EMERGEENCE OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCEs - graphy means “to write”

1) SOCIAL SCIENCE - geo + graphy means “to write about the earth”
- did not appear until the nineteenth century - study of places and the relationships between people and their
environment
- recognized as distinct disciplines
GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE
- study of human behavior by scientific methods
- concern not just with where thing are but with “the why of
- group of academic disciplines that study human aspects of the world
where”
a) SPATIAL PERSPECTIVE
2) NATURAL SCIENCES - helps humans contemplate the context of spatial relationships
b) ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
- concerned with the natural environment in human being exist
- humans are part of the interactive and interdependent
- provide increasingly reliable knowledge about the physical world relationships in ecosystems
*THE RELATIONSHIP IS FUNDEMENTAL PRINCIPLE IN
3) HUMANITIES GEOGRAPHY

- deal with special aspects of human culture

- to predict nor to explain but to understand human reactions to event DIVISIONS OF GEOGRAPHY
and meanings 1. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
- provide divergent perspective on the human condition - study of our planet and its systems
- natural environment as the basis o society

2. SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY
- concentrates on the spatial organization
DISCIPLINES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES - study how people use and alter their environments
1) GEOGRAPHY - refer to the relationship of society to its environment
- geo means “earth”
 2) HISTORY - studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scare
- “historia”, “an account of one’s inquiries” - uses scientific methods to build theories that can help explain the
behavior of individuals
- study of the past events
- study of people, actions, decisions, interactions and behaviors
SCARCITY
- condition in which our wants are greater than our limited
HISTORY AS A SOCIAL SCINCE DISCIPLINE
resources
as a discipline – a distinct branch of knowledge possessing an agreed-
TRADE OFF
on general subject matter
- budgeting inevitably involves sacrificing some of x to get
it is social science – a systematic attempt to learn about and verify past
more to y
events
OPPURTUNITY COST
- the result of choosing one alternative and for going another
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES
1. PRIMARY SOURCES
* SOCIETY HAS UNLIMITED WANTS BUT RESOURCES ARE
- raw data
LIMITED
- written/verbal experience of people during the event
a) MACROECONOMICS
- original documents
- deals aggregate decision
- studies national income
- analyzes total employment in the economy
2. SECONDARY SOURCES
- commentaries
b) MICROECONOMICS
- written significantly after events by parties not directly involved
- studies individual income
- demand and supply of labor
3) ECONOMICS
- study of how humans make decisions about the face of scarcity
4) ANTHROPOLOGY
- holistic “science of man”, totality of human experience - teach us that every language is able to express the human experience
under the form of concepts
- “anthropos” means human
- expressive
- “logos” means study
- expresses our identities
- study of the relationship between biological traits and socially
acquired characteristics - means of control

5) SOCIOLOGY 9) PSYCHOLOGY
- “socius” means companion - “psyche” means soul
- “logos” means study - “logos” means study
- study of relationships among people - study that aims to investigate and sometimes change the behavior of
man and animals
- study of society and the behavior of the people in the society

POSITIVISM
6) DEMOGRAPHY
- only sources of trustworthy knowledge is the information obtained
- “demos” means people
from rational conducts and reports of sensory experiences
- “graphos” means description
- scientific study of human populations
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
- distribution in the physical space
- presumes a stable and orderly social real ity could be measured and
represented objectively

7) POLITICAL SCIENCE - a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex
system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
- systematic study of the government and state
- “polis” means city
* SOCIETY INSTITUTIONS WORK TOGETHER TO PROMOTE
SOLIDARITY AND STABILITY
8) LINGUISTICS *EVERYTHING THAT HAPPENS IS FUNCTIONAL
SOCIAL FUNCTIONS - people are not always able to obtain all the information they would
need to make best possible decision
MANIFEST – expected positive – disfunction
- emotions are on the way
LATENT – unexpected

INSTITUTIONALISM
MANIFEST FUNCTIONS
- institutions shape the behavior of individuals
- recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern

GOVER
NMENT

LATENT FUNTIONS
- the unrecognized and unintended consequence o any social pattern FAMILY SOCIAL
RELIGIO
ECONO INSTITU
N
MICS TIONS
RATIONAL CHOICE
- all action is fundamentally ‘rational’ in character and that people
calculate the likely cost and benefits of any action before deciding EDUCAT
what to do ION

RATIONAL means people act based on

CHOICE refers to an act of selecting

HERMENEUTIC PHENOMENOLOGY
HUMANS ARE GOAL – ORIENTED
- interpretation of human experiences

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY

HERMENEUTICS
- when the risks outweigh the rewards, people will terminate or
abandon that relationship - (approach interpret biblical text
- study of interpretation interrelationship

CRITICISMS
PHENOMENOLOGY
- study of phenomena
- lived – experiences

CRITICISM AND LIMITATION

- lacks the applications of the scientific method
- seen as unreliable in analyzing empirical data in predicting outcomes
of social activities

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
- symbolic mean developed by people in the process of interaction
- interaction of symbols