirmative (AFFIRM) or
negative (NEGATIVE).
SAY AGAIN Repeat all, or the following part of your last transmission.
SPEAK SLOWER Reduce your rate of speech.
STANDBY Wait and I will call you.
Note: No onward clearance to be assumed. The caller would
normally re-establish contact if the delay is lengthy. STANDBY
is not an approval or denial.
UNABLE I cannot comply with your request, instruction or clearance.
Unable is normally followed by a reason.
WILCO I understand your message and will comply with it
(abbreviation for will comply)
WORDS TWICE As a request: Communication is difficult. Please send every
word twice.
As Information: Since communication is difficult, every word in
this message will be sent twice.

Service Suffix
Area Control CONTROL
Radar (in general) RADAR
Approach Control APPROACH
Aerodrome Control TOWER
Approach Control Radar DEPARTURE / ARRIVAL (RADAR – when tasks combined) –
(when Arrival/Departure approved)
Ground Movement Control GROUND
Precision Approach Radar TALKDOWN (Military – FINAL CONTROLLER)
Flight Information INFORMATION
Air/Ground Communication RADIO
Service (HF)
Ground Movement DELIVERY
Planning

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 ABBREVIATIONS

A Amber
A/A Air-to-air
AAL Above aerodrome level
ABM Abeam
ABT About
ABV Above
AC Altocumulus
ACAS Airborne collision avoidance system
ACC Area control centre or area control
ACFT Aircraft
ACK Acknowledge
ACL Altimeter check location
CAN Aircraft classification number
ACPT Accept or accepted
ACT Active or activated or activity
AD Aerodrome
ADA Advisory area
ADC Aerodrome chart
ADDN Addition or additional
ADF Automatic direction-finding equipment
ADJ Adjacent
ADR Advisory route
ADS Automatic dependent surveillance
ADVS Advisory service
ADZ Advise
AFIL Flight plan filed in the air
AFIS Aerodrome flight information service
AFM Yes or affirm or affirmative or that is correct
AFT... After... (time or place)
AFTN Aeronautical fixed telecommunication network
A/G Air-to-ground
AGA Aerodromes, air routes and ground aids
AGL Above ground level
AGN Again
AIC Aeronautical information circular
AIP Aeronautical information publication
AIRAC Aeronautical information regulation and control
AIREP Air-report

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AIRMET Information concerning en-route weather phenomena which may
affect the safety of low-level aircraft operations
AIRPROX* - Aircraft Proximity (replaces Airmiss/APHAZ)
AIS Aeronautical information services
ALERFA Alert phase
ALRS Alerting service
ALS Approach lighting system
ALT Altitude
ALTN Alternate (aerodrome)
AMA Area minimum altitude
AMSL Above mean sea level
ANC . . . Aeronautical chart — 1:500 000 (followed by name/title)
ANCS … Aeronautical navigation chart — small scale(followed by name/title and scale)
ANS Answer
AOC . . . Aerodrome obstacle chart (followed by type and name/title)
AP Airport
APAPI Abbreviated precision approach path indicator
APCH Approach
APDC . . . Aircraft parking/docking chart (followed by name/title)
APN Apron
APP Approach control office or approach control or approach control service
APR April
APRX Approximate or approximately
APSG After passing
APV Approve or approved or approval
ARC Area chart
ARNG Arrange
ARO Air traffic services reporting office
ARP Aerodrome reference point
ARR Arrive or arrival
ARST Arresting (specify (part of) aircraft arresting equipment)
AS Altostratus
ASC Ascend to or ascending to
ASDA Accelerate-stop distance available
ASPEEDG Airspeed gain
ASPEEDL Airspeed loss
ASPH Asphalt
AT... At (followed by time at which weather change is forecast to occur)
ATA Actual time of arrival
ATC Air traffic control (in general)
ATD Actual time of departure
ATFM Air traffic flow management

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ATIS Automatic terminal information service
ATM Air traffic management
ATP . . . At... (time or place)
ATS Air traffic services
ATTN Attention
AT-VASIS Abbreviated T visual approach slope indicator system
ATZ Aerodrome traffic zone
AUG August
AUTH Authorized or authorization
AUW All up weight
AUX Auxiliary
AVBL Available or availability
AVG Average
AVGAS Aviation gasoline
AWTA Advise at what time able
AWY Airway
AZM Azimuth
B
B Blue
BA Braking action
BASE Cloud base
BCFG Fog patches
BCN Beacon (aeronautical ground light)
BCST Broadcast
BDRY Boundary
BECMG Becoming
BFR Before
BKN Broken
BL… Blowing (followed by DU = dust, SA = sand or SN = snow)
BLDG Building
BLO Below clouds
BLW . . . Below . . .
BR Mist
BRF Short (used to indicate the type of approach desired or required)
BRG Bearing
BRKG Breaking
BTL Between layers
BTN Between

C
…C Centre (preceded by runway designation number to identify a parallel runway)
C Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)

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CAT Category
CAT Clear air turbulence
CAVOK Visibility, cloud and present weather better than prescribed values or conditions
CB Cumulonimbus
CC Cirrocumulus
CCA (or CCB, CCC. .. etc., in sequence) Corrected meteorological message
CD Candela
CDN Coordination (message type designator)
CF Change frequency to . . .
CFM Confirm or I confirm
CGL Circling guidance light(s)
CH Channel
CHG Modification (message type designator)
CI Cirrus
CIT Near or over large towns
CIV Civil
CK Check
CL Centre line
CLA Clear type of ice formation
CLBR Calibration
CLD Cloud
CLG Calling
CLIMB-OUT Climb-out area
CLR Clear(s) or cleared to . . . or clearance
CLRD Runway(s) cleared (used in METAR/SPECI)
CLSD Close or closed or closing
CM or cm Centimetre
CMB Climb to or climbing to
CMPL Completion or completed or complete
CNL Cancel or cancelled
CNL Flight plan cancellation
CNS Communications, navigation and surveillance
COM Communications
CONC Concrete
COND Condition
CONS Continuous
CONST Construction or constructed
CONT Continue(s) or continued
COOR Coordinate or coordination
COORD Coordinates
COP Change-over point
COR Correct or correction or corrected

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COT At the coast
COV Cover or covered or covering
CPDLC Controller-pilot data link communications
CPL Current flight plan
CRC Cyclic redundancy check
CRZ Cruise
CS or C/S or c/s Call sign
CS Cirrostratus
CTA Control area
CTAM Climb to and maintain
CTC Contact
CTL Control
CTN Caution
CTR Control zone
CU Cumulus
CUF Cumuliform
CVR Cockpit voice recorder
CW Continuous wave
CWY Clearway

D
D Downward (tendency in RVR during previous 10 minutes)
D .. . Danger area (followed by identification)
DA Decision altitude
D-ATIS Data link automatic terminal information service
DCKG Docking
DCP Datum crossing point
DCPC Direct controller-pilot communications
DCT Direct (in relation to flight plan clearances and type of approach)
DEC December
DEC Degrees
DEP Depart or departure
DEP Departure
DES Descend to or descending to
DEST Destination
DETRESFA Distress phase
DEV Deviation or deviating
DF Direction Finding
DFDR Digital flight data recorder
DFTI Distance from touchdown indicator
DH Decision height
DIP Diffuse

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DIST Distance
DIV Divert or diverting
DLA Delay or delayed
DLY Daily
DME Distance measuring equipment
DNG Danger or dangerous
DOM Domestic
DP Dew point temperature
DPT Depth
DR Dead reckoning
DR ... Low drifting (followed by DU = dust, SA =sand or SN= snow)
DRG During
DS Dust storm
DTAM Descend to and maintain
DTG Date-time group
DTHR Displaced runway threshold
DTRT Deteriorate or deteriorating
DTW Dual tandem wheels
DU Dust
DUC Dense upper cloud
DUPE This is a duplicate message
DUR Duration
D-VOLMET Data link VOLMET
DVOR Doppler VOR
DW Dual wheels
DZ Drizzle

E
E East or eastern longitude
EAT Expected approach time
EB Eastbound
EDA Elevation differential area
EEE Error
EET Estimated elapsed time
EFC Expect further clearance
EGNOS European geostationary navigation overlay service
EHF Extremely high frequency [30 000 to 300 000 MHz]
ELBA Emergency location beacon — aircraft
ELEV Elevation
ELR Extra-long range
ELT Emergency locator transmitter
EM Emission

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EMBD Embedded in a layer (to indicate cumulonimbus embedded in layers of
other clouds)
EMERG Emergency
END Stop-end (related to RVR)
ENE East-north-east
ENG Engine
ENR En route
ENRC… En-route chart (followed by name/title)
EOBT Estimated off-block time
EQPT Equipment
ER* Here . . . or herewith
ESE East-south-east
EST Estimate or estimated or estimation
ETA Estimated time of arrival or estimating arrival
ETD Estimated time of departure or estimating departure
ETO Estimated time over significant point
EV Every
EXC Except
EXER Exercises or exercising or to exercise
EXP Expect or expected or expecting
EXTD Extend or extending

F
F Fixed
FAC Facilities
FAF Final approach fix
FAL Facilitation of international air transport
FAP Final approach point
FATO Final approach and take-off area
FAX Facsimile transmission
FBL Light (used to indicate the intensity of-weather phenomena,
interference or static reports, e.g. FBL RA = light rain)
FC Funnel cloud (tornado or water spout)
FCST Forecast
FCT Friction coefficient
FDPS Flight data processing system
FEB February
FEW Few
FG Fog
FIC Flight information centre
FIR Flight information region
FIS Flight information service

15
FISA Automated flight information service
FL Flight level
FLD Field
FLG Flashing
FLR Flares
FLT Flight
FLTCK Flight check
FLUC Fluctuating or fluctuation or fluctuated
FLW Follow(s) or following
FLY Fly or flying
FM From
FM… From (followed by time weather change is forecast to begin)
FMS Flight management system
FMU Flow management unit
FNA Final approach
FPAP Flight path alignment point
FPL Filed flight plan
FPM Feet per minute
FPR Flight plan route
FR Fuel remaining
FREQ Frequency
FRI Friday
FRNG Firing
FRONT Front (relating to weather)
FRQ Frequent
FSL Full stop landing
FSS Flight service station
FST First
FT or Ft Feet (dimensional unit)
FTP Fictitious threshold point
FU Smoke
FZ Freezing
FZDZ Freezing drizzle
FZFG Freezing fog
FZRA Freezing rain

G
G Green
G… Variations from the mean wind speed (gusts)(followed by figures in
METAR/SPECI and TAP)
GA Go ahead, resume sending
G/A Ground-to-air

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G/A/G Ground-to-air and air-to-ground
GAGAN GPS and geostationary earth orbit augmented navigation
GAMET Area forecast for low-level flights
GARP GBAS azimuth reference point
GBAS Ground-based augmentation system
GCAJ Ground controlled approach system or ground controlled approach
GEN General
GEO Geographic or true
GES Ground earth station
GLD Glider
GLONASS Global orbiting navigation satellite system
GMC . . . Ground movement chart (followed by name/title)
GND Ground
GNDCK Ground check
GNSS Global navigation satellite system
GP Glide path
GPS Global positioning system
GR Hail
GRAS Ground-based regional augmentation system
GRASS Grass landing area
GRIB Processed meteorological data in the form of grid point values
expressed in binary form
GRVL Gravel
GS Ground speed
GS Small hail and/or snow pellets
GUND Geoid undulation

H
H High pressure area or the centre of high pressure
H24 Continuous day and night service
HAPI Helicopter Approach Path Indicator
HBN Hazard beacon
HDF High frequency direction-finding station
HDG Heading
HEL Helicopter
HF High frequency [3 000 to 30 000 kHz]
HOT Height or height above
HJ Sunrise to sunset
HLDG Holding
HN Sunset to sunrise
HO Service available to meet operational requirements
HOL Holiday

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HOSP Hospital aircraft
HPA Hectopascal
HR Hours
HS Service available during hours of scheduled operations
HURCN Hurricane
HVDF High and very high frequency direction finding Stations (at the same
location)
HVY Heavy
HVY Heavy (used to indicate the intensity of weather phenomena, e.g. HVY
RA = heavy rain)
HX No specific working hours
HYR Higher
HZ Haze
HZ Hertz (cycle per second)

I
IAC … Instrument approach chart (followed by name/title)
IAF Initial approach fix
IAO In and out of clouds
IAP Instrument approach procedure
IAR Intersection of air routes
IAS Indicated airspeed
IBN Identification beacon
IC Ice crystals (very small ice crystals in suspension, also known as
diamond dust)
ICE Icing
ID Identifier or identify
IDENT Identification
IF Intermediate approach fix
IFF Identification friend/foe
IFR Instrument flight rules
IGA International general aviation
ILS Instrument landing system
IM Inner marker
IMC Instrument meteorological conditions
IMPR Improve or improving
IMT Immediate or immediately
INA Initial approach
INBD Inbound
INC In cloud
INCERFA Uncertainty phase
INFO Information

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INOP Inoperative
INP If not possible
INPR In progress
INS Inertial navigation system
INSTL Install or installed or installation
INSTR Instrument
INT Intersection
INTL International
INTRG Interrogator
INTRP Interrupt or interruption or interrupted
INTSF Intensify or intensifying
INTST Intensity
IR Ice on runway
IRVR Instrumented Runway Visual Range
ISA International standard atmosphere
ISOL Isolated

J
JAN January
JTST Jet stream
JUL July
JUN June

K
KG or Kg Kilograms
KHZ or kHz Kilohertz
KM or Km Kilometres
KMH Kilometres per hour
KPA Kilopascal
KT or Kt Knots
KW Kilowatts
L
…L Left (preceded by runway designation number to identify a parallel
runway)
L Locator (see LM, LO)
L Low pressure area or the centre of low pressure
LAN Inland
LAT Latitude
LDA Landing distance available
LDAH Landing distance available, helicopter
LDG Landing
LDI Landing direction indicator

19
LEN Length
LF Low frequency [30 to 300 kHz]
LGT Light or lighting
LGTD Lighted
LIH Light intensity high
LIL Light intensity low
LIM Light intensity medium
LLZ Localizer
LM Locator, middle
LMT Local mean time
LNG Long (used to indicate the type of approach desired or required)
LO Locator, outer
LOG Local or locally or location or located
LONG Longitude
LORAN LORAN (long range air navigation system)
LRG Long range
LTD Limited
LTP Landing threshold point
LV Light and variable (relating to wind)
LVE Leave or leaving
LVL Level
LYR Layer or layered

M
M... Mach number (followed by figures)
…M Metres (preceded by figures)
M... Minimum value of runway visual range (followed by figures in
METAR/SPECI)
MAA Maximum authorized altitude
MAG Magnetic
MAINT Maintenance
MAP Aeronautical maps and charts
MAPT or MAPt Missed approach point
MAR At sea
MAR March
MAX Maximum
MAY May
Mb Millibars
MBST Microburst
MCA Minimum crossing altitude
MCW Modulated continuous wave
MDA Minimum descent altitude

20
MDF Medium frequency direction-finding station
MDH Minimum descent height
MEA Minimum en-route altitude
MEHT Minimum eye height over threshold (for visual approach slope
indicator systems)
MET Meteorological or meteorology
METAR Aerodrome routine meteorological report (in meteorological code)
MET REPORT Local routine meteorological report (in abbreviated plain language)
MF Medium frequency [300 to 3 000 kHz]
MHDF Medium and high frequency direction-finding stations(at the same
location)
MHVDF Medium, high and very high frequency direction-finding stations (at the
same location)
MHZ or MHz Megahertz
MID Mid-point (related to R VR)
MIFG Shallow fog
MIL Military
MIN Minutes
MKR Marker radio beacon
MLS Microwave landing system
MM Middle marker
MNM Minimum
MNPS Minimum navigation performance specifications
MNT Monitor or monitoring or monitored
MNTN Maintain
MOA Military operating area
MOC Minimum obstacle clearance (required)
MOD Moderate (used to indicate the intensity of weather phenomena,
interference or static reports, e.g. MODRA = moderate rain)
MON Above mountains
MON Monday
MOPS Minimum operational performance standards
MOV Move or moving or movement
MPS Metres per second
MRA Minimum reception altitude
MRG Medium range
MRP ATS/MET reporting point
MS Minus
MSA Minimum sector altitude
MSAS Multifunctional transport satellite (MTSAT) satellite-based
augmentation system
MSAW Minimum safe altitude warning

21
MSG Message
MSL Mean sea level
MSSR Monopulse secondary surveillance radar
MT Mountain
MTU Metric units
MTW Mountain waves
MVDF Medium and very high frequency direction finding stations (at the
same location)
MX Mixed type of ice formation (white and clear)

N
N No distinct tendency (in RVR during previous 10 minutes)
N North or northern latitude
NASC National AIS system centre
NAT North Atlantic
NATS National Air Traffic Services
NAV Navigation
NB Northbound
NBFR Not before
NC No change
NCD No cloud detected (used in automated METAR/SPECI)
NDB Non-directional radio beacon
NDV No directional variations available (used in automated METAR/SPECI)
NE North-east
NEB North-eastbound
NEG No or negative or permission not granted or that is not correct
NGT Night
NIL None or I have nothing to send to you
NM Nautical miles
NML Normal
NNE North-north-east
NNW North-north-west
NOF International NOTAM office
NOSIG No significant change (used in trend-type landing forecasts)
NOTAM A notice distributed by means of telecommunication containing
(notices to airmen) information concerning the establishment, condition or change in any
aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely
knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight
operations
NOV November
NOZ Normal operating zone
NR Number

22
NRH No reply heard
NS Nimbostratus
NSC Nil significant cloud
NSW Nil significant weather
NTL National
NTZ No transgression zone
NW North-west
NWB North-westbound
NXT Next

O
OAC Oceanic area control centre
OAS Obstacle assessment surface
OBS Observe or observed or observation
OBSC Obscure or obscured or obscuring
OBST Obstacle
OCA Obstacle clearance altitude
OCA Oceanic control area
OCC Occulting (light)
OCH Obstacle clearance height
OCNL Occasional or occasionally
OCS Obstacle clearance surface
OCT October
OFZ Obstacle free zone
OGN Originate
OHD Overhead
OM Outer marker
OPA Opaque, white type of ice formation
OPC Control indicated is operational control
OPMET Operational meteorological (information)
OPN Open or opening or opened
OPR Operator or operate or operative or operating or operational
OPS Operations
O/R On request
ORD Order
OSV Ocean station vessel
OTLK Outlook (used in SIGMET messages for volcanic ash and tropical
cyclones)
OTP On top
OTS Organized track system
OUBD Outbound
OVC Overcast

23
 P
P... Maximum value of wind speed or runway visual range (followed by
figures in METAR/SPECI and TAP)
P... Prohibited area (followed by identification)
PA Precision approach
PALS Precision approach lighting system
PANS Procedures for air navigation services
PAPI Precision approach path indicator
PAR Precision approach radar
PARL Parallel
PATC . . . Precision approach terrain chart (followed by name/title)
PAX Passenger(s)
PCD Proceed or proceeding
PCL Pilot-controlled lighting
PCN Pavement classification number
PDC Pre-departure clearance
PDG Procedure design gradient
PER Performance
PERM Permanent
PIB Pre-flight information bulletin
PJE Parachute jumping exercise
PL Ice pellets
PLA Practice low approach
PLN Flight plan
PLVL Present level
PN Prior notice required
PNR Point of no return
PO Dust/sand whirls (dust devils)
POB Persons on board
POSS Possible
PPI Plan position indicator
PPR Prior permission required
PPSN Present position
PRFG Aerodrome partially covered by fog
PRI Primary
PRKG Parking
PROB Probability
PROC Procedure
PROV Provisional
PS Plus
PSG Passing

24
PSN Position
PSR Primary surveillance radar
PSYS Pressure system(s)
PTN Procedure turn
PTS Polar track structure
PWR Power

Q
QDL Do you intend to ask me for a series of bearings? or I intend to ask you
for a series of bearings (to be used in radiotelegraphy as a Q Code)
QDM Magnetic heading (zero wind)
QDR Magnetic bearing
QFE Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation (or at runway threshold)
QFU Magnetic orientation of runway
QGE What is my distance to your station? or Your distance to my station
is (distance figures and units) (to be used in radiotelegraphy as a Q
Code)
QNE (Non – Std) Landing altimeter reading (in feet) when subscale set 1013
hectopascals
QNH Altimeter sub-scale setting to obtain elevation when on the ground
QTE True bearing
QTF Will you give me the position of my station according to the bearings
taken by the D/F stations which you control? or The position of your
station according to the bearings taken by the D/F stations that I
control was. . . latitude . . . longitude (or other indication of position),
class . . . a t . . . hours (to be used in radiotelegraphy as a Q Code)
QUAD Quadrant
QUJ Will you indicate the TRUE track to reach you? Or The TRUE track to
reach me is ... degrees a t . . hours (to be used in radiotelegraphy as a Q
Code)

R
... R Right (preceded by runway designation number to identify a parallel
runway)
R Red
R... Restricted area (followed by identification)
R... Runway visual range (followed by figures in METAR/SPECI)
RA Rain
RA Resolution Advisory (see TCAS)
RAC Rules of the air and air traffic services
RAG Ragged
RAG Runway arresting gear
RAI Runway alignment indicator

25
RAIM Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring
RASC Regional AIS system centre
RASS Remote altimeter setting source
RB Rescue boat
RCA Reach cruising altitude
RCC Rescue Coordination Centre
RCF Radio Communication Failure (message type designator)
RCH Reach or reaching
RCL Runway centre line
RCLL Runway centre line light(s)
RCLR Recleared
RDH Reference datum height
RDL Radial
RDO Radio
RE Recent (used to qualify weather phenomena, e.g. RERA = recent rain)
REC Receive or receiver
REDL Runway edge light(s)
REF Reference to . . . or refer to ...
REG Registration
RENL Runway end light(s)
REP Report or reporting or reporting point
REQ Request or requested
RERTE Re-route
RESA Runway end safety area
RG Range (lights)
RHC Right-hand circuit
RIF Reclearance in flight
RITE Right (direction of turn)
RL Report leaving
RLA Relay to
RLCE Request level change en route
RLLS Runway lead-in lighting system
RLNA Request level not available
RMAC Radar minimum altitude chart
RMK Remark
RNAV Area navigation
RNG Radio range
RNP Required navigation performance
ROC Rate of climb
ROD Rate of descent
ROFOR Route forecast (in meteorological code)
RON Receiving only

26
RPI Radar position indicator
RPL Repetitive flight plan
RPLC Replace or replaced
RPS Radar position symbol
RPS Regional Pressure Setting
RQMNTS Requirements
RQP Request flight plan
RQS Request supplementary flight plan (message type designator)
RR Report reaching
RRA (or RRB, RRC... etc., in sequence) Delayed meteorological
message (message type designator)
RSC Rescue sub-centre
RSCD Runway surface condition
RSP Responder beacon
RSR En-route surveillance radar
RTD Delayed (used to indicate delayed meteorological message; message
type designator)
RTE Route
RTF Radiotelephone
RTG Radiotelegraph
RTHL Runway threshold light(s)
RTN Return or returned or returning
RTODAH Rejected take-off distance available, helicopter
RTS Return to service
RTT Radio teletypewriter
RTZL Runway touchdown zone light(s)
RUT Standard regional route transmitting frequencies
RV Rescue vessel
RVR Runway Visual Range
RVSM Reduced vertical separation minimum (300 m (1 000 ft)) between FL
290 and FL 410
RWY Runway

S
S… State of the sea (followed by figures in METAR/SPECI)
S South or southern latitude
SA Sand
SALS Simple approach lighting system
SAN Sanitary
SAP As soon as possible
SAR Search and rescue
SARPS Standards and Recommended Practices [ICAO]

27
SAT Saturday
SATCOM Satellite communication
SB Southbound
SBAS Satellite-based augmentation system
SC Stratocumulus
SCT Scattered
SDBY Stand by
SE South-east
SEA Sea (used in connection with sea-surface temperature and state of the
sea)
SEB South-eastbound
SEC Seconds
SECN Section
SECT Sector
SELCAL Selective calling system
SEP September
SER Service or servicing or served
SEV Severe (used e.g. to qualify icing and turbulence reports)
SFC Surface
SG Snow grains
SGL Signal
SH ... Shower (followed by RA = rain, SN = snow, PL = ice pellets, GR = hail, GS
= small hail and/or snow pellets or combinations thereof, e.g. SHRASN =
showers of rain and snow)
SHF Super high frequency [3 000 to 30 000 MHz]
SID Standard instrument departure
SIF Selective identification feature
SIG Significant
SIGMET Information concerning en-route weather phenomena which may
affect the safety of aircraft operations
SIMUL Simultaneous or simultaneously
SKC Sky clear
SKED Schedule or scheduled
SLP Speed limiting point
SLW Slow
SMC Surface movement control
SMR Surface movement radar
SN Snow
SNOCLO Aerodrome closed due to snow (used in METAR/SPECI)
SNOWTAM Special series NOTAM notifying the presence or removal of hazardous
conditions due to snow, ice, slush or standing water associated with
snow, slush and ice on the movement area, by means of a specific

28
 format
SPECI Aerodrome special meteorological report (in meteorological code)
SPECIAL Local special meteorological report (in abbreviated plain language)
SPL Supplementary flight plan (message type designator)
SPOC SAR point of contact
SPOT Spot wind
SQ Squall
SQL Squall line
SR Sunrise
SRA Surveillance radar approach
SRE Surveillance Radar Element of Precision Approach Radar system
SRG Short range
SRR Search and rescue region
SRY Secondary
SS Sandstorm
SS Sunset
SSE South-south-east
SSR Secondary surveillance radar
SST Supersonic transport
SSW South-south-west
ST Stratus
STA Straight-in approach
STAR Standard instrument arrival
STD Standard
STF Stratiform
STN Station
STNR Stationary
STOL Short take-off and landing
STS Status
STWL Stopway light(s)
SUBJ Subject to
SUN Sunday
SUP Supplement (AIP Supplement)
SUPPS Regional supplementary procedures Service message
SVCBL Serviceable
SW South-west
SWB South-westbound
SWY Stopway

T
T Temperature
TA Transition altitude

29
TA Traffic advisory
TAA Terminal arrival altitude
TACAN (UHF) Tactical Air Navigation Aid
TAF Aerodrome forecast (in meteorological code)
TAIL Tail wind
TAR Terminal area surveillance radar
TAS True airspeed
TAX Taxiing or taxi
TC Tropical cyclone
TCAC Tropical cyclone advisory centre
TCAS Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (pronounced Tee-kas)
(see ACAS)
TCU Towering cumulus
TDO Tornado
TDZ Touchdown zone
TECR Technical reason
TEL Telephone
TEMPO Temporary or temporarily
TFC Traffic
TGL Touch-and-go landing
TGS Taxiing guidance system
THR Threshold
THRU Through
THU Thursday
TIBA Traffic information broadcast by aircraft
TIL Until
TIP Until past... (place)
TKOF Take-off
TL . . . Till (followed by time by which weather change is forecast to end)
TLOF Touchdown and lift-off area
TMA Terminal control area
TN . . . Minimum temperature (followed by figures in TAP)
TNA Turn altitude
TNH Turn height
TO ... To ... (place)
TOC Top of climb
TODA Take-off distance available
TODAH Take-off distance available, helicopter
TOP Cloud top
TORA Take-off run available
TP Turning point
TR Track

30
TRA Temporary reserved airspace
TRANS Transmits or transmitter
TREND Trend forecast
TRL Transition level
TROP Tropopause
TS Thunderstorm (in aerodrome reports and forecasts, TS used alone
means thunder heard but no precipitation at the aerodrome)
TS ... Thunderstorm (followed by RA= rain, SN = snow, PL = ice pellets, GR =
hail, GS = small hail and/or snow pellets or combinations thereof, e.g.
TSRASN = thunderstorm with rain and snow)
TUE Tuesday
TURB Turbulence
T-VASIS T visual approach slope indicator system
TVOR Terminal VOR
TWR Aerodrome control tower or aerodrome control
TWY Taxiway
TWYL Taxiway-link
TX... Maximum temperature (followed by figures in TAP)
TXT Text
TYP Type of aircraft
TYPH Typhoon

U
U Upward (tendency in RVR during previous 10 minutes)
UAB… Until advised by . .
UAC Upper area control centre
UAR Upper air route
UAS Upper Air Space
UDF Ultra high frequency direction-finding station
UFN Until further notice
UHDT Unable higher due traffic
UHF Ultra high frequency [300 to 3 000 MHz]
UIC Upper information centre
UIR Upper flight information region
ULR Ultra long range
UNA Unable
UNAP Unable to approve
UNL Unlimited
UNREL Unreliable
UP Unidentified precipitation (used in automated METAR/SPECI)
U/S Unserviceable
UTA Upper control area

31
UTC Coordinated Universal Time

V
…V… Variations from the mean wind direction (preceded and followed by
figures in METAR/SPECI, e.g. 350V070)
VA Volcanic ash
VAAC Volcanic ash advisory centre
VAC… Visual approach chart (followed by name/title)
VAL In valleys
VAN Runway control van
VAR Magnetic variation
VAR Visual-aural radio range
VASIS Visual approach slope indicator systems
VC... Vicinity of the aerodrome (followed by FG =fog, FC = funnel cloud, SH =
shower, PO = dust/sand whirls, BLDU = blowing dust, BLSA = blowing
sand, BLSN = blowing snow, DS = duststorm, SS = sandstorm,
TS =thunderstorm or VA = volcanic ash, e.g. VCFG = vicinity fog)
VCY Vicinity
VDF Very high frequency direction-finding station
VER Vertical
VFR Visual flight rules
VHF Very high frequency [30 to 300 MHz]
VIP Very important person
VIS Visibility
VLF Very low frequency [3 to 30 kHz]
VLR Very long range
VMC Visual meteorological conditions
VOLMET Meteorological information for aircraft in flight
VOR VHF omnidirectional radio range
VORTAC VOR and TACAN combination
VPA Vertical path angle
VRB Variable
VSA By visual reference to the ground
VSP Vertical speed
VTOL Vertical take-off and landing
VV... Vertical visibility (followed by figures in METAR/SPECI and TAP)
W
W West or western longitude
W White
W… Sea-surface temperature (followed by figures in METAR/SPECI)
WAAS Wide area augmentation system
WAC World Aeronautical Chart — ICAO 1:1 000 000 (folio-wed by name/title)

32
WAFC World area forecast centre
WB Westbound
WBAR Wing bar lights
WDI Wind direction indicator
WDSPR Widespread
WED Wednesday
WEF With effect from or effective from
WGS-84 World Geodetic System — 1984
WI Within
WID Width
WIE With immediate effect or effective immediately
WILCO Will comply
WIND Wind
WINTEM Forecast upper wind and temperature for aviation
WIP Work in progress
WKN Weaken or weakening
WNW West-north-west
WO Without
WPT Way-point
WRNG Warning
WS Wind shear
WSPD Wind speed
WSW West-south-west
WT Weight
WTSPT Waterspout
WWW Worldwide web
WX Weather

X
X Cross
XBAR Crossbar (of approach lighting system)
XNG Crossing
XS Atmospherics

Y
Y Yellow
YCZ Yellow caution zone (runway lighting)
YR Your

Z
Z Coordinated Universal Time (in meteorological messages)

33
34
 COMM CHECK /START UP
A clearance limit shall be described by specifying the name of the appropriate
significant point, or aerodrome, or controlled airspace boundary.

Automatic Terminal Information Service, or ATIS, is a continuous broadcast of recorded non-

control information in busier terminal (i.e. airport) areas. ATIS broadcasts contain essential
information, such as weather information, which runways are active, available approaches, and
any other information required by the pilots, such as important NOTAMs. Pilots usually listen to
an available ATIS broadcast before contacting the local control unit, in order to reduce the
controllers' workload and relieve frequency congestion.

The recording is updated in fixed intervals or when there is a significant change in the
information, like a change in the active runway. It is given a letter designation (e.g. bravo), from
the ICAO spelling alphabet. The letter progresses down the alphabet with every update and starts
at Alpha after a break in service of 12 hours or more. When contacting the local control unit, a
pilot will indicate he/she has "information" and the ATIS identification letter to let the controller
know that the pilot is up to date with all current information.

The standard format for transmission of ATIS Info -

Name of aerodrome
Designator i.e. the word INFORMATION and identification ICAO code letter
Time of observation
Type of approach to be expected
The runway in use
Transition level
Other essential operational information
Surface wind direction and speed, including significant variations
Visibility and RVR
Present weather
Cloud below 5000 feet or below the highest minimum sector altitude, whichever
is greater, cumulonimbus
Air Temperature
Dew point temperature
Altimeter Setting

35
Message
This is Delhi Arrival, Information Kilo
Main landing runway 27 Left
Transition level 70
Two Five Zero degrees, one one Wind direction [MAGNETIC] from azimuth 250 degrees
knots
Visibility 10 kilometres
Few 1300 feet, scattered 1800 feet
broken 2200 feet
Temperature 15, dewpoint 13
QNH 995 hectopascal
No Significant change
Contact Approach and/or Arrival
callsign only
End of information Kilo
Explanation
Indicates the broadcast is for aircraft inbound to Delhi,
and the bulletin's identification letter. (11th observation,
should normally coincide with 1630 IST- hourly
observation and during bad Wx period to 1100 hrs IST –
½ hourly observations)
Main runway used for landing is 27 Left
Lowest usable flight level is 70. See Transition altitude.
[MAGNETIC] (south-southwest), average 11 knots
General visibility 10 kilometers or more
Cloud layers at the indicated altitude above the airport
Temperature and dewpoint in degrees Celsius.
QNH 995 hectopascal.
No significant change in weather expected.
When instructed to contact the Approach and/or Arrival
controller, check in with callsign only (for the sake of
brevity)
End of bulletin, and the bulletin's identification letter
again.

On first contact with ATC, the term “Information Kilo”(or as appropriate) must be given so that
avoidable R/T can be eliminated.

Read-back of clearances and safety-related information

18. The flight crew shall read back to the air traffic controller safety-related parts of ATC
clearances and instructions which are transmitted by voice. The following items shall always be
read back:
a) ATC route clearances;
b) clearances and instructions to enter, land on, take off on, hold short of, cross and
backtrack on any runway; and c) runway-in-use, altimeter settings, SSR codes, level
instructions, heading and speed instructions and, whether issued by the controller or
contained in ATIS broadcasts, transition levels.

Other clearances or instructions, including conditional clearances, shall be read back or

acknowledged in a manner to clearly indicate that they have been understood and will
be complied with.

The controller shall listen to the read-back to ascertain that the clearance or instruction
has been correctly acknowledged by the flight crew and shall take immediate action to
correct any discrepancies revealed by the read-back.

36
CAVOK: When the visibility is 10 km or more, there is no cloud below 1 500 m (5 000 ft), or
below the highest minimum sector altitude, whichever is greater, and no cumulonimbus, and
there is no weather of significance (check in as given in 11.4.3.2.3.4.1 and 11.4.3.2.3.4.2 of Doc 4444),
information on visibility, runway visual range, present weather and cloud amount, type and
height shall be replaced by the term “CAVOK”.

Readability Scale
Strength 1 - Unreadable - Bad
Strength 2 - Readable now and then - Poor
Strength 3 - Readable with difficulty - Fair
Strength 4 - Readable - Good
Strength 5 - Perfectly Readable - Excellent

“Read you five” means that you the person transmitting is perfectly readable and the quality of
sound received is excellent.

37
 LESSON 2
Note: Each is a different situation and not a continuation of one flight.
Pilot ATS Unit
Comm Check Delhi Clearance, VT SMN How do you VMN Delhi Ground, reading you 5. Go
read? Ahead.
This means that Five also. Information Foxtrot. IFR to Delhi clears VMN from Delhi to
Ground Coordination
has been effected for Kolkata, (wun ait Zero) 180 persons on Kolkata via flight plan route to climb
your flight board request departure information. and cruise FL 370. Rwy in use 27.
If there is any Delhi clears VMN from Delhi to Kolkata Read back correct.
negative feedback it
would be given to the via flight plan route to climb and cruise
pilot at this stage FL 370. Rwy in use 27.VMN
Intercom Delhi Ground VTSMN, how do you read? VMN Delhi Ground, reading you 5. Go
check Ahead.
VMN is ready for departure, stand 5,
request push back.
Wilco VMN. Note: Replies are from the ground staff controlling
the tractor
Apron – VMN ready for Push Back VMN Confirm brakes released
Affirm Brakes released VMN Roger. Commencing Push Back
Push back completed. Set brakes.
Brakes set. Disconnect Disconnected. Look to the left for
marshaller.
VMN Roger.
Start up 1 Delhi Ground IndAir440 heavy, stand IndAir440 Delhi Ground, Start up
two, Security Check carried out, Persons approved.
on board (wun too too) 122, request
start up for Fl 330, Information Bravo
Start up Approved IndAir440
Start up 2 Delhi Ground IndAir440 heavy, stand IndAir440 Delhi Ground, Start up
Change of FL two, Security Check carried out, Persons approved, stand by for FL 370.
on board (wun too too) 122, request
start up and change of FL from 330 to
370, due weather, Information Bravo
Standing by IndAir440 IndAir440 FL 370 approved
Roger FL 370 approved IndAir440
Start up 3 Delhi Ground IndAir440 heavy, stand Roger ETD revised 1000 hrs, standby
Fresh FIC two, Security Check carried out, Persons for further instructions, on this
on board (wun too too) 122, request channel.
revise ETD from 0830 to 1000, due to
tech snag. Standing by for ADC / FIC.
Standing by IndAir440 IndAir440 ADC B 432 and FIC same as
before DC 137.
ADC B 432 and FIC remains DC 137 Ind Air 440 Delhi Ground, Start up

38
 request startup for Kolkata FL 330 approved, stand by for FL 370.
Information Charlie.
Start Up 4 Delhi Ground IndAir440 heavy, stand Start up approved, expedite to depart
Human two, Security Check carried out, Persons by 43.
Organs on board (wun too too) 122, request
expeditious departure carrying human
organs for transplant.
Start up approved expedite to depart at
43
Start up 5 Delhi Ground IndAir440 heavy, stand IndAir440 Delhi Ground, Check your
Ladder two, Security Check carried out, Persons ladder still attached
attached on board (wun too too) 122. Information
Bravo, request start up.
Cancel request for start up, will call you IndAir440 Delhi Ground, Roger
again.
Start up 6 Delhi Ground IndAir440 heavy, stand Start up approved. Expect departure
Foreign two, Security Check carried out, Persons not before 45.
dignitaries/VIP on board (wun too too) 122, request
start up. Information Charlie.
Startup approved. Expedite departure IndAir440 Delhi Ground Roger.
due foreign dignitaries on board. Expedite taxi to depart by 31
Expedite taxi to depart by 31 IndAir440
Start Up 7 Mumbai Ground IndAir440 heavy, This is Startup approved. Expedite taxi for
Flood Relief flood relief flight, would like an immediate departure.
expeditious departure.
Start up approved, expedite taxi for
immediate departure IndAir440
Start Up 8 Kolkata Ground VT ATT, stand two, VTT Kolkata Ground vis reported two
Low Vis security check carried out, persons on thousand five hundred, QBI in force,
board (wun tree too) 132, VFR to Delhi startup not approved
Request start up information Charlie
Roger, VTT request approval for SVFR. VTT start up approved, expect
Pilot holding current Instrument rating departure not before 50
Start up approved. Expect departure not
before 50 VTT
Start Up 9 Kolkata Ground Kingfisher 625, stand Kingfisher 625 Kolkata Ground.
Dangerous two, security check carried out, persons Contact dispatch.
Goods on board (wun tree too) 132, VFR to
Package Delhi. Request start up, information
Charlie
Changing over to dispatch Kingfisher 625
Kingfisher dispatch Kingfisher 625 Message from commercial a
dangerous goods package has been
loaded on aircraft, not sure of its

39
 clearance
Kingfisher 625 switching off engines, Roger. Kingfisher dispatch.
have the package off-loaded and
confirm its DGR clearance
Will be disembarking all passengers for Roger Wilco.
security check again, aircraft also to be
checked again, switching off, send
vehicles for passengers.
Kolkata Ground Kingfisher 625, Kingfisher 625 Kolkata Ground, revise
Switching off engines due security lapse, your RPL.
disembarking all passengers, will request
for fresh start up clearance.
Wilco Kingfisher 625
Start up 10 Delhi Ground IndAir440 heavy, stand IndAir440 Delhi Ground, Mumbai
Low Vis at two, Security Check carried out, Persons reporting Nil visibility due heavy rain,
Destination on board (wun too too) 122. Information request intention.
Bravo, request start up.
Delhi Ground IndAir440, request trend. IndAir440 Delhi Ground, Vis 1 km in
about 45 min.
Delhi Ground IndAir440, will wait for Roger.
improvement. Advise when vis 1500
mtrs and improving.
Start up 10 Delhi Ground IndAir440 heavy, stand IndAir440 Delhi ground amended RPL
RPL not two, Security Check carried out, Persons not received.
received on board (wun too too) 122. Information
Bravo, request start up.
IndAir440 revised ETD 0700 rest no Ind Air 440 Delhi ground Start up
change approved standby for ADC/FIC
Start up approved IndAir440
Start up 11 Delhi Ground Kingfisher IT - 610 Kingfisher IT – 610 Delhi Ground
No ATIS info Medium, stand two, Security Check Runway in use 27 surface wind 240
carried out, Persons on board (wun too degrees 15 knots RVR 2000 partly
too) 122. ATIS not received, request cloudy few at 1200 bkn at 8000
start up and ATC information. temperature 23 dew point 12
QNH1001 No Sig
Delhi Ground Kingfisher IT – 610 Kingfisher IT – 610 Delhi Ground, start
Weather copied, QNH 1001 Rwy 27. up approved
Request start up.
Delhi Ground Kingfisher IT – 610 Start up
approved.

Start up 12 Delhi Ground Kingfisher IT - 610 Kingfisher IT – 610 Delhi Ground Start
Time check Medium, stand two, Security Check up approved Time now is 43
carried out, Persons on board (wun too

40
too) 122. Information Bravo, request
start up and time check
Delhi Ground Kingfisher IT – 610 Start up Kingfisher IT – 610 Delhi Ground
approved time 43, 0743 confirm. Affirm

41
 LESSON 3
TAXI CLEARANCE TO RWYHOLDING

Pilot ATS Unit

Taxi 1 Mumbai Ground VMN stand 2, request VMN Mumbai Ground Taxi via C,D, F
taxi. for RWY27. Report at RWY holding 28.
Always Taxi for 27 via C,D, F will report at RWY
check holding 28.
before Mumbai Tower VMN at RWY holding 28 VMN Mumbai Tower, Clear to cross
entering a RWY28. Report vacated.
live Rwy Wilco VMN.
Mumbai tower VMN RWY vacated VMN Mumbai tower, report RWY
holding 27.
VMN at RWY holding 27 VMN Roger.
Taxi 2 Delhi Ground IndAir6E-274 Heavy, Stand IndAir6E-274 heavy Delhi Ground,
Cross RWY Two, Information Bravo, request taxi. cleared to holding point RWY28, via
and report Golf, Charlie, report Rwy holding 27.
Vacated Cleared to holding point 27, via Golf,
Charlie. Will report at Holding point RWY
27, IndAir6E-274.
Delhi Ground IndAir6E-274, approaching IndAir6E-274, Hold short Airbus on
holding point Rwy 27, Request cross final.
Rwy27.
Holding short Rwy 27IndAir6E-274
Delhi Ground IndAir6E-274, clear of IndAir6E-274 Delhi Ground, cleared
Airbus, request enter Rwy 27. enter Rwy 27 via link Bravo and cleared
to holding point Rwy 28
Entering Rwy27, Taxi via Bravo cleared to Roger report Rwy vacated
holding point 27. IndAir6E-274.
Rwy vacated IndAir6E-274 Report Holding Point Rwy 28
WILCO IndAir6E-274
Taxi 3 Delhi Tower IndAir6E-274, entered Rwy IndAir6E-274 monitored turn left on
Tech snag 27 unable to proceed for take-off due approaching link marked Delta 2, taxi
technical snag. Permission to return to to stand 23 via Echo, November.
apron. Request taxi.
Turning left at Delta 2, taxi to stand 23 via
Echo, November.
Taxi 4 Delhi Ground IndAir6E-274, on taxiway IndAir6E-274 expect delay 10 minutes
Cross wind Charlie, request runway 10 for departure for Rwy 10 due arrival aircraft. Request
Other RWY due to strong cross wind component. intentions
Will take delay IndAir6E-274.

42
Taxi 5 Mumbai Ground Air India 224, entered Air India 224 Mumbai Ground,
Entered golf 1 by mistake. Request instructions continue straight ahead, hold short of
wrong T/T intersection crossing traffic ahead.
Mumbai Ground Air India 224 continue
straight ahead, hold short of intersection
crossing traffic ahead.
Mumbai Ground Air India 224, holding at Air India 224 Mumbai Ground, Hold
intersection. Request further instructions position look out for traffic from your
right Airbus 320.
Mumbai Ground Air India 224, traffic in Air India 224 Mumbai Ground, follow
sight. Airbus 320 till B then turn left and
proceed to holding point 27.
Mumbai Ground Air India 224 follow
Airbus 320 till B then turn left and
proceed to holding point 27.
Mumbai Ground Air India 224 at holding
point 27. Request line up.
Brakes Hot Mumbai Ground IC 517 on taxiway bravo IC 517 Mumbai Ground continue taxi
Possible tyre burst request assistance and and clear off on taxiway Charlie. Crash
further instructions. Tender and safety party on the way.
On taxiway Charlie now permission to IC 517 remain on R/T, engine switch off
switch off engines. approved.

43
 Lesson Plan 4
DEP INST/LINE-UP

Departure Delhi Tower VMN at Rwy holding 27. After departure RWY 27 climb to 2500
Instructions Request line up and departure ft turn left continue climb to 6000 ft
instructions report FB in contact with Delhi
Approach on 127.9
1Normal After departure Rwy 27 climb to 2500 ft Cleared for take-off
turn left continue climb to 6000 ft report
FB in contact with Delhi Approach on
127.9 VMN
Cleared for take-off VMN
2 R/T Delhi Tower IndAir430 Heavy request ATC IndAir430 is cleared to Mumbai at FL
Interference clearance 300. After departure climb runway
heading 2500 turn right intercept
radial 350 at 15 DME or less, climb to
FL 70 thereafter resume normal
navigation climbing FL 300
Delhi Tower IndAir430 say again all after I say again IndAir430 is cleared to
“after departure climb” unable to note Mumbai at FL 300. After departure
ATC clearance due interference from climb runway heading 2500 turn right
Emirates aircraft. intercept radial 350 at 15 DME or less,
climb to FL 70 thereafter resume
normal navigation climbing FL 300
Cleared to Mumbai at FL 300. After Read back correct
departure climb runway heading 2500
turn right intercept radial 350 at 15 DME
or less, climb to FL 70 thereafter resume
normal navigation climbing FL 300.
IndAir430.
3– Delhi Ground IndAir450 one passenger IndAir450 Delhi Ground Informing
Passenger intoxicated and behaving rudely. Send security, standby for further
problem security to taxiway Golf to offload him instructions.
and take action, switching off engine.
Delhi Ground IndAir450 Passenger IndAir450 Delhi Ground Start up
offloaded, Persons on board now 152 approved ADC/FIC remains same.
security check cleared, permission to start
for Mumbai.
Delhi Ground IndAir 450 Startup
approved and ADC/FIC same.
4 – Request Delhi Tower IndAir430 Heavy request ATC IndAir430 is cleared to Kolkata at FL
level change clearance 350. After departure cross radial 195
enroute FL 50 or below at 15 DME or less climb
to FL 90 thereafter resume normal

44
 navigation climb to FL 150, request
level change enroute
Cleared to Kolkata at FL 350. After Read back correct
departure cross radial 195 FL 50 or below
at 15 DME or less climb to FL 90
thereafter resume normal navigation
climb to FL 150, request level change
enroute. IndAir430
Departure Mumbai Tower IndAir414 Medium IndAir414 is cleared to GOA at FL220
Instructions request ATC departure After departure climb on radial 270
3500 make level procedure turn to
right return to BBB then proceed as
per flight plan. Clear to climb FL 220
Cleared to GOA at FL220 After departure Read back correct
climb on radial 270 3500 make level
procedure turn to right return to BBB
then proceed as per flight plan. Clear to
climb FL 220. IndAir414
VIS When the visibility is less than 500 m, it shall be expressed in steps of 50 m;
REPORTING when it is 500 m or more but less than 5 000 m, in steps of 100 m;
when it is 5 000 m or more but less than 10 km, in kilometre steps; and
when it is 10 km or more, only 10 km shall be given,
except when the conditions for the use of CAVOK apply.
4 CANCEL IndAir 432 line up? IndAir 432 line up RW 28 wind 260 10
line up knots
IndAir 432 lining up IndAir 432 Hold position, Cancel, I say
again Cancel Line up Hold Position due
emergency traffic
IndAir 432 Holding
5 – S/W IndAir 432 is ready for line up IndAir 432 line up runway 28 wind 260
degrees 10 knots
DEP IndAir 432 Climb straight ahead to
2500 feet before turning right, report
FB in contact with approach on 127.9.
cleared for take-off
Climb straight ahead to 2500 feet before
turning right, report FB in contact with
approach on 127.9. cleared for take-off
IndAir 432
IndAir 432 Confirm ready for line up?
6 -Line up IndAir 432 Affirm. Lining up.

IndAir 432 ready for line up IndAir 432 line up wind 260 degrees 10
knots

45
7 - IMM IndAir 432 are you ready for
DEP immediate departure
Affirm IndAir 432 IndAir 432 Cleared for Immediate
Take-off. One on long final.
IndAir 432 Cleared for take-off.
8 – Birds IndAir 432 ready for departure. IndAir 432 After departure RWY28 turn
on Take-off left. Report in contact with Approach
path on 127.9 Caution for birds right of
take-off path 2km height about 1500
ft.
Left turn after departure. Will report in IndAir 432 After departure Rwy 28
contact with approach on 127.9 IndAir continue climb straight ahead to 3500
432 ft then turn left.
After departure Rwy28 continue climb That is correct. Cleared for take-off.
straight ahead to 3500 ft then turn left.
IndAir 432
IndAir 432 Birds reported right of take-
off path 3 km height about 2000 ft.
cleared for line up.
Roger. Lining up. IndAir 432

46
 Lesson Plan 5
TAKE-OFF
Pilot
1 VGI Permission to take-off
2 – birds VGI Permission to take-off
Request position of birds
In contact with birds. Permission to take- VGI Cleared for take-off
off
3 – dog VGI Permission to take-off
Request position of dog
VGI Holding. Advise when runway clear.
Cleared for take-off VGI
4 – cancel VGI Permission to take-off
VGI Holding
5 – smoke VGI Permission to take-off
from right
engine
VGI rejecting take-off
6 – Bird hit VGI Permission to take-off
Bird hit rejecting take-off
7 – tech VGI Permission to take-off
snag
Aborting take-off due technical snag
VGI monitored.
VGI runway vacated at link Foxtrot.
ATC
VGI Cleared for take-off
VGI expect delay due birds on take-off
path
Birds right of take-off path 500 ft near
opposite dumbbell.
VGI expect delay due dog on runway
Dog near marker 3 right side on
runway moving in your direction
VGI Dog is clear of runway. Cleared for
take-off
VGI Cleared for take-off
VGI Cancel I say again Cancel take-off
vehicle on runway
VGI Cleared for take-off
VGI Smoke emitting from right engine
VGI Roger
VGI Cleared for take-off
VGI Roger
VGI Cleared for take-off
VGI Roger. Clear at link Foxtrot.
47
 Lesson Plan 6
Enroute phase
1 Delhi Departure AIR INDIA 432.
AIR INDIA 432 Departed Delhi at 49 for
Kolkata copy estimates
ESTIMATES AIR INDIA 432 Estimating SSB 0811, Lucknow
at 24,Varanasi 56, FIR 0903,Gaya 0923,ETA
Kolkata 0940 Endurance 0500
POSITION Delhi Control AIR INDIA 401 Over LLK at 22
REPORTING passing 240 for FL 370 Estimating BBN
APTFN (Varanasi) at 54
POSITION Delhi Control (A)AIR INDIA 401 (P)Over LLK at
REPORTING (T)22 passing (F)240 for FL 370 (N)Estimating
APTFN BBN (Varanasi) at 54
AIR INDIA 401 WILCO
RCF Lucknow Control AIR INDIA 401. How do you
read?
Lucknow Control AIR INDIA 401. How do you
read?
Lucknow Tower AIR INDIA 401. How do you
read?
Lucknow Tower AIR INDIA 401. How do you
read?
RT FAILURE Lucknow Control AIR INDIA 401 transmitting
blind due RT failure. Reporting over Lucknow
at 22 passing 260 for FL 370 Estimating
Varanasi at 55 I say again transmitting blind
due RT failure Reporting over Lucknow at 22
passing 260 for FL 370 Estimating Varanasi at
55 shall transmit again at 0837
Relay Mssg Ahmedabad Control IC 517 relaying for VT
ABC now reporting over Indore at FL 200 ETA
Ahmedabad 01:45 hrs request landing
instructions.
VT ABC copy instructions from Ahmedabad
control – descend to FL 50 QNH 1011 Runway
in Use 28.
Ahmedabad control IC 517 your instructions
copied by VBC.
Non – Nagpur Control AI 441 from Delhi Bangalore,
Compliant aircraft is not complaint with RVSM
RVSM requirements. Request FL 310.
Airprox Nagpur Control AI441 Airprox. Position 30 nm
from NNP on W 35 at FL 310, time 0532 hrs.
AIR INDIA 432 Go ahead
AIR INDIA 432 Go Ahead
AIR INDIA 432 Estimates copied, report FB.
AIR INDIA 401 Delhi Control copied Report
Varanasi
AIR INDIA 401 Delhi Control copied Report
Varanasi
The repetition is to establish that a particular
station is not reading you.
When repeated calls to different stations fail to
yield any positive results only then do you
declare Rx failure or Tx failure.
Rx or Tx failure will mean the same emergency
unless Rx is ‘S’
Note: Action must be taken to establish
contact with Lucknow and if not possible then
inform Delhi Control of the problem in addition
to making the blind transmission. If you cannot
hear other aircraft then suspect your Rx to be
U/S. Take action repeatedly to keep anybody
informed of your position and intentions
IC 517 Ahmedabad Control Message
copied. VBC clear to descend to FL 50 QNH
1011 Runway in use 28.
AI 441 Nagpur Control Copied FL 310
approved.
AI 441 Nagpur control Your Airprox
message copied. File report on landing.
48
 Spotted another aircraft same level, at about
15 km from right to left, now 2 O’Clock, speed
approximately 750 kmph, Type of aircraft A
320 White and Blue markings.
Wilco AI 441.
Weather Kolkata control AI 411 deviating to the right AI 411 Kolkata Control your deviation
deviation (In due intense weather ahead Position 70 nm monitored. Understand ATIS received.
contact with due east of CEA at FL 330 crossed
ATC) Jamshedpur at time 25 estimating you on the
hour. Go Ahead.
Affirm. Information Foxtrot. Now 15 nm AI 411 Kolkata Control report resuming
south of Golf 450 65 nm from CEA. AI 411 Golf 450. No traffic for you.
Aircraft flying Kolkata control AI 411 deviating to the right
on deviated due intense weather ahead Position 70 nm
track, no due east of CEA at FL 330 crossed
contact with Jamshedpur at time 25 estimating you on the
ATC hour. Go Ahead.
All Stations to monitor AI 411 deviating to the No reply should be expected from aircraft. If Kolkata
right by 15 nm due intense weather ahead reads you he will reply your TIBA copied.
(Traffic Information Broadcast by Aircraft)
Position 70 nm due east of CEA at FL 330
crossed Jamshedpur at time 25 estimating
Kolkata on the hour. Colour White with
Orange tail VT REG, A 320.

49
 Lesson Plan 7
Emergencies
Alert phase. A situation wherein apprehension exists as to the safety of an aircraft and its
occupants.

Alert phase information has been received which indicates that the operating efficiency of the
aircraft has been impaired, but not to the extent that a forced landing is likely, except when
evidence exists that would allay apprehension as to the safety of the aircraft and its occupants,
or when

Distress phase. A situation wherein there is a reasonable certainty that an aircraft and its
occupants are threatened by grave and imminent danger and require immediate assistance.

Distress phase when:

1) following the alert phase, further unsuccessful attempts to establish communication with
the aircraft and more widespread unsuccessful inquiries point to the probability that the
aircraft is in distress, or when

2) the fuel on board is considered to be exhausted, or to be insufficient to enable the aircraft to

reach safety, or when

3) information is received which indicates that the operating efficiency of the aircraft has been
impaired to the extent that a forced landing is likely, or when

4) information is received or it is reasonably certain that the aircraft is about to make or has
made a forced landing,

except when there is reasonable certainty that the aircraft and its occupants are not threatened
by grave and imminent danger and do not require immediate assistance.

Action by Pilot. Whenever a distress transmission is intercepted by a pilot-in-command of an

aircraft, the pilot shall, if feasible:
a) acknowledge the distress transmission;
b) record the position of the craft in distress if given;
c) take a bearing on the transmission; (from ATC if possible)
d) inform the appropriate rescue coordination centre or air traffic services unit of the
distress transmission, giving all available information; and
e) at the pilot’s discretion, while awaiting instructions, proceed to the position given in
the transmission.

50
Note: Every emergency is not a Mayday or PANPAN. Read the question, understand its implications
and then reply according to the rules and regulations. The emergency must fit into the
definition of Alert or Distress phase to be given its due status.

(Example: A bird hit need not necessarily mean an emergency and even if it does so not
necessarily a Mayday. Think, analyze and if it does merit as per definition then please take
action accordingly.)

51
PANPAN PANPAN PANPAN PANPAN Delhi Control AIR
INDIA 401 suspected Hydraulic System
failure. Position 60 nm due west of BBN now
at FL 370. Diverting to Varanasi.
ETA another 07 minutes AIR INDIA 401
PANPAN PANPAN PANPAN Varanasi
Control AIR INDIA 401 suspected Hydraulic
System failure. Position 60 nm due west
of BBN at FL 370. Diverting to Varanasi.
PAN PAN Varanasi Control Air India 401 Cancel PAN
CANCEL PAN Hydraulic system serviceable.
Permission to resume normal flight plan
and climb to FL 370.
Clear to climb to 370 report passing FL
240 Air India 401
MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY Gaya Tower AIR
INDIA 401 on 122.3. Port engine on Fire.
Losing height rapidly 60nm WNW of Gaya,
inbound Gaya FL 330 Will try and land at
Gaya.
MAYDAY Varanasi Tower AIR INDIA 401 stop
transmitting MAYDAY
MAYDAY all stations AIR INDIA 401 stop
Transmitting MAYDAY
CANCEL Gaya Tower AIR INDIA 401 CANCEL MAYDAY
MAYDAY Fire put off. Permission to resume normal
flight plan, at FL 250 request FL 370. 45nm
inbound to Gaya on Radial 280
Clear to climb to FL 370 Report passing FL
300. Air India 401
Prohibited MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY Delhi Approach
Area AI 506 Entered Prohibited area due weather
turning right hdg 200 (Too Zero Zero) at 3000
feet. Landing at Delhi.
Delhi Approach AI 506 QNH 1003 Rwy27.
Contact ATS on arrival. AI 506.
AIR INDIA 401 Delhi Control PAN PAN
copied and/or
AIR INDIA 401 Varanasi Control PAN PAN
copied, Wx Varanasi at 1000 hrs 4000 mtrs
in Haze RWY 27cleared for straight in you
are number one. Request ETA.
Note: If Delhi Control reads you, expect
coordination to be done with Varanasi. Else
lookout for other aircraft and continue giving
information of your intentions and position.
Air India 401 Varanasi control PAN PAN
cancelled. Clear to climb to 370 report passing
FL 240.
If you have descended due to an emergency, climb cannot
be initiated on your own, in controlled airspace. Due
permission is a must with full APTFN.
AIR INDIA 401 Gaya Tower MAYDAY
copied, Wx Gaya at 1030 hrs 5000 mtrs
Partly Cloudy RWY 27QNH 1014.
INDAIR 432 Varanasi Tower Roger
MAYDAY Out
Air India 401 Gaya Tower MAYDAY
Cancelled Clear to climb to FL 370 Report
passing FL 300
AI 506 Roger MAYDAY copied. QNH 1003
runway 27. Contact ATS on arrival.
52
 Lesson Plan 8

Air Report Delhi Control – VTABC reporting over VBC – Delhi control. Weather copied.
Lucknow 55, FL 320, estimating FIR Delhi Report for descent.
Kolkata 0305, Experiencing Severe
Turbulence, Air Temperature Minus 30, Spot
wind 160/45 Kts, Moderate icing. CB Cells all
around.
1 Landing Kolkata Control AIR INDIA 401 Crossed AIR INDIA 401 Kolkata Control runway 10
Instructions Dhanbad at 06, 120 DME from Kolkata FL 370 QNH 1011, Cleared to FL 210 report
request descent clearance reaching.
AIR INDIA 401 Cleared to descend FL 210,
runway 10, QNH 1011,.
Air India 401 reaching FL 210 request further Air India 401 continue descent to FL35
descent. report reaching. Transition Level FL 55.
Air India 401 Cleared to FL 35. TL 55
Air India 401 runway in sight, FL 35 request Air India 401Report Localizer established,
direct Final. final Number 1, QNH 1011, Wind 350 10
kts
Air India 401 Wildo, Final Number 1, QNH
1011
2 .ToD Kolkata Control AI - 432 Crossed Tepal at 06, AI 432 Kolkata Control runway 10 ILS Cat II
Info required is 120 DME from Kolkata FL 370 Top of Descent QNH 1011, Understand ATIS received?
Aerodrome Met
Minima, TL, at 14.
Rwy, Type of Affirm. Information Echo. Rwy10 ILS Cat II AI 432 Report Top of Descent
App and QFE QNH 1011.
AI 432 Wilco

53
54
 Lesson Plan 9
SIDs
Pilot ATC
1 Silchar Tower AI 411 ready for line up AI 411 Silchar follow Silchar 1. Show
request departure instructions. compliance
AI 411 to follow Silchar 1 and Show AI 411 Silchar Cleared for take off.
Compliance. Wildo AI 411 ready for
departure
2 Silchar AI 411 Climbing straight ahead. AI 411 Silchar Roger. Call established
Now passing 3000 feet turning right to Radial 035.
establish Radial 035.
Silchar AI 411 Established Radial 035 and AI 411 Silchar Roger.
at 5.5 DME now turning left for Radial 350
passing 4500 feet for 8100.
3 Silchar AI 411 On Radial 350 at 1.0 DME AI 411 Silchar copied standby for
turning left heading 310 to establish further climb. Or AI 411 copied,
Radial 280 for Whisky 55 passing 8100 cleared to climb unrestricted to Flight
feet for Flight level 140 request further Level 230.
climb.
Silchar AI 411 cleared to climb AI 411 Silchar Estimate copied.
unrestricted to Flight level 230. ETA
Imphal at 35.

55
 Lesson Plan 10
Circuit Pattern
Pilot ATC
1 VGI downwind VGI report final no 2. S/W 260 10
knots. One on final
Final no 2. In contact with no. 1 VGI
2 VGI downwind VGI report final no 3. S/W 260 10
knots. A/c ahead of you on base leg.
Final no 3. In contact with no. 2 VGI
3 VGI downwind VGI make a left 360 for delay due
traffic. Report downwind again.
Roger. Left 360 for delay. Will report
downwind.
4 VGI downwind VGI extend downwind leg due traffic
on long final Airbus Air India with
orange tail.
Roger. Maintaining downwind heading
traffic in sight.
5 VGM turning base in contact with aircraft VGM report final No. 2
on final
Final No.2 VGM
6 VFB final, three greens, full flaps, full stop VFB cleared to land. Winds calm.
7 VFB final, three greens, full flaps, full stop VFB continue approach one on runway.
VFB cleared to land
Cleared to land VFB
8 VFB final, three greens, full flaps, full stop VFB Go Around due dog on runway
VFB going around
9 VFB final, three greens, full flaps, full stop VFB Caution wind shear wind 240
degrees 15 knots. Cleared to land
Cleared to land. VFB
10 VFB final, three greens, full flaps, touch VFB cleared touch and go wind 240
and go degrees 15 knots.
Cleared touch and go VFB

56