HOUSING AND FENCING SHED DESIGN

FUNCTION OF HOUSING/FENCING
 Protection against climatological influences
 Rain
 Wind
 temperature
 Protection against losses
 Theft
SAMPLE HOUSING UNITS
 Predators
 ELEVATED/PLASTIC MATTING
 Infectious diseases  ELEVATED/SLATTED - housing unit for backyard farms
 Injuries  ELEVATED/SLATTED - housing unit with built-in feeder
 Performance and control of husbandry and breeding measures  LITTER-TYPE/SLATTED - housing unit for backyard farms
 Feeding  ELEVATED/CONCRETE - Sample feeder w/in housing unit
 Breeding control and selection  ELEVATED/SLATTED - housing unit for commercial farms
 Reproductive happenings and kid rearing  ELEVATED/CONCRETE + PLASTIC MATTING
 Hygiene
 Avoidance of social problems in the neighborhood
 Taming animals, restricting movement FENCING FACILITIES
 CONCRETE POST & HOG WIRE
FEATURES OF GOOD HOUSING  INTERLINK & G.I. PIPE
 Economical  MPTS as LIVING FENCES
 Well Ventilated
 Dry
 Free from strong winds/rain
 Easy to clean
 Elevated
 Easy waste management
 Durable

SPACE REQUIREMENT
 FEEDING & NUTRITION FEEDING HABIT OF RUMINANTS
PASTURE DEVELOPMENT  Browsers (goats) – prefers aerial part of vegetation (20-120 m above the
ground)
TERMINOLOGY  Grazers – sheep, cattle and carabao
 FORAGE/ROUGHAGE - feeds that is high in fiber but low in protein  Don’t thrive well when kept on one feed for any length of day
 GRASSES – bulk of ruminant feeds (fiber + small amount of protein)  Wide range in taste in feeds
 LEGUMES – protein-rich plants that bear pods (protein)  Prefers wide variety of feeds and vegetation
 INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS – any feedstuff that is a product of primary  Reject feeds which was soiled by other animals
processes
 CONCENTRATE – feeds that is high in protein but low in fiber
 CROP RESIDUES – farm waste, ravage after the primary useful products WHY ANIMALS BECOME STUNTED?
are harvested 1. Inbreeding
 BROWSER – aerial part 2. Under feeding
 GRAZERS – all parts including roots a. milk requirement
 CUT-AND-CARRY – method of cutting roughages and carrying the cut b. dry matter requirement
forage to the animals  forage and roughage
 RUMINANTS – animals with compound stomach (i.e. rumen, reticulum,  Concentrate – feeds
omasum and abomasum)
 PSEUDO RUMINANTS – animals with simple stomach but with functional
cecum MILK REQUIREMENT
MR= animal bodyweight x 10% of bodyweight
ANATOMY OF COMPOUND STOMACH
Example: TWINS with 5 kg BW
= 10 kg x 0.10
= 1 kg of milk per day

DRY MATTER REQUIREMENT

DMR = animal bodyweight x 3% of bodyweight
= 30 kg x 0.03
= 0.9 kg DM per day

Convert DM req’t. into fresh roughage (20% DM)

= DM requirement ÷DM of fresh roughage
= 0.9 kg DM ÷ 0.20
= 4.5 kg fresh roughage per day
FEEDS AVAILABLE FOR RUMINANTS  GAMBA GRASS
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Andropogon gayanus
GRASSES
 grasses produce more biomass which serves as the main feed  SIGNAL GRASS
and provides bulk in the diet SCIENTIFIC NAME: Brachiaria decumbens
 provide source of protein and fiber for the animals
 HUMIDICOLA
 GUINEA GRASS SCIENTIFIC NAME: Brachiaria humidicola
SCIENTIIC NAME: Panicum maximum
CHARACTERISTICS:  STAR GRASS
 tall grass suitable for cutting SCIENTIFIC NAME: Cynodon plectostachyus
 suited to more fertile soils
 produces high quality feed but must be fertilized regularly  SETARIA
 becomes stemmy if not cut frequently SCIENTIFIC NAME: Setaria sphacelata

 NAPIER GRASS / ELEPHANT GRASS

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Pennisetum purpureum
CHARACTERISTICS: LEGUMES
 very tall grasses for cut and carry  protein-rich plants, bears pods as its fruit, and has roots that bear
nodules containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
 highest yielding species with high soil fertility and irrigation
 potential, very abundant, and inexpensive feeds for livestock in the
 high quality feed but will not persist without fertilizing
tropics
 not suited to long dry seasons
 legume leaves provide essential minerals and vitamins for faster
 becomes stemmy if not cut frequently
animal growth
 PARAGRASS
 PINTO PEANUT / MANI-MANIAN
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Brachiaria mutica
Scientific Name: Arachis pintoi
CHARACTERISTICS:
Characteristics:
 common throughout the region in poorly drained and flooded soils
 low growing stoloniferous legume
 not suited to long dry seasons
 very persistent especially under heavy grazing
 good ground cover under trees
 CORN / FORAGE CORN
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Zea mays /Zea maize  high quality animal feed
CHARACTERISTICS:  establishes easily from cuttings but needs moderately fertile soils
 most common throughout regions I & II  not suited to long dry seasons
 suited for flooded soils
 highest yielding species with high soil fertility and irrigation
 usually used for silage
 CENTROSEMA  ARACHIS
Scientific Name: Centrosema pubescens SCIENTIFIC NAME: Arachis hypogaea
Characteristics:
 twinning legumes  SIRATRO
 good for weed control SCIENTIFIC NAME: Macroptilium atropurpureum
 grow well with tall grasses for cut and -carry but not adapted to long
dry seasons  CALOPOGONIUM
 need moderately fertile, well -drained soils SCIENTIFIC NAME: Calopogonium mucunoides
 Must be planted from seed

 DESMANTHUS
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Desmanthus virgatus MULTI PURPOSE TREE SPECIES
CHARACTERISTICS: (NATURAL BUSHES AND TREES)
 shrubby legume for cutting  FLEMINGIA
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Flemingia macrophylla
 grows best on clay soil
CHARACTERISTICS:
 high-quality feed and used for leaf meal production
 long lived, large woody shrub
 easy seed production but not suited to acid soils
 it is best suited to the wet tropics
 needs o be planted from seed
 cut branches are useful for improving soil fertility but leaves are not
readily eaten by animals – contain high levels of tannins
 STYLO
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Stylosanthes guianensis
 KAKAWATE / MADRE DE CACAO
CHARACTERISTICS:
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gliricidia sepium
 erect, robust legume for cutting
CHARACTERISTICS:
 highly productive
 easy to plant from stem cuttings
 good quality feed and used as leaf meal
 useful as a living fence
 widely adapted to low fertility and dry and acid soils
 grows in moderately acid soils
 resistant to the fungal disease anthracnose but short -lived (2-3 years)
 good dry season feed supplement but low palatability for cattle
 not tolerant of heavy grazing or frequent cutting
 susceptible to pests
2 Types
1. Stylosanthes scabra - (Seca stylo)
 IPIL-IPIL
2. Stylosanthes hamata - (Verano stylo)
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Leucaena leucocephala
CHARACTERISTICS:
 ALFALFA (the queen of pasture crops)
 highly productive
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Medicago sativa
 tolerant to heavy cutting and grazing
 RED CLOVER  high-quality feed supplement
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Trifolium repens  Good even in dry season growth but not for acid infertile soils
 not for monogastric animals
  susceptible to psyllid insects - (HIGH DRY MATTER AND TOTAL DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS)
 needs to be planted from seed
 FODDER/FORAGE CORN
 RENSONII  GAMBA GRASS
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Desmodium cineria  NAPIER GRASS
CHARACTERISTICS:  BRIZANTHA GRASS
 fast – growing shrub
 suited for hedgerows INDIGENOUS GRASSES
 good quality feed - (LOW DM, CP AND POOR DISGESTIBILITY)
 good in wet tropics but short – lived (up to 2 to 3 years)  GUINEA GRASS
 BRAVHARIA GRASS
 needed to be planted from seed
 SIGNAL GRASS
 PARAGRASS
 SESBANIA
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sesbania grandiflora
IMPROVE vs NATIVE PASTURE
CHARACTERISTICS:
WHY DO WE NEED TO ESTABLISH AN IMPROVED PASTURES?
 fast growing, single - stemmed tree
 TO REPLACE AND IMPROVE THE EXISTING POOR QUALITY
 a high-quality feed supplement NATIVE GRASS PASTURES
 well adapted to long dry season but short -lived (3 -5 years) and  TO MAXIMIZE LIVEWEIGHT AND MILK PRODUCTION PER UNIT
needs moderate soil fertility OF AREA
 leaf yields are low
GOALS OF FORAGE PROPAGATION
 MADRE DE AGUA 1. Showcase the various forage and pasture materials (grass, legumes,
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Tricanthera gigantea and multi-purpose tree species)
CHARACTERISTICS: 2. Promote technologies and strategies regarding feed resources
 fast growing, multiple - stemmed tree management
 a high-quality feed supplement (18 -22% CP) 3. Encourage stakeholders to improve and diversify existing pasture
 well adapted to long dry season area and facilities
 moderate soil fertility 4. Present business opportunities and benefits of adopting an improved
 leaf yields are high pasture (seed and seedling production)

2 Types of Grasses
1. Imporoved Grass
2. Indigenous Grass

IMPROVED GRASSES FORAGE NURSERY

FORAGE TECHNOLOGIES  CONCENTRATE RATION
 GRASS-LEGUME COMBINATION MODULE
o Mix of grasses and legumes to maximize land area and used
for ease of cutting various kinds of forage at a certain pasture
area
o Moreover, the nitrogen fixing capacity of legumes can
supplement nutrient to enhance soil fertility and thus benefit
the conservation of soil fecundity

 FOOD-FEED SYSTEM MODULE

o Growing forage species for human and animal consumption
demonstrates a strategic and innovative approach in
integrating human and animal needs
o Examples of which include planting corn, peanut, katuray
(sesbania), etc. these forage species produce human food
and the plant refusal may be given as animal feed  SILAGE
o pickled grass or ensiled silage
 LEGUME STRATA MODULE o Very palatable to livestock
o various species of legumes are grown in an area by strata to o Anaerobic fermentation – lactic acid production due to
maximize land area and prevent disease transmission to fermentation of sugar by microorganisms (bacteria)
other susceptible forage species o Increase protein quality
o More so, the nitrogen fixing capability of certain forage specie
o pH of 4 to 5
within the strata can augment soil fertility and thus benefit
o Alkalinity lowers the sugar and protein content and
other near-by grasses and legumes
unnecessary taste was produced
o Green fodder freshly cut and fed to livestock in a confined
area
FEEDS AVAILABLE FOR RUMINANTS o Less economical than silage
 AGRO-INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCT o Soilage will ferment and mold in a short period of time if left in
o Copra Meal piles
o Rice Bran o Less palatable when dry
o Molasses o During wet season, nutrient content, quality and palatability of
soilage decreases
 PROCESSED FEEDS
o UMMB
o UTRS
o CONCENTRATES
o SILAGE
SILAGE – PROCEDURE
 Weigh the individual ingredient
 Chop or shred the corn stover (30%DM) into 3-6 cm long
 Spray the molasses to chopped corn stover
 Mix thoroughly and pack in polyethylene sack/plastic or container.
 Tightly secure the sack or container with rope and stock at room
temperature and allow for two weeks fermentation (remove air –
anaerobic condition)
 Before giving to animals allow the SILAGE to dry for about 12-24 hours for
ammonia evaporation.
SILAGE – ADVANTAGES
1. Stable conservation of nutrient composition of forage for a longer
period of time(up to 5 years)
2. More economical use of forage with high yield of green mass
3. Efficient utilization of forage area
4. Whole year round production of grass – year round production of
silage
5. Efficient utilization of crops by-products
6. Fermentation reduces harmful nitrates accumulated in forage crops
during droughts and in over-fertilized crops
7. Requires 10 times less storage space than bailed hay
8. Silage (corn) has 30-50% higher nutritive value than grains and fresh
stalks
UTRS – PROCEDURE
 Weigh the individual ingredient.
 Cut rice straw into 3-6 centimeters.
 Dissolve urea in water and evenly spray the solution to rice straw.
 Mix thoroughly and pack in polyethylene sack/plastic.
 Tightly secure the sack or container with rope and stock at room
temperature and allow for two weeks fermentation (remove air –
anaerobic condition)
 Before giving to animals allow the UTRS to dry for about 24-48 hours
for ammonia evaporation.
UTRS – ADVANTAGES
 intended for improving palatability
 increase feed intake
 improve the nutritive value particularly protein
 improve digestibility
 urea based forage technology was practiced for improving the
nutritive value of low quality roughages for livestock animals

UREA MOLASSES MINERAL BLOCK

UREA TREATED RICE STRAW
 o RABBITS – 4% leaf meal inclusion rate was ideal for
supplementation (Mashamaite et al., 2009)
o Ethno veterinary medicine
 Stimulate lactation (Lompo-Ouedraogo et al., 2004)
 Inhibit Clostridium perfringens (Sotohy, 2004)

WORKABLE YEAR ROUND FEEDING PROGRAM

UMMB – ADVANTAGES
 Appetizer
 Fast digestibility of forage fiber and other feed offered to the
animals
 Source of energy, protein and minerals (prevent mineral
deficiency)
 Cheap supplements for the animals
CROP RESIDUES

 Acacia nilotica STATUS OF RUMINANT PRODUCTION IN THE COUNTRY

o Young dried acacia leaves are palatable in sheep and goats
with an intake of 200g/kg/day (Mokoboki et al., 2011)  MAJOR LIMITING FACTOR FOR IMPROVED RUMINANT
o Pods (protein and energy) are both palatable to small and PRODUCTIVITY IN TROPICAL COUNTRIES
large ruminants (Chepape et al., 2011). 1. feed resource base is lignified and low in N content
o High condensed tannin content – detrimental 2. continuous genetic improvement increases demand for better
 Affects digestibility, degradability and palatability quality feeds and forages
(Ngwa et al., 2002; Mlambo et al., 2008: Rubanza et 3. Inadequate understanding of the rumen ecology
al., 2008a). 4. Most research results from temperate countries are not locally
o Sun-drying reduces the tannin anti-nutritional activity applicable
(Rubanza et al., 2008a) 5. Nutrition x Environment and Nutrition x Disease interactions
o Soaking pods with polytethylene glycol (Mlambo et al., 2001)
reduces tannin
o Alkaline treatment (wood ash solution) decreases
concentration of soluble tannins (Sikosana, 2006)
o PIGS – 10% inclusion rate depressed nutrient digestibility but
increased protein secretion and increase liver enzyme
production (Halimani et al., 2007)
 APPROACH 1
MODIFICATION OF THE NUTRITIVE VAUES OF TROPICAL FEEDS
PRE-FEEDING INTERVENTIONS:
 Conventional plant breeding
 Physical treatment
 Harvesting
 Ensiling
 Chemical treatment
 Biotechnology

APPROACH 2
SUPPLEMENTATION WITH CONCENTRATE
 promotes faster growth rate due to lower acetate:propionate ratio
 improves the energy balance due to glucogenic compound
 reduces digestibility of roughage
CONCEPT OF MP/ME
In the tropics: APPROACH 3
Acetate (-)  nutrient heat stress USE OF FEED ADDITIVES (CONCEPT OF GLUCOSE:ENERGY RATIO
Acetate (+) nutrient production Glucose deficiency results in:
 competition for amino acid for the synthesis of glucose and body tissues
In temperate: Susceptible animals:
Acetate (-)  nutrient thermoregulation  high glucose demand
Acetate (+)  nutrient anabolism  fed acetogenic substrates
 low microbial protein source
 on hot environment
APPROACH 3
RUMEN ECOSYSTEM
 SUPPLEMENTATION OF LONG CHAIN FATTY ACID (LCFA) TO
1. slow microbial fermentation of carbohydrates
SPARE AMINO ACIDS AND GLUCOSE AS FAT PRECURSORS
2. fast microbial degradation of feed proteins
3. low requirement for peptides by the rumen microorganisms
4. microbial denaturation of phytotoxins  SUPPLEMENTATION OF UREA
5. synthesis of some nutrients  improves rumen function
6. dynamic microbial population o better digestibility
o higher feed intake
MAIN OBJECTIVE
Increase voluntary feed intake wherein:  SUPPLEMENTATION OF TANNINS
1. feeds are of low quality, and  polyphenols used by browse species for chemical defense
2. animals are raised under hot environment  Associated with the lower rate of protein fermentation in
tropical than temperate legumes
  Forms complex with protein in the rumen but dissociates in NUTRITIONAL VALUE
the abomasum 1.Immunity
 Affects feed intake, digestibility and production 2.Excretion of meconium
 browser has tannin-binding proteins in saliva, grazers do not 3.Minerals, protein and vitamins (vitamin A)
 has anti-bloat and anthelmintic properties
 Buffaloes have no ability to transfer immunity to her calf in utero
 Milk Protein in colostrum
STUDIES ON RUMINANT NUTRITION – High Immunoglobulin – gamma globulin (IGG-I )
– Antibody property
MACERATION OF LEUCAENA LEAVES – Passive immunity
 experiment simulating farmers' practice of macerating Leucaena  After 24 hrs , the effect of anti-trypsin activity of colostrum declined
(mortar and pestle) while the increasing protease activity in the gut caused degradation of
 allowing the mass to stand for 60, 90 and 120 minutes before being the colostrum protein resulting to lost of its immunological property
subjected to in situ digestibility trial and feeding trial (incorporated in
the concentrate) MILK COMPOSITION
 increased bypass protein value by 30%
 reduced effective protein degradability by 40%

FEEDS AND FEEDING SYSTEMS FOR BUFFALO DAIRY PRODUCTION MILK FEEDING METHOD
 TRADITIONAL METHOD (SUCKLING METHOD)
EXPECTED OUTPUT -Calf stay with dam until 6 months
 Strong body configuration and legs -calf milk suckling = 3 to 6 times a day
 Good feed conversion efficiency
 Well developed udders and mammary glands  DAY ZERO WEANING (PAIL/BOTTLE FEEDING)
 High milk yield –calf is removed and kept out of dam after birth
 prolong peak of MILK production at 40 to 60 days after delivery and -Feeding of milk - 2 x a day
maintain peak volume -Lukewarm Temperature (38-400 C)
-8 to 10 % body weight
CALF NUTRITION
 Colostrum – the first milk secretions after birth of calf PAIL FEEDING/SUCKLING METHOD
 Calf should suckle/ received the milk within 24 hours, up to 4 days Requirements:
 1. Separate calf from older stocks  The abomasum is separated from the rumen by a groove which is
2. Provide straws as bedding or elevated calf reflexly closed when the calf is on liquid diet.
3. Pen flooring  Abomasum produces different enzymes;
4. Provide a separate pail for solid feeds i.e. milk replacer or minerals, -First 24 hours (highest rennin – milk clotting enzyme)
calf starter  Lowest concentration of proteolytic enzymes
5. Another pail for milk – aids in the absorption of immunoglobulins intack into the abosamum
6. Feed lukewarm milk lining
7. Fed calf slowly with half of daily requirement  Also, the anti-trypsin substance in colostrum aids in the absorption
E.g. 45 kg x 10% = 4.5 liter  lactose, sucrose, sugar or starch are not well digested in the young
AM 2.25 liters calf digestive organ
PM 2.25 liters
8. Provide water in smaller amount than milk
a. This is to prevent belching out of excess intake of liquid NOTE:
b. Continue this feeding up to three weeks Solid diet
=Good quality hay (e.g young napier, corn,mixed grasses)
MILK REPLACER
 22-24% CP, DM basis Calf starter concentrate
 Milk based products - dry skim milk (35% CP), buttermilk, non milk (18-22% CP, 75% TDN)
products (soy flour, ground corn)
 Vitamins 1 to 6 months
 Minerals (0.6-0.7kg ADG)
 Energy Reserves
 Milk Fat
 Glycogen

 CONSTANT VOLUME METHOD

-1 kg milk replacer/gallon of sterilized water FEEDING MANAGEMENT AT YEARLING STAGE ONWARDS
 INCREASING VOLUME METHOD Desired output
-Milk/milk replacer( 22% CP) EARLY ATTAINMENT OF PUBERTY WEIGHT
-Intake of whole milk with milk replacer should be based on the
following: STUDIES ON DAIRY BUFFALO NUTRITION
1st week 3rd week–10 % BW  Body weight = the most important factor in determining puberty (mean
4th week to 8th week –8% BW weight at puberty)
9th week to 12th week –7% BW  PC = 282.10 kg
 PC + MB = 362.2 kg
CALF DIGESTION  PC + NR = 340.40 kg
 Abomasum comprises 70% while the underdeveloped rumen is 30%.  NR + MB = 327+ 19.8 kg
(Mamuad et al. 2000)
EFFECTS OF LOW PLANE OF NUTRITION AT PUBERTAL STAGE
 ERRATIC GAIN IN WEIGHT FEEDING SCHEME # 2: FORAGE + RICE STRAW + LIMITED
o reduced amount of nutrients needed to supports the growth of SUPPLEMENTATION (heifer and mature cow)
gonads and expression of secondary sex characteristics - Feeding of well preserved roughages such as rice straw/bailed hay to
o Atretic/reduced follicular development prevents fungal contamination and presence of mycotoxin
o Low conc. of gonadal hormones (i.e. estrogen, progesterone)
 Reduced effects on ovarian function such normal
oogenesis and ovulation FEEDING SCHEMES FOR MILKING COW
 Poor development of mammary gland and system Feeding periods
 Negative effect of prolonged malnutrition and underfeeding at pre-  Pre-calving
puberal age  2 months before
 Delayed puberty  Post calving
 Poor body condition ( very thin or obese)  1 months after and onward
 Higher age to achieve 1st conception
 Poor reproductive efficiency Uses of nutrients
-Anestrus (undetected signs of estrus, low level of estrogen)  Milk synthesis
 Poor milk production  Hormones of lactation synthesis
 Synthesis of milk components
FEEDING SCHEME FOR YEARLINGS ONWARDS  Cow Body Maintenance
 Milk production is closely related to nutrition at weaning and weaning
age EXPECTED OUTPUT
 Milk production is highest in cow weaned at intermediate level of  High milk yield
nourishment (0.7 to 0.8 kg ADG) -Well developed and capacious udder with less connective tissues
 Medium in poor nourishment (0.45 kg ADG)  Good quality milk
 Lowest in malnourished cow (0.09 kg ADG)  No feed borne related residues & toxins
 Milk production is negatively correlated with nourishment from 7 to 10  Metabolic Disease prevention
months o Milk fever
 Less parenchyma cells and more fat are developed in cows receiving o Abomasal displacement
good nourishment during weaning to yearling stage, weaker o No breeding/ reproductive disorder
mammary gland when good nourishment continue on after 13th o Prolong post partum estrus
month.
“The development of mammary gland cells are hindered by adipose tissues, in PRE-CALVING NUTRITION
this period where mammary ducts and cells show marked development”  High Milk production
 Well developed mammary system
 Good body condition score
FEEDING SCHEME # 1: FORAGE + LIMITED SUPPLEMENTATION  Early resumption of normal ovarian cycle,
(yearling)  Rapid placental involution
- Good quality forage hay + 1kg of 14% concentrate mixture
  Prevention of Metabolic diseases and calving difficulty UMMB
 Birth of healthy calf vs dystocia, abortion, stillMbirth, blind calf, poor
body condition INGREDIENTS PARTS/Kg
 Services per conception MOLASSES 38
 Reduce number of services per conception UREA 10
RICE BRAN 38
SEMENT 10
FS = RS+CONC+SUPPLEMENTS DICAPO4 3
 Rice straw and other crop residues are generally low in crude protein SALT 1
and total digestible nutrients. NOTE: Recommende Intake for growing lactating buffalo/ cattle=300-500g/day
 Supplementation of dairy concentrate mixture provides the essential
nutrients to improve dry matter intake. FEEDING GUIDE
 Dairy cattle concentrate should contain high amount of energy (70- 75  Provide a separate feed bunk for concentrate mixture, forage, mineral
% TDN) and protein (16%). salts.
NOTE:  Offer forage after milking time
 Dairy buffaloes on rice straw feeding with 3 to 5 kg of 16% CP  In the morning, before milking the cow, provide 1⁄2 of the concentrate
concentrate mixture supplementation mixture requirement prior to milking in the morning. The rest of the
 •Minerals can be obtain from the forages, legumes, grains and milling mixture should be provided in the afternoon.
by- products.  Dairy concentrate mixture should contain 16 % CP or lower if UMMS
 Under grazing management, buffaloes obtain minerals from ingested treated rice straw is being used as roughage
soil and the pasture grasses  Encourage higher DMI by providing extra feeds, at the feedlot or night
 Under confinement, minerals are limited and so inorganic sources corral area for night feeding
such as common salt, dicalcium phosphates, limestone, ground  Provide salt block or salt granules at the rate of 40 g per animal per
shells, or salt mineral block are provided to supplement the minerals day
deficient in the forages.  For rice straw based roughages, treat rice straw with urea molasses
mineral mixture
UREA-MOLASSES MINERAL SPRAY (UMMS)  Provide a bucket with clean water.
DRY UP NUTRITION
INGREDIENTS PARTS/Kg  Rest after a long lactation period
MOLASSES 96  Rest and growth of new glandular cells in the mammary gland
UREA 2  Growth of developing fetus
DICAPO4 1  Improvement in the body condition score of the milk animal
SALT 1  RAPID METHOD – intermittent milking e.g. twice milking in 2 or 3
NOTE: 1L of the solution for 20kg RS per day days then milking is stop
improving palatability, intake and nutritive value ( protein and digestibility) of  GRADUAL METHOD – milking is reduced from 2x per day to once per
crop residues such as rice straw, corn stovers, sugar cane tops, etc. day until milk is below 1 kg.

NOTE: daily supplementation is removed

DRY UP FEEDING SCHEME
1st STAGE
 Stop feed supplementation (e.g. UTRS)
 All roughage only

2nd STAGE
 for pregnant cows at 2- 3 weeks before calving
o 1 to 2 kg concentrate mixture
o Roughage