Psychological Effects of OVP on Kindergarten Pupils

SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES ACADEMY COLLEGE INC.
Magaslong Datu Piang, Maguindanao Del Sur
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ONLINE VIDEO PLATFORMS (OVP)
ON KINDERGARTEN PUPILS OF GREEN MEADOWS ACADEMY
IN DAVAO CITY AS PERCEIVED BY PARENTS
(S.Y. 2022-2023)
A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE PANEL OF ORAL EXAMINERS
OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES ACADEMY COLLEGE, INC.
MAGASLONG DATU PIANG, MAGUINDANAO DEL SUR
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
MAJOR IN GENERAL PROGRAM
RESEARCHERS:
SAMERAH KASIM AMPAC

SAIMA KASIM MAULANA
NOVEMBER 2022
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In this day and age, the internet has become part of our lives and
is widely used in our daily life. As the internet has a huge influence on
people, even the young ones are using it as part of their lifestyle as they
grow. The Internet has numerous things to offer us such as being the
fastest medium for receiving and sending information for more
convenient communication, research purposes, sharing of files, video
transmission, etc. Online video platforms have been a huge source of
entertainment for us. Studies have shown that the use of online video
platforms such as Youtube, Tiktok, and Facebook reels allows for more
efficient processing and memory recall. The visual and auditory nature of
videos appeals to a wide audience and allows each user to process
information in a way that’s natural to them. In a nutshell, videos are
good teachers (Max Bevan, B.B.A). However, parents still want to know if
digital technology is making children's lives better or miserable.
Technology is the knowledge, skills, methods, and techniques
required to produce tools and equipment for people's needs. Almost none
of us can imagine life without it. Based on this definition, we may think
2
that we should only focus on the positive effects of technology; however,
in the case of unconscious use, we can very well face its negative effects,
too! It is important for parents to gain a wider understanding of the
consequences of letting their children use online video platforms. 1In
addition to being exposed to certain risks online, children are frequently
likely to encounter content uploaded by other users online, whether on
applications such as Youtube or on websites and social networking sites
such as Facebook, that may have a negative impact on them. Exposure
to such user-generated content may harm viewers emotionally and
psychologically, affect them developmentally, or lead to the viewer acting
out or re-enacting the same content or behavior they see online.
With this information, the researchers would like to explore the
psychological effects of online video platforms on children in Green
Meadows Academy, Davao City, and investigate the demographic
characteristics of the respondents which may influence these effects.
Through the information which can be obtained from the present study,
the researchers can fill the literature gap regarding the phenomenon of
this study in the local context.
3
Statement of the Problem
The core problem that this study intends to determine is the
psychological effects of Online Video Platforms on kindergarten students
of Green Meadows Academy.
In addressing these, an attempt will be made to provide answers to the
following pertinent questions:
1. What are the factors that influence pupils in using OVP?
2. What are the various OVP they often use?
3. Who are the various content creators they follow on different
platforms?
4. What are the psychological effects of OVP on kindergarten
students?
Cumulatively, these questions seek to provide the answer to the
psychological effects of OVP on kindergarten students.
Objectives
The main aim of this study was to assess the psychological effects
of online video platforms on students' behavior and learning outcomes.
The specific aim is to
1. Assess the factors that influence students with the use of OVP.
4
2. Determine the various OVP they often use.
3. Assess the various content creators they follow on different
platforms.
4. Determine the challenges experienced by parents and teachers in
dealing with these students.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study focuses only on determining the psychological effects of
online video platforms on the 32 kindergarten pupils of Green Meadows
Academy in Barangay Ma-a, Davao City for the school year 2022-2023.
Its main purpose is to identify whether the psychological effects might be
positive or negative and to propose the possible recommendations
regarding this problem.
Significance of the Study
This study is essential to parents, teachers, and researchers
because it will deepen their awareness of the possible consequences
online video platforms might have on children. Regardless of how they
utilize these platforms, youngsters may experience benefits or
drawbacks. Additionally. It will provide teachers well with motivation to
encourage learners to watch more educational videos that are more
5
valuable while discouraging them from watching frivolous videos that
could develop into an obsession.
Additionally, this study is important to parents since it will expand
their understanding of the benefits and downsides of these platforms and
serve as additional parenting style advice.
Conceptual Framework
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLE
● Screen time of children on
gadgets
Psychological effects on
children
● Content creators they
followed
● Online video platforms used
by children
This study’s paradigm is represented by the diagram:
The independent variables on the left figures indicate the causes of
the dependent variable on the left figure. The researchers conceptualized
6
this framework with the following independent variables: First, It is
shown that the expected screen time of children on gadgets, the content
creators they followed, and online video platforms used by children
affects the dependent variable. The researchers believe that this
framework is a clear visualization in order to formulate the expected
cause-and-effect relationship between the variables.
Theoretical Framework
After the review of relevant literature, the help of the following
theories has been sought to substantiate the objectives of the research
study:
Uses and Gratification Theory
Originally uses and gratification theory arose in the 1940s and a
revival presented by Jay Blumler and Elihu Katz in 1974. UGT explains
how people use media for the fulfillment of their needs. This theory was
presented in contradiction with the hypodermic needle theory, which
explains that the audience is passive, and the media is deriving public
opinion accordingly. Uses and gratification theory explains what people
do with media rather than what media does with people. UGT is all about
the media choices by the public independently. Blumler and Katz defined
five categories of human needs. (1) affective needs, (2) cognitive needs, (3)
7
social integrative needs, (4) personal integrative needs, and (5) tension-
free needs. The purpose to apply the uses and gratification theory for the
current study was to find out what are the uses of Online video Platforms
for children and what sort of gratification they were getting by using
Online Video Platforms. Researchers wanted to know the liking, disliking,
and frequency of different content watched by children. Uses and
gratifications research has revealed numerous motivations that people
often have for using different media outlets. These motivations include
relaxation, force of habit, passing the time, companionship, escapism,
and information. In addition, recent research explores people’s use of
different media to fulfill higher-order needs like considering values and
finding meaning. Studies from a uses and gratifications viewpoint have
included all forms of media, from radio to social media (Vinney, 2019).
Categories of Human Needs and Gratifications
Human needs can be divided into five categories, which are
explained as under
1. Affective Needs
Affective needs belong to the emotional satisfaction and pleasure
that people get by watching different content on television i.e., soap
operas, movies, dramas, etc. People relate themselves to the character in
8
the drama and become emotional. If the character cries, the viewers cry
and if they become happy, the viewers become happy too.
2. Cognitive Needs
People also use different media to fulfill their intellectual needs.
People get information through the media by watching and listening to
news and documentaries. They want to be up to date on what is
happening in politics and government. Public watches and listens to
news mostly to satisfy this need. Other examples of cognitive needs
include teaching programs, quiz programs, arts programs for kids, etc.
People also use the internet and social media to gratify these needs.
3. Social Integrative Needs
Every person wants to socialize with people, and it is the need of
every person. Interactions with different people and getting social with
family and friends are called social integrative needs. People use different
social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc. to interact
and socialize. Social media also helps people by providing them with
issues and ideas to discuss with their colleagues and friends. So, the
media increases the social interaction skills of people.
9
4. Personal integrative Needs
Personal Integrative needs include the needs of a person to be in
fashion. These needs are related to self-esteem. People watch different
dramas and shows to assure that they are having a respectable status.
People watch the advertisements of different products and buy them
accordingly to change their lifestyles.
5. Tension Free Needs
People use the media as a means of escapism. They want to escape
from their stress and worries by watching shows on television. People
have different tensions and stress in their life, so they feel relaxed by
watching television and other social media.
The purpose of applying this theory in this study is to understand
the cause of why and how people actively seek out specific media to
satisfy their specific needs which will help us determine the
psychological effects of OVP on children. Additionally, it will help the
researchers to formulate the indicators for this study.
10
Social Learning Theory
Social theories can be engaged with many disciplines like law,
criminology, politics, education, psychology, and sociology. Each
discipline tries to explain human behavior in its field of study. However,
to confirm that you, as a social member, can explicate a behavior it is
necessary for you to find the suitable theory, irrespective of the original
discipline. One theory that is very helpful in every situation is the social
learning theory. Social learning theory recommends that people learn
social behaviors by imitating and observing others. Albert Bandura
developed the social learning theory. Bandura presented the social
learning theory as an alternative to the previous work of his fellow
psychologist B.F. Skinner, who is famous for his influence on
behaviorism (McLeod, 2016).
The social learning theory has four processes (attention, retention,
reproduction, and motivation) that help in determining whether a new
behavior has been acquired.
1. Attention: Does behavior grab the attention of the observer? For
example, sometimes we observe different behaviors but do not imitate
them at all, it means grabbing attention is necessary.
11
2. Retention: How well people recall the behavior? Sometimes behavior
has been noticed but not always remembered. According to Bandura it is
important to remember the behavior to do actions in the future according
to the remembered behavior.
3. Reproduction: The ability to reproduce the behavior that was
performed by a model. Sometimes we watch and observe different
behaviors, but we cannot reproduce them because of limited physical or
mental ability.
4. Motivation: To perform a certain behavior of the model. When the
observer imagines the reward and punishment as a result of the
behavior, he/she will be motivated or demotivated accordingly to imitate
the behavior.
Albert Bandura did great work in the process of learning through
observation. He suggested that learning through observation starts from
the age of 2 years. But studies showed that new-born are also capable of
observation and imitation.
The main purpose to apply this theory to this study was to know in
which sense children are acquiring new behaviors from Online Video
Platforms contents. Researchers wanted to explore the process of
12
learning positive and negative behaviors through Online Video Platforms
(Fitzgibbons, 2019).
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Online Video Platforms (OVP). These are platforms for providing live
and recorded content on a website. Think of applications like YouTube,
Tiktok, and Instagram. In this study, they are the platforms that are
used by children.
Psychological effects. They are pertaining to, dealing with, or affecting
the mind, especially as a function of awareness, feeling, or motivation. In
this study, it refers to the impact of OVP on children.
Uses and Gratification (U&G). This theory is an audience-centered
approach that focuses on what media consumers do with media rather
than what media does to people.
Gratification is a pleasure, especially when gained from the satisfaction
of a desire.
Social learning theory suggests that social behavior is learned by
observing and imitating the behavior of others.
13
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents a review and summary of literature and
studies related to online video platforms.
Foreign Studies
The early childhood years are a crucial period for young children’s
development and foundational skills (National Research Council and
Institute of Medicine, 2000). Today’s young children are growing up in
technology-rich environments (AAP Council on Communications and
Media, 2016). For example, it was reported in 2017 that children younger
than 8 years old spend an average of 2 hours and 19 minutes a day with
both traditional (TV, computer) and emerging digital media (tablets,
smartphones, e-readers). Even though television viewing continues to
dominate children’s daily media use, their digital media use has
increased dramatically in the last few years (Rideout, 2017), and further
research is needed to understand how various digital technologies play a
role in children’s development and learning (AAP Council on
Communications and Media, 2016).
14
In recent years, online video platforms such as Youtube, Tiktok
and Facebook reels have become increasingly popular platforms that
young children use to watch videos (Marsh et al., 2015; Ofcom, 2017;
Rideout, 2017). Families with access to the necessary technology and
internet can make good use of YouTube and other online video-streaming
sites (Watkins & Jon, 2011, p. 14). However, it is important to realize
that there are some limitations. First, video platforms' videos are
random, which makes it inappropriate for the whole family especially to
kids. If the same account or device is being used by the parents and
kids, then it might be a problem. Given the vastness of the library of
each platform,, a certain amount of structuring and guidance from the
parents might be necessary in order to prevent kids from watching videos
that aren’t appropriate for their age. However, according to Watkins &
Wilkins (2011, p. 25) Video stream sites remain a valid resource for
parents to help them entertain their children. The phrase “digital
babysitter” crops up regularly in comments about children and video
sharing platforms. It’s often framed as a criticism of parents: leaving
their children in the corner of a room with an iPad doing the parenting.
In some ways, this argument doesn’t ring true. First, even an hour spent
watching YouTube for instance leaves plenty of hours in the day for
reading books, riding bikes, drawing and generally getting the kind of
15
face-to-face parental attention that’s so important for children. Second,
because YouTube doesn’t have to be something a child does alone: co-
viewing can be a fun activity for them to share with their parents. And
thirdly: sometimes parents just need to get stuff done. YouTube and
other video streaming platforms can buy the short bursts of time that a
parent or carer needs to keep things running. But also like television, it
needs boundaries.
Research into the ways parents regulate their children’s media use,
referred to as parental mediation, was originally developed in reference to
the medium of television and the types of rules and restrictions imposed
by parents on the routines and content of children’s viewing (e.g. Austin,
1993; Pasquier, 2001). Studies have since extended the focus on
television to include newer media such as computers, the internet and
videogames (e.g. Livingstone & Helsper, 2008; Nikken & Jansz, 2006).
Literature on parental mediation addresses a range of measures parents
implement to moderate, or preside over, their children’s media use,
predominantly within home environments. Historically, this theory of
communication has been located within a psychological effects model,
aimed at prescribing strategies for mitigating the perceived negative
impacts of media on children’s development (Clark, 2011). Strategies for
parental mediation extend from restrictive approaches such as banning
16
media, creating technology free times and spaces, enforcing rules and
monitoring use, through to more active approaches such as evaluating
the quality of media and engaging with children’s use, or encouraging
diversity of play activities (e.g. Nikken & Jansz, 2006; Valkenberg et al.
1999). Concern with trying to assess the negative impacts of and impose
limitations on children’s media use has, however, blinded parental
mediation literature to alternative theoretical approaches for
understanding the cultural contexts and diverse practices of digital
parenting (Clark, 2011).
In this chapter, we consider young children’s use of the platforms
such as YouTube, Tiktok and Facebook reels, and review some relevant
literature. In conclusion, young children are increasingly using online
video sites like Youtube, Tiktok, and Facebook reels to watch videos.
Families who have access to the internet and the required technology can
benefit from YouTube and other online video-streaming services. It's
crucial to understand that there are some restrictions. It must, however,
be watched with some supervision and coordination, just like television.
17
Local Studies
In a 2010 global research by Universal McCann entitled, “Power to
the People- Wave 3,” it has been found out that Philippines was the top
among other countries with 83.1% Filipinos belonging to Youtube, Tiktok
and other social networking sites and it was also the Filipinos who
became top users who frequently share photos and videos to these
websites. Apparently, the growing numbers of users are students. With
these research findings, it is alarming that many Filipino youth are
currently engaging themselves in social media- posting a massive variety
of content, updating statuses, and uploading and sharing photos and
videos. By being more active and spending a lot of time on social media,
a great part of this generation’s social and emotional development occurs
on the Internet and on their smartphones or gadgets. Due to absorption
in these platforms, it eventually affects the psychological being of the
children.
The internet use has become a very common feature of most
Filipinos daily lives. In 2015, the data of the Social Media and Digital
Stats in the Philippines from Third Team Media shows that the
Philippines remains as the “Social Media Capital of the World ''. Out of
more than 100 million population in the country, 44 million are Internet
users and 40 million of them are active social media users. Recently, the
18
2016 data on Social Media and Digital Stats in the Philippines, the
percentage of social media penetration has increased from 40% in 2015
to 47% in 2016. This data means that the internet continues to be an
essential part in the lives of Filipinos who have increased access to the
Internet via their mobile phones and electronic devices (Castro, 2016). In
the article by Digital Marketing Philippines, from the 40 million active
social media users, 65% of them are children and young adults, and 81%
of them access their internet daily (Gregorio, 2013).
The aforementioned research findings demonstrate that in recent
years, young children and their families paid attention to internet video
platforms all around the world. Children of all ages enjoy watching videos
on platforms like YouTube, Tiktok, and others. Although studies
examining the average amount of time spent watching online videos (on
platforms like YouTube or others) and the various types of videos
watched by young children are currently available, studies are still
limited in examining the potential advantages and disadvantages of this
activity for children's learning and development.
We summarized recent literature in our chapter by providing an
overview of research findings from studies of YouTube and other similar
platforms, as well as parental concerns about children's digital media
19
use. We believe that additional research should be conducted as soon as
possible in order to broaden our understanding of the potential benefits
and risks of online videos, as well as to educate parents about the well-
being of young children in this digital age.
20
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design that will be used,
respondents of the study, instrument of the study, and the data
gathering procedure.
Research Design
The researchers will use the descriptive survey research method.
This method refers to the collection of the data from members of the
population in which direct contact is made through by means of survey
questionnaires and checklists and the interview schedules. The
descriptive method was preferred since it yields valid and reliable results
for a manageable number and can be accomplished with limited
resources. The researchers will use survey questionnaires with checklists
for the survey.
Local of the study
This study will be conducted at Green Meadows, Barangay Ma-a
Davao City.
21
Respondents of the Study
The study will be covering the kindergarten pupils of Green
Meadows Academy in Davao City. The total numbers of respondents will
be the thirty two (32) kindergarten pupils as perceived by their parents
with 19 female pupils and 13 male pupils.
Sampling Design
Considering that there are 32 students in this kindergarten class,
the sample size for this study will subsequently be the same as the total
number of respondents. The researchers will collect data from the pupils'
parents since these children are between the age ranges from 4 to 5
years old and their abilities may still be limited to participate in the
survey.
Instrument of the Study
Data will be gathered from the parents of the Kindergarten pupils
of Green Meadows Academy using a questionnaire-checklist with
indicators formulated by the researchers and this will be answered by
the pupils’ parents based on their observation. In preparing this
questionnaire, the researchers considered the “Uses and Gratification
22
Theory ” by Blumler and Katz, and other successful relevant studies as
their bases.
A questionnaire with two parts was developed by the researchers to
be used for data collection. First part is to determine the following :
online video platforms used, screentime, and the types of video the
children watch with different likert scale used. The second part gathers
information on parents’ views and observations about their children’s
use of online video platforms. In order to determine the psychological
effects of online video platforms to these children, the participants are
asked to answer 20 items questions utilized on a 5-point Likert scale
which is found to be highly reliable. From that 20 items questions, 10
items were positive behavior effects while the other 10 items were
negative behavior effects.
To determine the psychological effects of online video platforms to
these children, the scale will be used and it will be responded as follows:
Scale Description
4.21 - 5.00 Strongly Agree
3.41 - 4.20 Agree
2.61 - 3.40 Undecided
1.81 - 2.60 Disagree
1.00 - 1.80 Strongly Disagree
23
Data Gathering Procedures
The study focused on Green Meadows Academy Kindergarten
pupils in the school year 2022-2023. The data to be collected will be
based on the observation of their parents about their usage of various
online video platforms. The survey questionnaire was personally provided
by the researchers based on the psychological effects of online video
platforms from other previous studies. Some findings have negative
effects while some are advantageous to children. Thus, the researchers
came up with indicators that include 10 positive effects and 10 negative
effects of online video platforms based on the Theory of Blumler and
Katz “Uses and Gratification Theory” for the respondents in order to
determine the result fairly. The survey questionnaires will be distributed
in the first week of the second semester. After gathering the data, It will
be followed by data analysis, presentation and interpretations to come
up with the results.
24

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SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES ACADEMY COLLEGE INC.

Magaslong Datu Piang, Maguindanao Del Sur

PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ONLINE VIDEO PLATFORMS (OVP)

ON KINDERGARTEN PUPILS OF GREEN MEADOWS ACADEMY

IN DAVAO CITY AS PERCEIVED BY PARENTS

A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE PANEL OF ORAL EXAMINERS

OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES ACADEMY COLLEGE, INC.

MAGASLONG DATU PIANG, MAGUINDANAO DEL SUR

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION

MAJOR IN GENERAL PROGRAM

SAMERAH KASIM AMPAC

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

fastest medium for receiving and sending information for more

convenient communication, research purposes, sharing of files, video

transmission, etc. Online video platforms have been a huge source of

videos appeals to a wide audience and allows each user to process

information in a way that’s natural to them. In a nutshell, videos are

digital technology is making children's lives better or miserable.

Technology is the knowledge, skills, methods, and techniques

that we should only focus on the positive effects of technology; however,

too! It is important for parents to gain a wider understanding of the

consequences of letting their children use online video platforms. 1In

addition to being exposed to certain risks online, children are frequently

likely to encounter content uploaded by other users online, whether on

applications such as Youtube or on websites and social networking sites

such as Facebook, that may have a negative impact on them. Exposure

to such user-generated content may harm viewers emotionally and

psychologically, affect them developmentally, or lead to the viewer acting

out or re-enacting the same content or behavior they see online.

With this information, the researchers would like to explore the

psychological effects of online video platforms on children in Green

Meadows Academy, Davao City, and investigate the demographic

characteristics of the respondents which may influence these effects.

this study in the local context.

Statement of the Problem

The core problem that this study intends to determine is the

psychological effects of Online Video Platforms on kindergarten students

of Green Meadows Academy.

In addressing these, an attempt will be made to provide answers to the

following pertinent questions:

1. What are the factors that influence pupils in using OVP?

2. What are the various OVP they often use?

3. Who are the various content creators they follow on different

4. What are the psychological effects of OVP on kindergarten

Cumulatively, these questions seek to provide the answer to the

psychological effects of OVP on kindergarten students.

of online video platforms on students' behavior and learning outcomes.

The specific aim is to

2. Determine the various OVP they often use.

3. Assess the various content creators they follow on different

4. Determine the challenges experienced by parents and teachers in

dealing with these students.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study focuses only on determining the psychological effects of

online video platforms on the 32 kindergarten pupils of Green Meadows

Its main purpose is to identify whether the psychological effects might be

positive or negative and to propose the possible recommendations

regarding this problem.

Significance of the Study

This study is essential to parents, teachers, and researchers

because it will deepen their awareness of the possible consequences

online video platforms might have on children. Regardless of how they