Generator Protection System

P. A. Amilkanthwar
Assistant Engineer (Gen)
Test - II
Topics for Discussion
◼ Basics of Electrical Protection system
◼ Synchronous machine
◼ Concept of reactive power and real power
sharing
◼ Different Protections used for generator
◼ Advanced Protection Relays(Microprocessor
based)
◼ Case studies (analysis of electrical faults)
◼ Synchronization
Different Protections used for Generator
◼ Generator Differential Protection.
◼ Generator Inter Turn Protection.
◼ Generator Negative Sequence Protection.
◼ Generator Loss of Excitation Protection.
◼ Generator Over Voltage Protection.
◼ Frequency Protection
◼ Generator Over Load/ Over Current Protection
◼ Generator Rotor Earth Fault Protection
◼ Generator Back Up Impedance protection
◼ Generator Low Forward power Interlock
◼ Generator reverse power protection.
◼ 95% stator Earth Fault Protection
Instrument Transformers
◼ Current Transformers ◼ Potential Transformers
• Turns ratio is • Turns ratio is directly
inversely proportional proportional to the ratio
to the ratio specified specified
• Secondary current is • Secondary current is
according to primary according to burden
current only connected
• Should not be short
• Should not be left
circuited
open circuited
Flow Diagram of Tripping Process
Protection Classes
◼ Class A Protection
• This master trip will operate when the fault
needs to isolate the generator immediately
• This gives command to open the generator
breaker and field breaker.
◼ Class B Protection
• This master trip will operate when the fault is not
serious in view of generator or it is not directly
harmful to generator
• This gives the command to trip turine
◼ Prime Mover Tripped
This indicates (gives feed back)prime mover is
tripped.
Basics of Electrical Protection system

◼ The Protection System

◼ Protection Classes
◼ Inputs to the protection system.
• Instrument Transformers
• Contact Input

◼ Elements of protection system.

Generator Differential Protection
◼ CTR 10000/5
◼ Relay Setting 5%
◼ Stabilizing Resistance
◼ High impedance
Relay
◼ Sensitivity to the type
of fault
Elements of protection system
• Current relays
• Voltage relays
• Power relays
• Impedance relays
• Frequency relays
• Special function relays
• Auxiliary Relays
• Timers
Protection System
• Cause of Operation of Protection is the the
Fault.
◼ It Is Basically Designed,
• To detect the fault at its earliest possible stage.
• To give protection to the equipment against
secondary damage.
• To avoid the equipment to run out side the
capability specified.
Specifications of Generator
◼ Make: BHEL
◼ MVA: 247
◼ Connection: Three Phase
Double Star Connected.
◼ Voltage: 15750 Volts
◼ Current: 9050 Amp
◼ Frequency: 50 Hz
◼ Speed: 3000 RPM
◼ No. of Poles: 2
◼ Synchronous Impedance:
222%
◼ Sub Transient
Impedance: 30.5%
◼ Transient Impedance:
21.4%
◼ Cooling: water/ Hydrogen
Cooled
◼ Neutral Grounding: High
Impedance (Through
NGT)
Generator Inter Turn Protection
◼ Difference of sharing between
split phases
◼ Reasons of diff. In currents
• If there is any inter-turn short
with in the winging
• If gen is supplying through
fault and small circulating
currents gets proportionately
increased
• Tripping provided at 5% of
rated current
Generator Negative Sequence Protection.
◼ Balanced and unbalanced systems
◼ Sequence components
• Positive sequence component
I1 = 1/3 (IR +a2 *IY + a * IB)
• Negative sequence component
I2 = 1/3 (IR +a *IY + a2 * IB)
• Zero sequence component
I0 = 1/3 (IR +IY + IB)
◼ Effect of negative sequence component on
synchronous machine.
◼ Generator Capability for I2
• Continuous I2 capability 5% of Im
• I2 2 * t = 8
Balanced Phasers
Generator Loss of Excitation Protection.
◼ Study of Generator capability curve

Setting criteria
Xa1 = 0.5*Xd*CTR/PTR
Xd = 30.5% = 0.305 pu ……sub-
transient reactance of generator
Xd in ohms = Xd (pu)*kv2/MVA
= 0.305*15.752/247
=0.306311993
Xa1 = 2.139 ohm
Xb1 = Xd * CTR/PTR
Xd (ohmic) = Xd(pu)*kv2/MVA
Xb1 =
2.22(15.752/247)(10000/5)(110/15750)
= 31.14 ohm
Generator capability curve
Generator Over Voltage Protection.

◼ Generator high voltage is harm full to the

insulation of generator, generator
transformer, excitation transformer, UAT,
etc
◼ Generator Over Voltage Capability – 10%
◼ Setting Adopted
• Stage – 1 = 10%, 5 Sec delay
• Stage – 2 = 15%, 500msec delay
Frequency Protection
◼ Over frequency protection
• It indicates excess generation than
demand hence tripping should graded
among the units
◼ Under frequency protection

Under frequency is harmful to turbine

◼ Adopted settings
Adopted Frequency settings
UNIT CAPACITY UNDER OVER FREQUENCY TRIP
NO. FREQ. TRIP SETTING
SETTING
1 30 MW 47 HZ, 0.5 54.5 HZ, 21.15 SEC DELAY
SEC DELAY
2 30 MW

3 210 MW 52.5 HZ, 1 SEC DELAY

4 210 MW 52.0 HZ, 2 SEC DELAY

5 210 MW 52.0 HZ, 2.0 SEC DELAY

Generator Over Load/ Over Current
Protection1
% O/C Gen Capability Relay Char.

1.1 3600

1.15 900 652.8

1.2 360 362.4

1.25 300 252.6

1.3 240 192.6

1.35 180 155.4

1.4 120 129.3

1.5 60 90
Generator Over Load/ Over Current
Protection2
Generator Capability Relay characristic

950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
time in Sec.

550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6
% over current
Rotor E/F
 Generator Back Up Impedance protection
Impedance protection to be covered up to 220 KV bus bar that is
Z = Z(G.T.) 12.5%
Ohmic value of Z (G.T.) = Z(pu)*KV2/MVA
= 0.125*15.752/250 = 0.124 ohm
Z at C.T.,P.T. secondary level = Z*(CTR/PTR)
= 0.124*(10000/5)*(110/15750)= 1.73 ohm
For 3 phase impedance 1.73*sqrt(3) = 2.996 ohm
Time setting = 2.5 sec (considering the line under Impedance time
setting that is to allow the line protections to clear the fault
before tripping of generator)
Z<1 setting (for P343 main only) Setting criteria: for long faults
and sustained overloading the setting of this stage should be
kept to operate at 30% overloading i.e. it should be set at 70%
impedance of the full load parameters of the generator.
Zfull load at C.T., P.T. level = rated volts (phase to phase)/ Ifull load
= 110/4.525 = 24.3 ohms
Z 70% = Zfull load*0.7 = 24.3*0.7 = 17.01 ohms delay = 5 sec
95% stator Earth Fault Protection
 Salient Features of the relay P343:
• Following Protections of generator are covered in the relay
1.Generator Differential Protection: - High Impedance / Biased Differential
2. Phase fault over current protection: -
3.Neutral voltage displacement protection: -
4.100% Stator earth fault protection: -
5.Under/over voltage protection: - Two stage under and Over voltage
protection.
6.Under/over frequency protection: - Four stage under frequency and two
stage over frequency protection.
7.Reverse power: - Protection against loss of prime mover.
8.Low forward power: - Provides an interlock for non-urgent tripping.
9.Field failure: - Two stage element for protection against loss of excitation.
1 Negative phase sequence protection: - Provides protection against
unbalanced loading, which can cause overheating of the generator rotor.
1Over fluxing: - Provides protection for the generator/transformer against
unusual voltage or frequency conditions.
1 Unintentional energization at standstill (dead machine) protection: -
Protection against inadvertent closing of the generator circuit breaker when
machine is not running.
 Other non-protective features of the relay:
1. Voltage transformer supervision: - To prevent mal-
operation of voltage dependent protection elements upon loss
of a VT input signal.
2. Measurements: - Various measurement of value for display
on the relay or accessed from the serial communications e.g.
Currents, voltages, Power etc.
3. Fault / event / disturbance records: - Available from the
serial communication or on the relay display (fault and event
records only on relay display.
4. Four setting groups: - Independent setting groups to cater
for alternative arrangements or user specific application.
5. Continuous self monitoring: - Power on diagnostics and
self checking routine to provide maximum relay reliability and
availability.
6. Circuit breaker state monitoring: - Provides indication of
discrepancy between circuit breaker auxiliary contacts.
P343
Case studies (analysis of electrical faults)

◼ Tripping of unit on Loss of excitation protection.

◼ Tripping of unit No 4 on over voltage protection
during external disturbance.
◼ Local AC failure due to theft attempt in switch
yard
◼ Unit 4 tripped on stator earth fault.
◼ Tripping of unit on Negative sequence protection
◼ Tripping of units while supplying external faults
Synchronization Procedure
◼ Keep Excitation on Manual Channel.
❑ Make the FF Supply ON.
❑ Close the field Breaker and observe
FF and FB both breakers ON
Voltage start building up
At @ 70% of rated voltage FF breaker gets OFF
Voltage stops rising at @ 14 KV
❑ Raise the voltage to @15.75KV with the help of Manual Control.
❑ Match the Null meter with the help of Auto Pot.
❑ Put the excitation on AUTO
❑ Proceed for Synchronization.
Thank You