Glycolysis MCQ Chapter 17

Chapter 17—Glycolysis
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Glycolysis
a. does not require O2 to generate energy.
b. requires O2 to generate energy.
c. is inhibited by O2.
d. rate is increased in the presence of O2.
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Overall Pathway
2. The fate of pyruvate produced during glycolysis depends primarily on the availability of
a. NAD+ to keep the pathway going.
b. molecular oxygen.
c. ADP for conversion to ATP.
d. coenzyme A for further metabolism of pyruvate.
e. phosphoric acid for the synthesis of ATP.
ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Overall Pathway
3. In aerobic metabolism, what is the fate of pyruvate produced by glycolysis?

a. Pyruvate loses carbon dioxide, and the remaining two carbon atoms become linked to
coenzyme A.
b. Pyruvate loses carbon dioxide, producing acetaldehyde, which, in turn, is reduced to
ethanol.
c. Pyruvate is reduced to lactate.
d. None of these
ANS: A PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 6e TOP: Overall Pathway
4. In humans, pyruvate can be converted to

a. acetyl-CoA only.
b. lactate only.
c. ethanol only.
d. acetyl-CoA and lactate.
ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Overall Pathway
5. Which of the following is not an end product of glucose metabolism via either aerobic or anaerobic
means?
a. ethanol
b. carbon dioxide
c. lactate
d. fructose
e. all of these are end products of glucose metabolism
ANS: D PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 7e TOP: Overall Pathway
6. What is the net ATP yield per glucose during glycolysis?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 6
ANS: B PTS: 1 OBJ: Modified from 5e
TOP: Overall Pathway
7. In the conversion of glucose to pyruvate, how many of the actual steps involve electron transfer?
a. none
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
e. 4
ANS: B PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 6e TOP: Overall Pathway
8. The order of compounds in the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid is as follows: (PEP =
phosphoenolpyruvate)
a. Fructose-bisphosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, 1,3-phosphoglyceric acid,
3-phosphoglyceric acid, PEP.
b. Fructose-6-phosphate, fructose-bisphosphate, PEP, 1,3-phosphoglyceric acid,
3-phosphoglyceric acid.
c. Fructose-6-phosphate, fructose-bisphosphate, 1,3-phosphoglyceric acid,
3-phosphoglyceric acid, PEP.
d. Fructose-6-phosphate, fructose-bisphosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric acid,
1,3-phosphoglyceric acid, PEP.
e. Fructose-bisphosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric acid,
1,3-phosphoglyceric acid, PEP.
ANS: C PTS: 1 TOP: Overall Pathway
9. Which of the following is not true?

a. Corn is the only source of biofuels
b. Biofuels are related to glycolysis because fermentation is an end process of anaerobic
glycolysis
c. Corn, wood, animal dung, and many other products can produce biofuels
d. Many carbohydrate sources can produce ethanol
ANS: A PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 7e TOP: Overall Pathway
10. Which of the following terms describes an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a
substrate?
a. kinase
b. isomerase
c. mutase
d. dehydrogenase
ANS: A PTS: 1 OBJ: Modified from 5e
TOP: Glucose to Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
11. The G values for glycolytic reactions at physiological conditions may be exergonic, even though the
G' at "standard" conditions, may be endergonic.
a. True
b. False
12. The reactions where glucose is converted to glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate is
converted to fructose 1,5-bisphosphate are examples of:
a. exergonic reactions
b. priming reactions
c. phosphorylation reactions
d. kinase reactions
e. all of these
ANS: E PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 7e
13. The phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate

a. is so strongly exergonic that it does not require a catalyst.
b. is an exergonic reaction not coupled to any other reaction.
c. is an endergonic reaction that takes place because it is coupled to the exergonic hydrolysis
of ATP.
d. is an exergonic reaction that is coupled to the endergonic hydrolysis of ATP.
ANS: C PTS: 1 TOP: Glucose to Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
14. The enzyme glucokinase

a. phosphorylates a number of different sugars, including glucose, fructose, and mannose.
b. specifically phosphorylates glucose rather than other sugars.
c. is the only kinase involved in glycolysis.
d. none of the above.
ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Glucose to Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
15. Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction shown?
a. an epimerase
b. an isomerase
c. a mutase
d. a dehydrogenase
16. The binding of glucose to hexokinase

a. is an example of lock-and-key binding of a substrate to the active site of an enzyme.
b. is an example of induced-fit binding of a substrate to the active site of an enzyme.
c. differs from the binding of substrates to other kinases.
d. is not well characterized.
17. The phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is the committed step in
glycolysis because
a. it is the rate-limiting step.
b. it is the most strongly exergonic step in the pathway.
c. fructose 1,6-bisphosphate can undergo no other reactions than those of glycolysis.
d. two phosphate groups are involved.
18. Which of the following sugars can be a substrate for hexokinase?

a. glucose
b. fructose
c. mannose
d. all of these
e. none of these
ANS: D PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 6e
19. Which of the following enzymes interconverts an aldose and a ketose?

a. kinase
b. isomerase
c. mutase
d. dehydrogenase
e. phosphorylase
ANS: B PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 6e
20. Which enzyme is the key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis?

a. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
b. Enolase
c. Phosphofructokinase
d. Aldolase
ANS: C PTS: 1 OBJ: Modified from 5e
21. Which of the following exercise(s) allosteric control in the reaction of phosphofructokinase?
a. ATP
b. fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
c. both of these
d. neither of these
22. The reaction of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to give glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone

phosphate is an example of
a. a reverse aldol condensation.
b. hydrolysis.
c. oxidation.
d. dehydration.
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Glucose to Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
23. The equilibrium for isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is
favored because
a. the standard free energy is negative
b. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is being continuously drained off for the subsequent reaction
in the glycolytic pathway
c. the value of the equilibrium constant favors the reaction
d. it is driven by the hydrolysis of ATP
24. The isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to give glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

a. is catalyzed by the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase.
b. requires several enzymes.
c. requires coenzyme A.
d. requires thiamine pyrophosphate.
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Glucose to Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
25. The step that commits the cell to metabolize glucose is catalyzed by
a. hexokinase.
b. phosphoglucomutase.
c. aldolase.
d. phosphofructokinase.
ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Glucose to Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
26. The equilibrium for the formation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate from dihydroxyacetone phosphate is
driven by
a. the negative free energy change for the reaction.
b. having the product of the reaction continuously consumed.
c. coupling to ATP hydrolysis.
d. none of these
27. Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the cleavage of fructose bisphosphate into two 3-carbon
units?
a. Aldolase
b. Enolase
c. An isomerase
d. A mutase
e. None of these enzymes carries out that reaction.

a. Every reaction in a metabolic pathway must have a negative G, or the pathway cannot
run.
b. the reaction with the largest negative ΔG is the hexokinase reaction
c. the overall pathway of glycolysis has a negative ΔG
d. all of these are true
ANS: A PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 7e
29. Which of the following terms describes an enzyme that catalyzes electron transfer reactions?
a. dehydrogenase
b. isomerase
c. kinase
d. phosphatase
TOP: Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate to Pyruvate
30. Which of the following enzymes forms a thioester using a cysteine residue as a key intermediate?
a. hexokinase
b. triose phosphate isomerase
c. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
d. enolase
ANS: C PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 6e
31. In glycolysis, ATP is synthesized by

a. substrate-level phosphorylation.
b. oxidative phosphorylation.
c. photophosphorylation.
d. both substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation.
e. all three of the above methods.
32. Which group of small molecules best fit the boxes associated with the reaction shown?
a b c
I. ATP ADP H2O
II. NADH NAD+ Pi
III. NAD+ NADH H2O
IV. NAD+ NADH Pi
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. IV
ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate to Pyruvate
33. What kind of enzyme catalyzes the reaction shown?

a. an epimerase
b. an isomerase
c. a mutase
d. a dehydrogenase
34. Enolase catalyzes

a. the cleavage of fructose bisphosphate into two 3-carbon units.
b. the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate.
c. the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate.
d. the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate.
35. The nicotinamide-binding region in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is similar to all other

NAD binding domains.
a. True
b. False
36. During glycolysis, ATP is synthesized from ADP and a phosphate group transferred from an acid
anhydride.
a. True
b. False
37. What is the name of the pictured glycolytic intermediate?
a. 1-phosphoglycerate
b. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
c. dihydroxyacetone phosphate
d. 3-phosphoglycerate
38. Which of the following is required for substrate-level phosphorylation?

a. The substrate must contain multiple phosphate groups.
b. Molecular oxygen must present.
c. The standard free energy of the hydrolysis reaction is more negative than that for
hydrolysis of the new phosphate compound being formed.
d. All of the above are necessary for substrate-level phosphorylation.
39. Which enzyme catalyzes reaction the reaction shown?
a. enolase
b. pyruvate dehydrogenase
c. pyruvate kinase
d. phosphoglycerate mutase
ANS: C PTS: 1 TOP: Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate to Pyruvate
40. The amino acid cysteine is important in adding a second phosphate to glyceraldehyde phosphate in the
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction.
a. True
b. False
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate to Pyruvate
41. Which of the following enzymes of glycolysis is not involved in regulation of the pathway?
a. Hexokinase
b. Phosphofructokinase
c. Aldolase
d. Pyruvate kinase
e. All of these proteins regulate glycolysis.
42. Which of the following glycolytic enzymes forms a mixed anhydride from phosphoric acid?
a. hexokinase.
b. phosphofructokinase.
c. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
d. phosphoglycerate kinase.
e. pyruvate kinase.
43. How many enzymes of glycolysis are control points for the pathway?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. All the enzymes serve as control points.
44. Which of the following enzymes catalyzes a dehydration reaction?

a. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
b. Enolase
c. Phosphofructokinase
d. Aldolase
ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate to Pyruvate
45. In the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

a. an alcohol group is phosphorylated.
b. an alcohol is oxidized to an aldehyde.
c. an alcohol is oxidized to a carboxylic acid.
d. an aldehyde is oxidized to a carboxylic acid.
46. An enzyme not involved in the control of glycolysis is

a. hexokinase.
b. triose phosphate isomerase.
c. pyruvate kinase.
d. phosphofructokinase.
47. How many different reactions involve substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 6
48. The reduction of pyruvate to lactate

a. allows for recycling of NAD+.
b. is the process that aids in the recovery of sore muscles after exercise.
c. is accompanied by phosphorylation of ADP.
d. does not occur in aerobic organisms.
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Anaerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate
49. Anaerobic metabolism can occur in all these organisms or cells, except:
a. Yeast
b. Red blood cells
c. Muscle tissue that is working very fast
d. Lactobacillus in milk
e. Anaerobic metabolism can occur in all of these.
ANS: E PTS: 1 TOP: Anaerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate
50. Which of the following enzymes of anaerobic metabolism is not tetrameric?

a. Hexokinase
b. Phosphofructokinase
c. Pyruvate kinase
d. Lactate Dehydrogenase
TOP: Anaerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate

a. Multiple isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase are used as clinical means for diagnosing
heart attacks.
b. Two enzymes involved in anaerobic glycolysis are found as isozymes with 5 different
forms
c. The M4 version of lactate dehydrogenase predominates in heart tissue
d. After a myocardial infarction, the blood serum levels of MH3 and H4 isozymes increase
52. During anaerobic metabolism in yeast, the carbons of glucose end up in

a. CO2.
b. ethanol.
c. lactic acid.
d. both CO2 and ethanol.
e. all of these
ANS: D PTS: 1 OBJ: Modified from 5e
53. Which of the following enzymes relies on thiamine pyrophosphate as a cofactor?

a. pyruvate decarboxylase
b. pyruvate kinase
c. lactate dehydrogenase
d. enolase
54. Fetal alcohol syndrome

a. can be prevented by administering large doses of vitamin B1 to pregnant women
b. can be prevented by administering large doses of the vitamin niacin (nicotinic acid) to
pregnant women
c. can be reversed by administering acetaldehyde
d. can be detected by measuring the level of acetaldehyde in the bloodstream of a pregnant
woman
ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Anaerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate
55. During anaerobic metabolism in red blood cells, the carbons of glucose end up in
a. CO2.
b. ethanol.
c. lactic acid.
d. both CO2 and ethanol.
e. all of the above.
ANS: C PTS: 1 TOP: Anaerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate
56. Alcohol dehydrogenase resembles lactate dehydrogenase in that it
a. is nonallosteric.
b. is a dimer.
c. uses NAD+ as a coenzyme.
d. is not found in aerobic organisms.
57. Thiamine pyrophosphate is a coenzyme

a. frequently encountered in oxidation-reduction reactions.
b. required for the phosphorylation of ADP.
c. involved in transfers of two-carbon groups.
d. involved in transfers of one-carbon groups.
58. The fate of NADH from glycolysis depends on whether conditions are anaerobic or aerobic.
a. True
b. False
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Anaerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate
59. Methanol is extremely toxic, but not directly. In the body, it is converted into formaldehyde; that's
what's actually the poison. What kind of enzyme catalyses this conversion?
a. a kinase
b. an isomerase
c. a mutase
d. a dehydrogenase
ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Anaerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate
60. The percentage of energy captured as ATP during the conversion of glucose to lactate is closest to
a. 10%.
b. 30%.
c. 50%.
d. 75%.
e. 90%.
TOP: Energy Yield From Glycolysis
61. Consider the following information:
phosphoenolpyruvate  pyruvate G' = 61.9 kJ/mol

ADP + Pi  ATP G' = +30.5 kJ/mol
How many molecules of ATP might theoretically have been produced when coupled to the conversion
of one molecule phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Energy Yield From Glycolysis
62. If glycolysis did not lead to the production of ATP, the overall process would
a. release less energy
b. release more energy
c. absorb energy
d. not take place in aerobic organisms
ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Energy Yield From Glycolysis
63. When humans consume ethanol, the first step in its metabolism is:
a. conversion to lactate
b. conversion to acetaldehyde
c. conversion to acetone
d. production of fat
Chapter 18—Storage Mechanisms and Control in Carbohydrate Metabolism
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following statements concerning branched polymers like glycogen is false?
a. Branched polymers are more accessible to enzymes since they bond more water.
b. All of the reducing ends of the branched polymer are available to release glucose.
c. All of the non-reducing ends of the branched polymer are available to release glucose.
d. A branched polymer like glycogen is more compact and stores more glucose molecules in
a given volume.
TOP: Glycogen Metabolism
2. What is the average chain length of the branches in glycogen?

a. 6 glucose residues
b. 13 glucose residues
c. 25 glucose residues
d. 50 glucose residues
e. 100 glucose residues
ANS: B PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 6e TOP: Glycogen Metabolism
3. Glycogen is mainly found in

a. liver and muscle.
b. liver and brain.
c. muscle and brain.
d. liver, muscle, and brain.
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Glycogen Metabolism
4. Which of the following best describes how liver supplies other tissues with the glucose it releases from
its stored glycogen?
a. It releases short chains of glucose residues into the blood.
b. It releases glucose-1-phosphate into the blood.
c. It releases glucose-6-phosphate into the blood.
d. It releases glucose into the blood.
ANS: D PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 6e TOP: Glycogen Metabolism
5. The enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate is

a. a hydrolase.
b. a phosphorylase.
c. a mutase.
d. a dehydrogenase.
ANS: C PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 6e TOP: Glycogen Metabolism
6. Glycolysis that starts with glycogen instead of glucose can be considered to have a higher energy yield
because:
a. Phosphorolysis reactions cleave bonds with phosphate instead of water.
b. Phosphorylase is a better enzyme than hexokinase
c. Phosphorylase produces a glucose phosphate without spending an ATP to do it
d. All of these
ANS: C PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 7e TOP: Glycogen Metabolism
7. Which enzyme cleaves the (1  6) bonds in glycogen?

a. glycogen phosphorylase
b. debranching enzyme
c. phosphoglucomutase
d. glycogen synthase
e. There are no (1  6) bonds in glycogen.
8. What kind of reaction is used to release glucose units from glycogen?

a. hydrolysis
b. phosphorolysis
c. dehydration
d. oxidation
9. The enzyme glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes a reaction in

a. the formation of glycogen from glucose.
b. glycogen breakdown.
c. gluconeogenesis.
d. the pentose phosphate pathway.
ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Glycogen Metabolism
10. If an individual lacked the debranching enzyme, the effect would be:
a. the individual could not make glycogen
b. the individual could make glycogen but not store it
c. the individual would not be able to utilize any glucose from glycogen
d. the individual would not be able to completely break down a glycogen molecule
e. none of these
11. Which of the following best describes the function of debranching enzyme?
a. It simply cleaves (1  6) bonds in glycogen via phosphorolysis.
b. It transfers a set of three glucose residues from a limit branch and then cleaves the (1 
6) bond via phosphorylsis.
c. It simply cleaves (1  6) bonds in glycogen via hydrolysis.
d. It transfers a set of three glucose residues from a limit branch and then cleaves the (1 
6) bond via hydrolysis.
12. The compound uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) plays a role in

a. glycogen breakdown.
b. glycogen synthesis.
c. glycolysis.
d. gluconeogenesis.
13. The activity of glycogen phosphorylase depends on

a. allosteric control
b. covalent modification
c. both of these
d. neither of these
ANS: C PTS: 1 TOP: Glycogen Metabolism
14. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity is found associated with the endoplasmic reticulum.

a. True
b. False
15. How are the branches in glycogen produced?

a. A branching enzyme catalyses the addition of a single glucose unit via an (1,6) bond to
glycogen from a glucose-1-phosphate, releasing Pi.
b. A branching enzyme catalyses the addition of a single glucose unit via an (1,6) bond to
glycogen from a glucose-6-phosphate, releasing Pi.
c. A branching enzyme catalyses the addition of a single glucose unit via an (1,6) bond to
glycogen from a glucose-UDP, releasing UDP.
d. A branching enzyme moves a short chain of several glucose units from a linear (1,4)
section of glycogen to make a new (1,6) branch point.
ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Glycogen Metabolism
16. UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase works by this mechanism:

a. It adds a phosphate group to glucose from UTP, leaving behind UDP.
b. It adds a UMP molecule to glucose-1-phosphate by splitting out pyrophosphate.
c. It adds a pyrophosphate group to glucose, using UTP.
d. It adds a UDP molecule to glucose by splitting out phosphate.
17. Which of the following reactions occur when a single glucose residue is transferred from UDP-glucose
to a growing glycogen molecule?
a. UDP is released.
b. The glucose can be attached to a #4 carbon atom in the glycogen molecule.
c. UDP is released and the glucose is attached to a #4 carbon.
d. All of these events can occur when a single glucose residue is added.
18. Glycogen phosphorylase

a. exists in two forms, phosphorylase a and phosphorylase b
b. responds differently to allosteric effectors in its phosphorylated and dephosphorylated
forms
c. both of these
d. neither of these
19. Starting from glucose and UTP and ATP, how many high-energy bonds are broken/consumed to add
that glucose to a glycogen molecule?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. The answer cannot be determined form the information given.
20. When glycogen synthase is phosphorylated

a. its activity decreases.
b. its activity increases.
c. its activity is unaffected.
d. That enzyme doesn't get phosphorylated.
21. When glycogen phosphorylase is phosphorylated

a. its activity decreases.
b. its activity increases.
c. its activity is unaffected.
d. That enzyme doesn't get phosphorylated.
22. Where is the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase located?

a. cytosol
b. mitochondria
c. endoplasmic reticulum
d. none of these
23. Glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase

a. are not activated simultaneously
b. are activated simultaneously under special circumstances
c. can be activated simultaneously under any circumstances
d. are involved in catalysis of the same process
24. Glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase

a. are modified by the same enzymes
b. are not subject to allosteric control
c. are not subject to covalent modification
d. none of these
25. Hydrolysis of pyrophosphate is an important energy driving force in the synthesis of glycogen.
a. True
b. False
26. Which of the following is not a control mechanism for glycogen phosphorylase?
a. Covalent modification.
b. Inhibition by glucose.
c. Subunit association and dissociation.
d. Allosteric stimulation by AMP.
e. All of these mechanisms regulate the activity of glycogen synthase.
27. Of the various forms of glycogen phosphorylase, the most active would be:
a. the phosphorylated R form
b. the unphosphorylated R form
c. the phosphorylated T form
d. the unphosphorylated T form
e. all of the forms have the same activity
ANS: A PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 7e TOP: Glycogen Metabolism
28. Branching and debranching enzymes use the exact same mechanism to add and remove the branches
of the glycogen polymer.
a. True
b. False
29. The same enzymes are responsible for covalent modifications of both glycogen synthase and glycogen
phosphorylase in regulating their activity.
a. True
b. False
30. Generally speaking, the same mechanisms that activate glycogen phosphorylase will turn off glycogen
synthase.
a. True
b. False
31. Which of the following is not an advantage that glycogen provides to muscle cells in which it is
stored?
a. It is available for quick energy spurts.
b. It requires no energy to mobilize the glucose residues for metabolism.
c. It gives anaerobic metabolism a boost.
d. It draws more water into the cells than glucose would.
e. All of these are advantages that glycogen provides to muscle cells.
32. Glycogen loading is particularly advantageous for providing energy for long distance athletic events,
such as running the marathon.
a. True
b. False
33. Properly used, glycogen loading by athletes is a safe process.

a. True
b. False
34. Which of the following molecules does not directly regulate the activity of glycogen synthase?
a. Glucose
b. Glucose-6-phosphate
c. AMP
d. ATP
e. Concentration of all of these affects glycogen synthase.
35. There is as much energy used to add a phosphate group by means of phosphorolysis, as the energy
required adding a phosphate using ATP.
a. True
b. False
36. Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of

a. glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
b. glycogen from glucose
c. pyruvate from glucose
d. fatty acids from glucose
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Gluconeogenesis
37. Gluconeogenesis differs from glycolysis because

a. the irreversible steps of glycolysis are bypassed
b. different enzymes are involved
c. biotin is required for gluconeogenesis and not for glycolysis
d. all of these
ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Gluconeogenesis
38. Which enzyme is used in gluconeogenesis, but NOT in glycolysis?

a. PEP carboxykinase
b. enolase
c. phosphohexose isomerase
d. 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase
39. The enzyme pyruvate carboxylase

a. is not subject to allosteric control
b. requires biotin for activity
c. catalyzes a reaction that does not require ATP
d. is inhibited by acetyl-CoA
ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Gluconeogenesis
40. In which cellular compartment is pyruvate carboxylase found?
a. cytosol
b. mitochondria
c. endoplasmic reticulum
d. nucleus
ANS: B PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 6e TOP: Gluconeogenesis
41. Which of the following statements concerning biotin and gluconeogenesis is false?
a. Biotin is used to add CO2 to certain intermediates in gluconeogenesis.
b. CO2 is incorporated into the glucose product.
c. Biotin is capable of binding covalently to CO2.
d. Biotin helps synthesize an important precursor of phosphoenolpyruvate.
e. ATP hydrolysis is required to attach CO2 to biotin.
TOP: Gluconeogenesis
42. The regulatory enzymes in gluconeogenesis are

a. hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase
b. glucose-6-kinase, aldolase, and enolase
c. glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, pyruvate carboxylase, and
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
d. pyruvate carboxylase, aldolase, and phosphofructokinase
ANS: C PTS: 1 TOP: Gluconeogenesis
43. In gluconeogenesis, the initial reaction converts pyruvate to

a. oxaloacetate
b. acetyl-CoA
c. phosphoenolpyruvate
d. lactate
44. The first reaction of gluconeogenesis is

a. an oxidative decarboxylation
b. a carboxylation
c. a redox reaction
d. a phosphate transfer
45. Which nucleotide triphosphate is hydrolysed in the conversion of oxaloacetate to

phosphoenolpyruvate?
a. ATP
b. GTP
c. CTP
d. UTP
e. No nucleotide triphosphate is hydrolysed.
ANS: B PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 6e TOP: Gluconeogenesis
46. The NADH used for the reduction reactions during gluconeogenesis usually come from this reaction:
a. Gylceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
b. Malate dehydrogenase activity in the cytoplasm.
c. Pyruvate carboxylase activity in the mitochondria.
d. A variety of reactions which produce NADH in the mitochondria.
e. None of these, since it is NAD+ that is used in gluconeogenesis.
47. Which of the following is true?

a. Gluconeogenesis from pyruvate involves simple reversal of all of the glycolysis reactions,
except for the reactions that consumed ATP during catabolism.
b. Anabolic reactions are usually the reversal of catabolic ones
c. In gluconeogenesis, the effective reversal of the glycolytic reactions of hexokinase and
phosphofructokinase involve the same sugar molecules but not the exact set of substrates
and products
d. all of these are true
ANS: C PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 7e TOP: Gluconeogenesis
48. How many ATP equivalents are expended to convert 2 pyruvates to 1 glucose?
a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
ANS: C PTS: 1 TOP: Gluconeogenesis
49. It is impossible to reverse any kinase reaction under physiological conditions.

a. True
b. False
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
50. In general, opposing pathways, such as glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are not exact reversals of each
other.
a. True
b. False
TOP: Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
51. The formation and breakdown of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate

a. is catalyzed by the same protein dependant upon whether it is phosphorylated or not.
b. is catalyzed by the same protein dependant allosteric regulators.
c. is catalyzed by different proteins.
52. High concentrations of fructose-2,6-bisphopshate

a. stimulate glycolysis and inhibit gluconeogenesis.
b. inhibit glycolysis and stimulate gluconeogenesis.
c. stimulate both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
d. inhibit both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
53. The activity of the enzyme fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase is
a. inhibited by ATP.
b. stimulated by AMP.
c. inhibited by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.
d. not subject to allosteric control.
ANS: C PTS: 1 TOP: Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
54. In the process of substrate cycling

a. different organs are responsible for the synthesis and breakdown of the same substance.
b. there is no net consumption of ATP.
c. allosteric control is not involved.
d. different enzymes, subject to independent control, are responsible for the synthesis and
breakdown of the same substance.
ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
55. The molecule fructose 2,6-bisphosphate:

a. is an intermediate in glycolysis
b. is an intermediate of gluconeogenesis but not glycolysis
c. does not exist
d. is an important regulatory molecule in the control of carbohydrate metabolism
e. none of these
56. Which of the following is not true concerning control of pyruvate kinase?
a. The phosphorylated form is less active
b. It is inhibited by ATP
c. It is activated by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
d. It is inhibited by low blood glucose levels
e. All of these
ANS: E PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 7e
57. The enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase is only found in cells which have this function or ability:
a. Ability to utilize glucose anaerobically.
b. Ability to replenish the levels of glucose in the blood.
c. Glycogen storage.
d. Ability to produce lactic acid as an end product of metabolism.
e. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity is found in almost all types of cells.
ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
58. If you're running away from a bear,

a. both your liver cells and my leg muscle cells will be running glycolysis.
b. both your liver cells and my leg muscle cells will be running gluconeogenesis.
c. your liver cells will be running gluconeogenesis and your leg muscle cells will be running
glycolysis.
d. your liver cells will be running glycolysis and your leg muscle cells will be running
gluconeogenesis.
59. In the Cori cycle
a. lactic acid is transported from the liver to muscle by the blood.
b. lactic acid is transported from the liver to the kidneys by the blood.
c. glycolysis takes place in muscle and gluconeogenesis in the liver.
d. glycolysis takes place in the liver and gluconeogenesis in muscle.
60. The process called substrate cycling is used to describe this process:
a. Freely reversible reactions.
b. Recycling of vitamins as catalysts in metabolism
c. Situations where there are two different enzymes used to reverse a specific step in a
metabolic pathway.
d. Metabolic pathways which run in cycles and regenerate the initial molecule.
e. None of these answers describes substrate cycling.
61. The Cori cycle involves the following:

a. Conversion of lactate produced in the liver by regeneration of glucose in the muscle.
b. Conversion of pyruvate produced in the muscle by regeneration of glucose in the liver.
c. Conversion of lactate produced in the muscle by regeneration of glucose in the liver.
d. Conversion of NADH produced in the muscle by regeneration of glucose in the liver.
e. The Cori cycle involves a different pathway from any of these.
62. Which of the following mechanisms can be used to regulate metabolic pathways?
a. Allosteric activators and inhibitors.
b. Covalent modifications of enzymes.
c. Use of separate enzymes at a given point in the forward and backward pathways.
d. Regulation of the genes for the enzymes used in the pathway.
e. All of these are used to regulate metabolism.
ANS: E PTS: 1 OBJ: Modified from 5e
63. The liver contains a special enzyme, hexokinase, to act as a backup for glucokinase when the glucose
levels in the body get very high.
a. True
b. False
64. The primary function of the pentose phosphate pathway is

a. to synthesize NAD+ and pentose phosphates.
b. to synthesize NADPH and pentose phosphates.
c. to produce NADH.
d. to convert pentose phosphates to metabolic intermediates for oxidative phosphorylation.
ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Pentose Phosphate Pathway
65. During the pentose phosphate pathway (glucose-6-P  ribose-5-P), is there a net oxidation of the
substrate carbon atoms?
a. Yes.
b. No.
c. It depends on whether the process is under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
d. It depends on the species doing the process.
e. It depends on whether the glucose goes through the oxidative part of the pathway or not.
ANS: E PTS: 1 OBJ: Modified in 7e
TOP: Pentose Phosphate Pathway
66. What kind of enzyme catalyzes the following reaction?
ribose-5-P  ribulose-5-P
a. transketolase
b. epimerase
c. transaldolase
d. isomerase
ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Pentose Phosphate Pathway
67. What kind of enzyme catalyzes the reaction ribulose-5-P  xylulose-5-P?

a. transketolase
b. epimerase
c. transaldolase
d. isomerase
68. Which of the following statements concerning the initial phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is
false?
a. A CO2 molecule is released from glucose.
b. Two molecules of NADPH are produced per glucose.
c. Ribulose-5-phosphate is produced by an oxidative decarboxylation of
6-phosphogluconate.
d. The process reduces glucose-6-phosphate.
TOP: Pentose Phosphate Pathway
69. In one normal cycle of the pentose phosphate pathway, the enzyme transaldolase is used twice and the
enzyme transketolase is used once.
a. True
b. False
70. The oxidative reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway

a. produce NADPH rather than NADH.
b. require biotin.
c. require coenzyme A.
d. require thiamine pyrophosphate.
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Pentose Phosphate Pathway
71. The conversion of ribulose 5-phosphate to xylulose 5-phosphate is

a. a dehydration
b. an oxidation
c. a reduction
d. an epimerization
72. A characteristic of the reaction catalyzed by transaldolase is

a. transfer of a three-carbon unit
b. transfer of a two-carbon unit
c. a requirement for TPP as a coenzyme
d. an energy requirement for oxidative decarboxylation
73. Which of the following molecules is not a product of the pentose phosphate pathway?
a. NADPH
b. ribose-5-phosphate
c. glycerate-3-phosphate
d. xylulose-5-phosphate
ANS: C PTS: 1 TOP: Pentose Phosphate Pathway
74. Control of the entry of glucose or fructose into the oxidative portions of the pentose phosphate
pathway is mostly dependent on a cell's need for NADPH, rather than on the cell's need for pentoses.
a. True
b. False
75. The enzyme phosphopentose isomerase is characterized by all the following except
a. it catalyzes the interconversion of ribose-5-phosphate and ribulose-5-phosphate
b. there is no requirement for ATP
c. it converts a ketose to an aldose
d. it catalyzes an inversion of configuration at carbon-3
76. In addition to pentoses, the pentose phosphate pathway involves sugars of all these sizes except:
a. 3 carbons
b. 4 carbons
c. 6 carbons
d. 7 carbons
e. All of these sizes are used in this pathway.
ANS: E PTS: 1 TOP: Pentose Phosphate Pathway
77. The vitamin thiamine is important in transferring all of these types of groups, except:
a. 2-carbon sugar fragments
b. 3-carbon sugar fragments
c. 4-carbon sugar fragments
d. Sugar fragments which contain a carbonyl group (C=O).
e. Thiamine can transfer all of these types of groups.
ANS: E PTS: 1 TOP: Pentose Phosphate Pathway
78. All of the following sugar rearrangements are part of the pentose phosphate pathway, except.
a. C5 + C5  C7 + C3
b. C5 + C5  C6 + C4
c. C7 + C3  C6 + C4
d. C5 + C4  C6 + C3
e. All of these rearrangements occur in the pentose phosphate pathway.
79. Hemolytic anemia is associated with the pentose phosphate pathway because:
a. a deficiency of this pathway leads to a lack of NADPH in red blood cells
b. NADPH is required to reduce glutathione
c. Red blood cells have minimal resources for maintaining an oxidative balance
d. all of these
Chapter 19—The Citric Acid Cycle
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The citric acid cycle is the only metabolic pathway that can be used both as an anabolic and as a
catabolic pathway.
a. True
b. False
ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Citric Acid Cycle's Role in Metabolism
2. Which of the following statements concerning the citric acid cycle as the central metabolic pathway is
true?
a. It is involved in the metabolism of sugars and amino acids.
b. It is involved in the metabolism of amino acids and lipids.
c. It links anaerobic metabolism to aerobic metabolism.
d. Many of its intermediates are starting points for synthesis of a variety of compounds.
e. All of these are reasons why the citric acid cycle is considered to be the central pathway.
TOP: Citric Acid Cycle's Role in Metabolism
3. The citric acid cycle is amphibolic, meaning

a. it plays a role in both anabolism and catabolism.
b. it is essentially irreversible.
c. it can operate both in the presence and absence of oxygen.
d. it can oxidize carbons and nitrogens equally well.
TOP: Citric Acid Cycle's Role in Metabolism
4. Which enzymes in the citric acid cycle catalyze oxidative decarboxylation reactions?
a. isocitrate dehydrogenase and the -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
b. aconitase and succinate dehydrogenase
c. the -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and succinate thiokinase
d. fumarase and succinate dehydrogenase
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Overall Pathway
5. In which cellular location do the majority of the reactions of the citric acid cycle take place?
a. the cytosol.
b. the mitochondrial matrix.
c. the endoplasmic reticulum.
d. lysosomes.
6. The immediate electron acceptor for the majority of the oxidative reactions of the citric acid cycle is
a. ATP.
b. NAD.
c. FAD.
d. coenzyme A.
7. The reaction of the citric acid cycle that does not take place in the mitochondrial matrix is the one
catalyzed by:
a. fumarase
b. citrate synthase
c. isocitrate dehydrogenase
d. succinate dehydrogenase
e. All of these reactions take place in the matrix
ANS: D PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 7e TOP: Overall Pathway
8. Which of the following is not a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

a. pyruvate dehydrogenase
b. dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
c. dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
d. pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
e. aconitase
ANS: E PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 7e TOP: Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA
9. Thiamine pyrophosphate carries a ____ carbon unit.

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
ANS: B PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 6e TOP: Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA
10. The acetyl group is carried on lipoic acid as

a. an alcohol.
b. a thioester.
c. a phosphoanhydride.
d. an amide.
ANS: B PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 6e TOP: Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA
11. Which of the following vitamins and enzyme cofactors are used by the pyruvate dehydrogenase
complex during oxidative decarboxylation?
a. Lipoic Acid.
b. Niacin.
c. Pantothenic Acid.
d. Thiamine.
e. All of these
TOP: Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA
12. Which of the following is not a reaction occurring during oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate?
a. Removal of CO2.
b. Oxidation of an acetate group.
c. Addition of Coenzyme A to a 2-carbon fragment.
d. Reduction of NAD+
e. All of these reactions take place during oxidative decarboxylation.
TOP: Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA
13. The enzymes involved in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex are
a. physically separated from each other
b. crosslinked to each other by lipoic acid linkers
c. covalently bonded to coenzyme A
d. associated with each other in a cubical array
ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA
14. Lipoic acid is a required vitamin in the human diet.

a. True
b. False
ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA
15. Each of the enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex requires a different vitamin.
a. True
b. False
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA
a b
I. ADP + 2 Pi ATP
II. NAD+ NADH
III. NADP+ NADPH
IV. FAD FADH2
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. IV
ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
17. The reactions in which succinate is converted to oxaloacetate are, in order

a. an oxidation, a dehydration, and an oxidation
b. three successive oxidation reactions
c. an oxidative decarboxylation, a dehydration, and a condensation
d. a condensation, a dehydration, and an oxidative decarboxylation
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
18. All but one of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle are found in this part of the mitochondrion:
a. The outer membrane.
b. The inner membrane.
c. The mitochondrial matrix.
d. The intermembrane space.
e. It is not known where these enzymes are located.
ANS: C PTS: 1 TOP: Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
19. Which of the following enzymes contains a non-heme iron?

a. citrate synthase
b. succinyl-CoA synthetase
c. succinate dehydrogenase
d. fumarase
a b
I. ADP + 2 Pi ATP
II. NAD+ NADH
III. ATP ADP + 2 Pi
IV. FAD FADH2
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. IV
ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
a b
I. NAD+ NADH
II. NADP+ NADPH
III. ADP + Pi ATP
IV. FAD FADH2
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. IV
22. Which of the following reactions involves substrate-level phosphorylation?

a. isocitrate  -ketoglutarate
b. citrate  isocitrate
c. succinate  fumarate
d. succinyl-CoA  succinate
TOP: Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
a. isocitrate dehydrogenase
b. malate dehydrogenase
c. fumarase
24. Which coenzyme listed below is not associated with the -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex?
a. thiamine pyrophosphate
b. lipoic acid
c. biotin
d. NAD+
25. Which of the following enzymes is the only membrane-bound enzyme in the citric acid cycle?
a. Aconitase.
b. IsoCitrate Dehydrogenase.
c. Succinate Dehydrogenase.
d. Malate Dehydrogenase.
e. Alpha-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase complex.
26. The iron ion, which is part of succinate dehydrogenase, is bonded to heme.
a. True
b. False

b. malate dehydrogenase
c. fumarase
a. succinyl-CoA synthetase
b. succinate dehydrogenase
c. pyruvate dehydrogenase
d. -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
29. When acetyl-CoA reacts with oxaloacetate to form citrate

a. a new carbon-carbon bond is formed
b. an oxidative decarboxylation reaction takes place
c. a dehydration reaction takes place
d. a rearrangement takes place
30. The order of compounds and intermediates found in the citric acid cycle is as follows:
a. IsoCitrate  Aconitate  -Ketoglutarate  Fumarate  Malate  Oxaloacetate
b. Aconitate  IsoCitrate  Oxaloacetate  -Ketoglutarate  Malate  Fumarate
c. Aconitate  IsoCitrate  -Ketoglutarate  Fumarate  Malate  Oxaloacetate
d. Aconitate  IsoCitrate  -Ketoglutarate  Malate  Fumarate  Oxaloacetate
e. IsoCitrate  Aconitate  -Ketoglutarate  Malate  Oxaloacetate  Fumarate
31. Release of succinate from succinyl-CoA can be coupled to GTP synthesis because:
a. The amide bond between succinate and CoA has a large G of hydrolysis.
b. The thioester bond between succinate and CoA has a large G of hydrolysis.
c. The link between succinate and CoA involves an acid anhydride to phosphate.
d. Coenzyme A is a "high energy" compound, just like GTP.
e. None of these explains why GTP can be formed during this reaction.
32. The only difference between succinate and fumarate is the geometry around their double bonds, one
contains a cis double bond and the other contains a trans double bond.
a. True
b. False
33. The enzyme "aconitase" is also known as "condensing enzyme"

a. True
b. False
34. Fluorine is related to the citric acid cycle because:

a. fluoroacetyl-CoA is also a substrate for citrate synthase
b. fluoroacetate, found in poisonous plants, acts as an inhibitor of aconitase
c. fluorocitrate acts as a potent inhibitor of the citric acid cycle
d. all of these
35. Which of the reactions of the citric acid cycle requires FAD as a coenzyme?
a. the conversion of isocitrate to -ketoglutarate
b. the conversion of citrate to isocitrate
c. the conversion of succinate to fumarate
d. the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate
36. The conversion of citrate to isocitrate is remarkable because

a. it is a condensation reaction.
b. a chiral center is introduced in a molecule that did not have one previously.
c. a dehydration reaction is involved.
d. the enzyme that catalyzes it has very little specificity.
37. In the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate, GTP is produced from GDP in a reaction in which the
source of the added phosphate is
a. ATP.
b. ADP.
c. phosphenolpyruvate.
d. inorganic phosphate ion.
38. Which of the following enzymes does not use NAD+ for oxidation?
a. Alpha-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase complex.
e. All of these enzymes use NAD+
39. Which of these enzymes is most similar to pyruvate dehydrogenase?

a. Alpha-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase complex.
e. None of these enzymes is similar to pyruvate dehydrogenase.
NARRBEGIN: Exhibit 19A

Exhibit 19A
The following compounds are all intermediates in the citric acid cycle.
NARREND
40. Refer to Exhibit 19A. Which intermediate releases CO2 concurrent with oxidation?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. Both 1 and 3
e. Both 2 and 3
41. Refer to Exhibit 19A. Which intermediate is formed from acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate.
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5
42. Refer to Exhibit 19A. Which intermediate does FAD oxidize?

a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
e. More than one of these is oxidized by FAD.
43. Refer to Exhibit 19A. Which intermediate is formed from fumarate?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5
44. Refer to Exhibit 19A. Which intermediate becomes bonded to Coenzyme A during the cycle?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5
45. In muscle cells, the following reaction proceeds as written, i.e., from left to right, despite having G'
 +30 kJ/mol. How can this occur?
malate + NAD+  oxaloacetate + NADH + H+
a. It is obviously thermodynamically favored under standard conditions.

b. In the cell, it is kinetically favored, even though it's thermodynamically unfavored.
c. The concentration of malate must be higher than oxaloacetate for this reaction to occur in
the cell.
d. [H+] must be higher in muscle than under standard conditions, thus altering G' to G.
ANS: C PTS: 1 TOP: Energetics and Control
46. One round of the citric acid cycle generates about ten equivalents of ATP.
a. True
b. False
ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Energetics and Control
47. The conversion of malate to oxaloacetate has a high +G (it is endergonic). It can take place because:
a. It is coupled to hydrolysis of the GTP produce earlier in the cycle.
b. It is coupled to hydrolysis of ATP from other sources.
c. It involves a substrate level phosphorylation.
d. The oxaloacetate product is used up in the subsequent reaction.
e. It is coupled to a strong reduction reaction.
ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Energetics and Control
48. Which of the following enzymes is not a control point of the citric acid cycle?
a. citrate synthase
b. isocitrate dehydrogenase
c. aconitase
d. the -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
TOP: Energetics and Control
49. Which of the following enzymes is allosterically inhibited by ATP?

a. pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
d. fumarase
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Energetics and Control
50. Which of the following enzymes is allosterically activated by NAD+?

d. fumarase
51. The reaction in which malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate is not thermodynamically favored. It takes
place because
a. it is coupled to ATP hydrolysis.
b. it involves substrate-level phosphorylation.
c. the product is continuously used up in the next reaction of the cycle, which is
thermodynamically favored.
d. it is coupled to a strong reduction.
52. A control point outside the citric acid cycle is the reaction catalyzed by
a. the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
b. citrate synthetase.
c. isocitrate dehydrogenase.
d. the -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.
53. A cell in an active metabolic state has

a. a high (ATP/ADP) and a high (NADH/NAD+) ratio.
b. a high (ATP/ADP) and a low (NADH/NAD+) ratio.
c. a low (ATP/ADP) and a low (NADH/NAD+) ratio.
d. a low (ATP/ADP) and a high (NADH/NAD+) ratio.
54. The "energy charge" in a cell is important in the control of metabolism.

a. True
b. False
55. "Energy charge" in a cell is a measure of

a. ATP/NAD+ ratios.
b. ATP/NADH ratios.
c. ATP/ADP ratios.
d. NADH/NAD+ ratios.
e. NAD+/ADP ratios.
TOP: Energetics and Control
56. Which of the following is true regarding the control of pyruvate dehydrogenase?
a. It is inhibited by ATP
b. It is inhibited by NAD+
c. It is activated by acetyl-CoA
d. It is inhibited by succinyl-CoA
e. none of these are true
ANS: A PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 7e TOP: Energetics and Control
57. The glyoxylate cycle occurs in

a. plants and animals.
b. bacteria and animals.
c. plants and bacteria.
d. plants, animals, and bacteria.
ANS: C PTS: 1 TOP: Glyoxylate Cycle
58. The intracellular site of the glyoxylate cycle is

a. glyoxysomes only.
b. glyoxysomes and lysosomes.
c. glyoxysomes and Golgi apparatus.
d. glyoxysomes and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Glyoxylate Cycle
59. A unique feature of the glyoxylate cycle is that it allows the organisms that possess this pathway to
a. produce fats from carbohydrates.
b. produce carbohydrates from fats.
c. convert acetyl-CoA to pyruvate.
d. do all of the above.
ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Glyoxylate Cycle
60. The glyoxylate pathway bypasses part of the citric acid cycle by converting isocitrate to glyoxylate and
a. -ketoglutarate
b. fumarate
c. succinyl-CoA
d. succinate
ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Glyoxylate Cycle
61. In the glyoxylate cycle, acetyl-CoA reacts with glyoxylate to produce

a. succinyl-CoA
b. succinate
c. fumarate
d. malate
ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Glyoxylate Cycle
62. Glyoxysomes are named for the fact that they contain the glyoxylate pathway.
a. True
b. False
63. An organism that undergoes the glyoxylate cycle can make sugar from fat because:
a. there is a specific isomerase that converts a six carbon fatty acid to glucose
b. the unique reactions of the glyoxylate cycle bypass the two decarboyxlation reactions of
the citric acid cycle
c. glyoxysomes lack succinate dehydrogenase
d. none of these
ANS: B PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 7e TOP: Glyoxylate Cycle
64. The production of malate in the glyoxylate pathway is important, since it can be readily converted to
phosphoenolpyruvate and then to sugars.
a. True
b. False
65. Which of the following statements concerning the glyoxylate pathway is false?
a. It utilizes one mole of acetyl-CoA per cycle.
b. It can produce a net synthesis of 4-carbon fragments that are intermediates of the citric
acid cycle.
c. It does not occur in the mitochondria.
d. It is the main pathway that allows for synthesis of sugars from acetyl-CoA.
TOP: Glyoxylate Cycle
66. Most of the products of the catabolism of sugars, fats and amino acids enter the citric acid cycle as:
a. pyruvate
b. acetyl-CoA
c. malate
d. all of these
e. none of these
TOP: Citric Acid Cycle's Role in Catabolism
67. The citric acid cycle uses anaplerotic reactions to get rid of the many intermediates of the cycle that
accumulate during catabolism of amino acids.
a. True
b. False
ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Citric Acid Cycle's Role in Catabolism
68. When the citric acid cycle is not functioning, the most common fate of acetyl-CoA from sugar
metabolism in humans is the formation of fatty acids or cholesterol.
a. True
b. False
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Citric Acid Cycle's Role in Catabolism
69. Which of the following cannot cross the inner mitochondrial membrane?
a. malate
b. phosphoenolpyruvate
c. succinyl-CoA
d. oxaloacetate
ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Citric Acid Cycle's Role in Anabolism
70. Which of the following is a source of NADPH?

a. the pentose phosphate pathway
b. a series of reactions in which oxaloacetate is reduced to malate followed by oxidative
decarboxylation of the malate to pyruvate
c. both of the above
d. neither of these
ANS: C PTS: 1 TOP: Citric Acid Cycle's Role in Anabolism
71. There is a cyclic reaction in which pyruvate becomes oxaloacetate. The oxaloacetate is converted to
malate and then back to pyruvate. This cycle is important because:
a. There is no net use or fixation of CO2 in this cycle.
b. NADH is converted to NADPH in this cycle.
c. There is no net oxidation or reduction in this cycle.
d. NADPH is converted to NADH in this cycle.
e. This is actually a wasteful pathway with no practical use.
ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Citric Acid Cycle's Role in Anabolism
72. The anaplerotic reactions associated with the citric acid cycle are the result of
a. the oxidative nature of the citric acid cycle
b. the use of many of the citric acid cycle intermediates in anabolism
c. the decarboxylation reactions
d. the production of GTP and reduced coenzymes
73. Weight loss in humans can be difficult to achieve, since we lack the ability to convert our fats to
sugars, and it is difficult to change our metabolism to using fats as a primary energy source.
a. True
b. False
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Citric Acid Cycle's Role in Anabolism
74. Which of the following describes a use for acetyl-CoA as an important intermediate in metabolism?
a. Breakdown to CO2 and water, yielding much energy.
b. Synthesis of terpenes and steroids.
c. Synthesis of oxaloacetate in plants.
d. Synthesis of fatty acids.
e. All of these are reasons why acetyl-CoA is a central molecule in metabolism.
TOP: Citric Acid Cycle's Role in Anabolism
75. Intermediates of the citric acid cycle are especially important in the synthesis of fatty acids and amino
acids.
a. True
b. False
76. The citric acid cycle is considered part of aerobic metabolism even though oxygen does not appear
explicitly in any reaction because
a. the NADH and FADH2 produced are reoxidized in the electron transport chain linked to
oxygen
b. the reoxidation of NADH and FADH2 leads to the production of considerable quantities of
ATP
c. it takes place in the mitochondrion
d. it contains oxidation reactions
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Link to Oxygen
77. In the classical equation for respiration:
Glucose + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O, the following molecules are found directly in the citric acid cycle:
a. O2
b. Glucose and O2
c. CO2 and H2O
d. all of these arae found directly in the citric acid cycle
ANS: C PTS: 1 OBJ: New in 7e TOP: Link to oxygen

Glycolysis MCQ Chapter 17

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Glycolysis MCQ Chapter 17

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Chapter 17—Glycolysis

3. In aerobic metabolism, what is the fate of pyruvate produced by glycolysis?

4. In humans, pyruvate can be converted to

6. What is the net ATP yield per glucose during glycolysis?

9. Which of the following is not true?

13. The phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate

14. The enzyme glucokinase

15. Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction shown?

16. The binding of glucose to hexokinase

18. Which of the following sugars can be a substrate for hexokinase?

19. Which of the following enzymes interconverts an aldose and a ketose?

20. Which enzyme is the key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis?

22. The reaction of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to give glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone

24. The isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to give glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

28. Which of the following is not true?

31. In glycolysis, ATP is synthesized by

33. What kind of enzyme catalyzes the reaction shown?

34. Enolase catalyzes

35. The nicotinamide-binding region in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is similar to all other

37. What is the name of the pictured glycolytic intermediate?

38. Which of the following is required for substrate-level phosphorylation?

39. Which enzyme catalyzes reaction the reaction shown?

44. Which of the following enzymes catalyzes a dehydration reaction?

45. In the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

46. An enzyme not involved in the control of glycolysis is

48. The reduction of pyruvate to lactate

50. Which of the following enzymes of anaerobic metabolism is not tetrameric?

51. Which of the following is not true?

52. During anaerobic metabolism in yeast, the carbons of glucose end up in

53. Which of the following enzymes relies on thiamine pyrophosphate as a cofactor?

54. Fetal alcohol syndrome

57. Thiamine pyrophosphate is a coenzyme

61. Consider the following information:

phosphoenolpyruvate  pyruvate G' = 61.9 kJ/mol

2. What is the average chain length of the branches in glycogen?

3. Glycogen is mainly found in

5. The enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate is

7. Which enzyme cleaves the (1  6) bonds in glycogen?

8. What kind of reaction is used to release glucose units from glycogen?

9. The enzyme glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes a reaction in

12. The compound uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) plays a role in

13. The activity of glycogen phosphorylase depends on

14. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity is found associated with the endoplasmic reticulum.

15. How are the branches in glycogen produced?

16. UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase works by this mechanism:

18. Glycogen phosphorylase

20. When glycogen synthase is phosphorylated

21. When glycogen phosphorylase is phosphorylated

22. Where is the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase located?

23. Glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase

24. Glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase

33. Properly used, glycogen loading by athletes is a safe process.

36. Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of

37. Gluconeogenesis differs from glycolysis because

38. Which enzyme is used in gluconeogenesis, but NOT in glycolysis?

39. The enzyme pyruvate carboxylase

42. The regulatory enzymes in gluconeogenesis are

43. In gluconeogenesis, the initial reaction converts pyruvate to

44. The first reaction of gluconeogenesis is

45. Which nucleotide triphosphate is hydrolysed in the conversion of oxaloacetate to

47. Which of the following is true?

49. It is impossible to reverse any kinase reaction under physiological conditions.

51. The formation and breakdown of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate