CIVE 202

CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
TUTORIAL 2- MATERIAL
PROPERTIES
OUTLINE
1. Microstructure
2. Macroscopic Effects
3. Stress-Strain Curves
4. Quiz #2
5. Mark Quiz #2
MICROSTRUCTURE
Engineering Materials fall into 4
categories
1. Metals and Alloys
2. Ceramics & Glasses
3. Polymers
4. Composites
MICROSTRUCTURE
Metals & Alloys- Typical properties
• Homogenous or recurring microstructure
• Electrically conductive
• Alloys
• Combination of 2 or more metals
• Varying properties depending on proportion
• Different properties based on cooling rates
Wikimedia Commons
http://metallurgyfordummies.com/microstructure-of-metals/
MICROSTRUCTURE
• Ceramics and Glasses- Typical Properties
• Typically nonmetallic inorganic material
(Silicate)
• Electrically insulating
• Brittle
• Self-same homogenous units
(microstructural bricks)
• Amorphous glass in between units
http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=5697#Microstructure
MICROSTRUCTURE
Polymers- Plastics
• Infinite chains of self repeating
molecule
• Usually composed of hydrocarbons
• Some cross linking possible, primarily
long chains
• High degree of plasticity
• Good electrical insulation
http://revision4gcses.wordpress.com/science/chemistry-2/polymers/
MICROSTRUCTURE
Composite Materials
• Consisting of two or more engineering materials
used in conjunction
• Enormous variation in macroscopic mechanical
properties
• Reinforced Concrete
• Concrete provides compression strength, Steel
tension
• Fibre Reinforced Polymers
• Fibres provided axial resistance, resin matrix
provides stability
MACROSCOPIC
EFFECTS
• Though based in microstructure, material
properties measured at macroscopic level
• Properties and behavior not always observable
at microstructural level
• Macroscopic effects emerge at different orders
of magnitude
• Microstructural 10-9 m to 10-4 m
• Macrostructural 10-3 m to 104
MACROSCOPIC
EFFECTS
Stress and Force: Not the same thing!
• Stress is the force (P) in any direction divided by area (A)
𝑷
𝛔=
𝑨
• Different stresses can happen in different principle axis
• Uniaxiality vs triaxiality
• Shear versus Stress
• Can be in tension and compression
• Stress may be higher in localized zones than average stress
• Around corners, in necking, around load applications etc
MACROSCOPIC
EFFECTS
Strain and Deformation: Not the same thing
• Deformation is a linear measurement
• length of a change compared to undeformed state
• Can be positive or negative
• Strain is proportional measure of deformation compared
to original length
• Unitless (length/length)
• Can be positive or negative
𝚫𝑳
𝝐=
𝑳
MACROSCOPIC
EFFECTS
Elasticity
• Ability for a
deformed
material to return
to the
undeformed state
• Hooke’s Law
F = −𝑘 ∗ Δ𝐿
MACROSCOPIC
EFFECTS
𝐅 −𝐤×𝚫𝐋
1. =
𝐋𝟐 𝐋𝟐
−𝐤 𝚫𝐋
2. 𝛔= ×
𝐋 𝐋
𝐤
3. − =𝐄
𝐋
4. 𝛔 = 𝐄𝛜
MACROSCOPIC
EFFECTS
Plastic Deformation When Hooke’s law breaks down!
• Continuing deformation without corresponding increase
in force
• Deformation is permanent!
• Energy is lost destructively in plastic deformation
• Atoms moving into new positions caused by applied
energy
• Heat, sound, color change
• Unloading would occur elastically but with permanent
deformation
• Brittle materials don’t deform plastically- they break before
they deform
MACROSCOPIC
EFFECTS
Strain Rate
• Rate of external applied loading
• At each moment, material is trying to get into
equilibrium with forces
• At slow rates, material has more time to adjust
• More plastic deformation- more ductile
• At faster rates, material has less time to adjust
• Less plastic deformation- more brittle
MACROSCOPIC
EFFECTS
• Temperature
• Thermal energy of material
• Higher temperature- less energy required
to overcome equilibrium resistance to
deformation
• MORE DUCTILE BEHAVIOR
• Lower temperature- more energy require
to overcome equilibrium to deformation
• MORE BRITTLE BEHAVIOR
STRESS STRAIN CURVES- STEEL,
ENGINEERING
STRESS STRAIN CURVES- STEEL,
TRUE
STRESS STRAIN CURVES-
ALUMINUM
STRESS STRAIN CURVES-
BRITTLE MATERIAL
STRESS STRAIN CURVES-
PLASTIC DEFORMATION