1) CEREBELLUM plays major role in timings of motor

activity and in smooth progression from one

movement to next,controls intensity of muscle
contractions when muscle load changes and
controls necessary instantaneous interplay bw
agonist and antagonists muscle grp
2) The basal ganglia helps to plan n control complex
pattern of muscle movement,control relative
intensities of separate movement, directions of
movements and sequencing multiple successive
and parallel movements to Achieve specific
complicated motor goal
3) CEREBELLUM doesnot cause any conscioua
sensation and rarely causes any motor movement
4) Lesion of CEREBELLUM causes almost total lack OF
COORDINATON of activities even though no
paralysis of any muscle occur
5) CEREBELLUM helps to sequence and monitor motor
ACTIVITY and make correct adjustments while
activities are being executed ,so they will confirm to
motor signal directed by cerebral motor cortex and
other parts of brain
6) The CEREBELLUM compares the actual movements
as depicted by peripheral sensory feedback
 information with movements intended by motor
system
7) CEREBELLUM aids the cereberal cortex in planing
the next sequential movements a fraction of
seconds in advance while current movements being
executed
8) CEREBELLUM helps person to progess SMOOTHLY
from one movement to the next
9) Anatomically there are 3 lobes anterior,
posterior,flocculonodular lobe
10) Flocculonodular lobe is the ANCIENT (OLDEST)
portion
11) Flocculonodular lobe works along with
vestibular system in controlling body EQUILIBRIUM
12) Most cerebellar control functions for muscle
movements of the AXIAL
BODY,NECK,SHOULDER,HIPS are located in this area
of VERMIS
13) The intermediate zone of the hemisphere is
concerned with controlling muscle contractions in
DISTAL PART OF UPPER AND LOWER LIMB
ESPECIALLY HANDS,FINGER,FEET,TOES
14) Lateral zone controls the overall planning of
sequentially motor movement along with cortex
15) Without lateral zone ,MOST DISCREATE
MOTOR ACTIVITIES OF BODY LOSE THEIR
APPROPRIATE TIMING AND SEQUENCE,THERFORE
UNCOORDINATED
16) One liner role
➢ Vermis >>AXIAL BODY ,NECK,SHOULDERS,HIPS
MOVEMENTS
➢ INTERMEDIATE ZONE>>> DISTAL BODY PARTS
HAND ,FEET,TOES,FINGERS
➢ LATERAL ZONE>> SEQUENTIALLY TIMED
COORDINATED MMOVEMENTS
1) Note that axial portions of body lies in the vermis
part of CEREBELLUM,whereas the limbs and facial
movement lie in intermediate zone
2) Lateral portion dont have topographic
representations of body
3) The connectivity of cerebral cortex esspecially
frontal cortex ( premotor area and somatosensory
areas, somatosensory association areas of parietal
cortex) with LATERAL ZONE OF CEREBELLUM plays
an important role in the body rapid sequential
muscular activities that occurs one after an other
with in fractions of second
4) Deep cerebellar nuclei lie beneath deep folded
masses of cerebellar cortex
5) Afferents of CEREBELLUM. 1corticopontocerebeller
pathway 2 olivocerebeller tract 3
vestibulocerebeller 4 reticulocerebeller
6) Corticopontocerebeller pathway originates in the
cerebral motor and premotor cortices and also in the
cereberal somatosensory cortex ,it passes via
pontine nuclei and pontocerebellar tracts mainly to
the lateral divsions of cerebeller Hemispheres on the
opposite sides of brain from cereberal area
7) Ovilocerebeller tract which passes from the inferior
olivary nucleus to all parts of CEREBELLUM and is
excited in the olive by fibers from cereberal
cortex,basal ganglia,widespread areas of reticular
formation and spinal cord
8) Vestibulocerebeller fibers some of which originates
in vestibular appratus itself and others from the
brainstem vestibular nuclei with almost all these
fibers terminating in Flocculonodular lobe
9) RETICULOCEREBELLER
10) fibers which originates in brainstem reticular
formation and terminates in the MID LINE AREA
MAINLY VERMIS
11) CORTICOPONTOCEREBELLER fibers terminate in
LATERAL DIVION OF CEREBELLUM
12) OVLIVOCEREBELER tract terminates in all parts
of CEREBELLUM
13) Vestibulocerebeller fibers terminates in
FLOCCULONODULAR LOBE
14) RETICULOCEREBELLER tract terminates in
VERMIS
15) The dorsal spinocerebellar tracts passes thru
inferior cerebeller penducles and terminates in the
VERMIS AND INTERMEDIATE ZONE of same side as
its origin
16) The ventral spinocerebellar tracts enters the
CEREBELLUM thru SUPERIOR CEREBRALLER
PENDUCLE
17) DORSAL SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACTS carries
signal from muscle spindles and to lesser extent
golgi tendon organs,tactile receptors of skin ,joint
receptors
18) VENTERAL SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACTS tells the
CEREBELLUM which motor signal have arrived at
anterior horns ,this feedback is called EFFERENCE
COPY OF ANTERIOR HORN DRIVE
19) THE SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACTS can transmit
impulses at 120 m/s which is the most rapid
conduction in any pathway in CNS
20) The SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACTS Maximum
speed of transmission in CNS 120 m/s
21) Deep cerebellar nuclei are
dentate,interposed,fastigial
22) Vestibular nuclei have direct connections with
the cortex of FLOCCULONODULAR LOBE
23) All the input signals that enter the CEREBELLUM
eventually end in deep cerebellar nuclei in form of
excitatory signals followed by fractions of seconds
later by inhibitory signal
24) The inhibitory influence arises entirely from the
PURKINJE CELLS in the cortex and CEREBELLUM
25) The afferents to cerebellum are mainly by
CLIMBING AND MOSSY FIBERS
26) CLIMBING FIBERS ALL ORIGINATES FROM
INFERIOR OLIVARY NUCLEUS OF MEDULLA
27) There is one climbing fiber for about 5 to 10
Purkinje cells
28) After sending branches to deep cerebellar nuclei
cells ,the climbing fibers continue all the way to the
outer layer of cerebeller cortex ,where it makes 300
 synapses with the soma and dendrites of each
purkinji cells
29) The climbing fibers can be distinguished from
fact that it ALWAYS cause a SINGLE ,
PROLONGED,PECULAR TYPE OF ACTION PT IN
PURKINJE CELLS with which it connects , beginning
with strong spike and followed by a weakening
secondary spike THIS AP IS CALLED COMPLEX SPIKE
30) Mossy fibers arises from all other multiple
sources ,make synapse with granule cells in granuler
layers and so on
31) There are 500 to 1000 granules cells for every 1
purkinji cells
32) The mossy fibers input is quite different from
climbing fibers input because the synaptic
connections are WEAK,SO LARGE NO OF MOSSY
FIBERS MUST BE STIMULATED SIMULTANEOUS to
excite the purkinji cell ,the activation usually takes
in the form of a MUCH WEAKER, SHORT DURATION
PURKINJI CELL AP called SIMPLE SPIKE rather then
prolonged complex AP generated by climbing fibers
input
33) Purkinji cells fires at abt 50 to 100 AP PER
SECOND whereas deep cerebellar nuclei cells fire at
much higher rate
34) BASKET AND STELLATE CELLS are inhibitory cells
with short axons causing LATERAL INHIBITION OF
PURKINJI CELLS in CEREBELLUM
35) The typical function of CEREBELLUM is to
provides rapid TURN ON SIGNALS TO AGONISTS
AND simultaneous reciprocal TURN OFF SIGNALS for
antagonistic muscles at onset of movement
36) Vestibulocerebellum consists prinicipally of
small flocculonodular lobe that lies under the
posterior cerebellum and adjacent vermis
37) Vestibulocerebellum provide circuits for most
of body equilibrium movement
38) Spinocerebellum consists of vermis of
posterior and anterior cerebellum plus the adjacent
intermediate zone on both sides of vermis
39) Spinocerebellum controls movements of
DISTAL PORTIONS OF LIMB esspecially hands and
fingers
40) Cereberobellum consists of lateral
zone,controls sequential voluntary body and limb
movements
41) The sequential movements are planned as
much as tenths of second in advance of actual
movements this process is called DEVELOPMENT OF
MOTOR IMAGERY movements to be performed
42) The ppl with vestibulocerebellum dysfunction,
equilibrium is far more disturbed buring during
performance of rapid motions during inactivity
esspecially when these movements invloves changes
in direction of movements and stimulate
semicircular canals
43) The most rapidly conducting sendory pathways
are used ,upto 120m/s in the SPINOCEREBELLAR
affarent tracts
44) Lesions in the SUBTHALAMUS leads to sudden
flailing movements of anterior limb a condition
called hemibellismus
45) Multiple lesions in putamen lead to flickering
movements in hands ,face and other part of body
called chorea
46) Lesions of substantia nigra leads to common
and Extremely severe disease of rigidity,akinasea
,tremors called PARKINSON DISEASE
(checklist ) topics to do from guyton
o Turn on / turn off role
o Functions of CEREBELLUM
o Damping and ballistic movement
o Circuits of basal ganglia
o Clinicals of basal ganglia