APPLICATIONS OF

STRESS & ITS MECHANICAL PROPRTIES OF SOLIDS ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR

TYPES OF SOLIDS

(1) Stress is restoring force per When weight is suspended in beam,

unit area it Strouse buckling
(2) σ = F
A STRAIN & ITS ω 3
S=
4 bd3 y
(3) It is neither scalar nor TYPES
vector, l
(4) It’s unit is N/m2
POISSON'S RATIO d
(1) Ratio of change in configuration to
original configuration of body.

(2) It is a unit less quantity Ratio of lateral to longitudinal strain is

Poisson’s ratio
∆ configuration
W

(3) Strain = HOOKE'S LAW

original configuration − Σ lateral
σ= ( −1 ≤ σ ≤ 0.5)
Σ longitudnal • Extension is measured in ropes
• When load is applied to bodies up to certain of Cranes while load is suspended
NORMAL STRESS proportionality limit, stress is directly
proportional to strain.
`on it
mg
LINEAR STRAIN σ=
Relation between Y, B, η and Σ A
(1) Tensile stress is produced when • σ∝Σ (1) Y = 3B (1 - 2σ ),
axial force acts per unit Area. (1) Linear strain is the ratio of σ = stress produced in rope
(2) Y = 2n (1 + σ )
(2) This stress
change in length to original
length.
• σ ∝ YΣ
3B − 2n
results in
∆ σ (3) σ=
Elongation; (2) ∑= • y = , where Y is the proportionality Constant 2n + 6B
 Σ named as Young’s modules
VOLUMETRIC STRAIN
Li

F
(i) Ratio of change in volume to
F
original volume, A
(1) Compressive stress is produced sTRESS-STRAIN
when force compresses object ∆V GRAPH B TYPES OF
(ii) ∑=
V
F
per unit area. F
Slope of stress strain ELASTIC CONSTANTS

Stress
Lf
curve will be Young’s
(2) This stress modulus
σ
results in YOUNG’S MODULES =
Compression Σ
φ2
Limit of
φ1 • property of material, that tells how
Proportionality easily it can be stretched.
B Strain

VOLUMETRIC STRESS LATERAL STRAIN A

Elastic Limit • σ , E are normal stress and strains I - SHAPED BEAMS
respectively
• When object is immersed inside (1) Lateral strain is ratio of • I – shape of beams makes them

aw
the liquid, the hydrostatic change in breadth/ diameter sTRESS-STRAIN excellent for unidirectional

’s L
F Bi F Stress

ke
pressure decreases the volume to original breadth/ diameter, bending.

o
CURVE

Ho
of an object, that results the SHEAR MODULUS
`volumetric stress. (2) ∑ = ∆(Breadth / Diameter) • Use of rectangular shaped
• Ratio of shear stress by shear strain.
Breadth / Diameter F Bf F
• Unit is Pascal (Pa)
beams is not possible in railway
tracks as of improper load
O Strain
(3) Change occurs in the direction distribution
L
perpendicular to the applied
force. THERMAL STRESS −∆P
BULK MODULUS =
SHEAR STRAIN (i) energy stored due to elastic deformation. ∆V / V
(ii) Strain Energy density is energy per unit
(1) Angular deformation caused by volume. • measure of ability of material to
SHEAR STRESS THERMAL STRESS 1
shearing force is shearing strain. (iii) strain Energy per unit Volume = ×σ×Σ withstands the change in volume.
(1) Shear stress is produced when 2 • negative sign indicates decrease in ISOTHERMAL BULK MODULUS
(I) Difference in temperature of a rod
force acts tangentially to a results the change in configuration (2) tan θ = S / h 1 (σ) 2 volume
B=P
×
surface area. of it. This produces thermal stress. (3) For small change θ=S/h (iv) strain Energy per unit Volume =
2 y
(2) Deforming force acts

COMPRESSIBILITY = 1B
tangentially to the surface F L
ADIABATIC BULK MODULUS
= Y ∝ ∆T L

S A
F

tan θ = Shearing Area

h Shear Force h • Reciprocal of Bulk modulus
(I) B = YP,
h
(2) Y = Adiabatic constant
• Value depends on particle shape,
L F
L F density and chemical composition.

anand_mani16 DR. Anand Mani https://www.anandmani.com/ https://discord.io/anandmani t.me/anandmani001