2ND SEMESTER

LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL

LECTURE / WEEK 1 / THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY

CONDITIONS OF THE COUNTRY BEFORE THE BIRTH o he principle of disuniting the people
OF JOSE RIZAL (making them go against each other)
in order to govern them
• More than 300 years of Spanish suppressive
moreeffectively.
colonial rule
• Frailocracy – the rule of the friars or the clergy
• Several attempts, through revolts or
o he rule of the friars (Spanish
uprisings, by the natives to drive the foreign
missionaries/ regular priests) which
rulers away were all futile
resulted to grave abuses among
• The lack of unity and nationalism seemed to
civilians. Most abusers were the“cura
be the culprit
paroco” (parish priests)
Policies Imposed by the Colonizers • Patronato Real (royal patronage)- the unity
of Spain and the Catholic Church. This system
• Polo- the enforced or compulsory manual
puts the Church under the authority of the
labor required for every male native between
government as agreed by both the king and
16 to 60 years of age.
the Pope. This gave the clergy national and
o he compulsory service to the
local political authority referred to as
government trendered by all males,
“frailocracy”.
16 to 60 years old annually without
payment. FALLA refers to the Some of the Filipino Revolts Against Spanish Rule
payment exacted by anyone to be
• Lakandula and Sulayman Revolt (1574) or
exempted from work
the Tagalog revolt against the Legazpi and
• Tribute- tax imposed on every individual or
Lavezares administrations.
family to pay to the colonial government as a
• Pampanga Revolt (1585) of Datus against
symbol of vassalage to Spain
Encomenderos
o ax imposed by Spain to every family
• Conspiracy of the Maharlikas in Tondo
annually. It came in the form of
(1587-1588)
produce or money.
• The Cagayan and Dingras Revolts Against
• Encomienda – a system of landholding
Tribute (1589)
wherein individuals loyal to Spain were
• Magalat Revolt (1596) led by Magalat, a
granted land as trustees
Cagayano rebel
o he first government system adopted
by Spain in the islands. This system is 17th century
based on land occupation entrusted
• Igorot Revolt (1601) against conversion to
to private persons who contributed to
Christianity
the conquest of the islands, the
• Bancao Revolt (1621-1622) for religious
Catholic Church and the royal
freedom in Leyte
government.
• Sumuroy Revolt (1649-50) of Warays of
• Isolation Policy – the natives were banned
Northern Samar
from engaging in any form of intercourse with
• Maniago Revolt (1660-1661) in Pampanga
their Asian neighbors.
against friar and government abuses
o As a result of Spain’s insecurity with
• Malong Revolt (1660-1661) in Pangasinan
the other Southeast Asian colonizers
w/ Maniago
like the British in Malaya and the
• Chinese Resistance of 1662 against pirate
Dutch in Indonesia), the Philippines
Koxinga
was secluded from the rest of Asia
• Panay Revolt (1663) by Tapar a religious
and trade was confined to the
pagan.
GALEON TRADE (the Mexico-
• Zambal(es) Revolt (1681-1683) by Chieftains
Philippines exchange)
• Divide and Rule – the colonizers provoked the 18th century
natives to fight among themselves thus,
• Agrarian Revolt of 1745 of Batangas, Laguna
strengthening their hold of power
and Cavite

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 2ND SEMESTER
LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL
LECTURE / WEEK 1 / THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY

• Dagohoy Rebellion of 88 years (1744-1829) 18th CENTURY

in Bohol.
• The Rights for Women
• Diego & Gabriela Silang Revolt (1762-1763)
• Growth of Literacy and Reading. The age for
in Ilocos
the printing press
• Palaris Revolt (1762-1764) during the British
• The rise of modern philosophers like John
invasion
Locke, writers and artists
19th century • Discussions on life, liberty and equality
• Promotes progress, secularization and
• Novales Revolt (1823) in Manila against
individualism
peninsulares
• Society became anti divine right, favored the
• Palmero Conspiracy (1828) a failed plot
separation of church and state, and the
against SpainHermano Pule Religious Revolt
proliferation of social classes
(1840-1843) in Tayabas
• The emancipation of black slaves in the
causes of the Filipinos’ Defeat United States by President
Lincoln.
1. Disunity because of lack of national identity.
The 19th CNETURY
1. divide and rule strategy was an obstacle.
• 1821. Mexican independence from Spain
2. Loyalty crisis because of ethnic differences
resulting to loss of trade in the Pacific.
3. Self-interest
• 1834. Opening of the Philippines to World
4. Lack of preparation and training
Trade by Spain. Natives started to engage in
5. Absence of sufficient weapons and firepower
trade. More Chinese migration to the
6. Geographical isolation and separation
country.
7. Communication gap due to language
• Influx of European influence. The
difference
Enlightenment reached the Indios.
EVENTS LEADING TO THE CHANGE OF SYSTEM OF • Education of the Natives like Burgos, del
GOVERNMENT Pilar, etc.
• The rise of the educated middle class the
• Intellectual Revolution (Enlightenment)
ILUSTRADOS
• Industrial Revolution
• Age of Explorations and Discoveries PHILIPPINES UNDER SPAIN
• The Opening of the Philippines to World
• The Philippines was discovered by Spain
Trade
under the FERDINAND MAGELLAN
th
16 TO 17 CENTURY expedition on March 17, 1521.
• He was sent by king Charles I. With Spain
• xploration. A period of expansion for
and Portugal competing on claims over the
Western colonizers for Spain and Portugal
Moluccas and the Philippine Islands, the
that produced the likes of Christopher
Spaniards were only able to return to the
Columbus, Vasco de Gama, Bartholomew
Philippines in 1543 under the expedition of
Diaz and Ferdinand Magellan in quest of
Ruy Lopez de Villalobos who named the
gold, evangelization and power.
islands as “Filipinas”. The Villalobos
• Reformation of the Protestants and the
expedition exacted the location of the
Counter-Reformation of the Catholics.
Philippines.
• The Scientific Revolution and the rise of
Copernicus, Gallileo and Newton. The CONQUEST
Renaissance, the revival of the arts and
• In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was sent to
humanities rediscovering the knowledge of
the Philippines by Phillip II, the new king of
the Greeks and the Roman. It was the rise of
Spain, and also Portugal. Legazpi became
masters Michelangelo and Leonardo de
the first Governor General of the Philippines.
Vinci
He also established the Encomienda system.

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 2ND SEMESTER
LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING OF RIZAL
LECTURE / WEEK 1 / THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY

Likewise, he founded the city of Manila under

Spain in 1571 after taking it from Rajah
Sulayman
•