Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation

Ministry of education and science of the Kyrgyz Republic

Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University
Department of theory and practice of English and
intercultural communication

Report

Theme: «Adequacy of translation”

Written by
Nurkzoho kyzy Zarema HLIC-1-20a
Instructor: Zhunushalieva A. Sh.

Bishkek, 2022Con
 1) SEMANTIC ADEQUACY

Semantic adequacy implies that the text corresponds to the reality that the
journalist reflects. Each work that meets this requirement must contain truthful
information about life, and the entire set of works in the issue or program must
give a complete and objective picture of reality.
The flow of information from a semantic point of view should be:
1. Descriptive information (descriptio "description") - describing and
presenting to the audience all the richness of the surrounding world-events,
phenomena, laws, processes and human relations, characters, destinies
belonging to the world. The presence of descriptive information in the texts is
the basis for all subsequent acts of the journalist, since the fundamental basis of
orientation is the knowledge of "what is". Relying on facts is one of the most
important laws of journalism.
However, different journalists present the same facts in different ways, not to
mention their assessment and conclusions based on it. This is because the
presentation of descriptive information, facts, and even more so their
understanding takes place in the light of prescriptive information.
2. Prescriptive information (Latin prescriptio "prescription") - an idea of the"
desired future " shared by the journalist.
Overlapping prescriptive information with descriptive information, comparing
the available data with the "ideal", analyzing facts in the light of the "desired
future" allows the journalist to give his assessment of the current event, the
emerging trend or the revealed pattern. So it occurs
3.informative information (Lat. valeo, it. valuta "value, value"). The
assessment can be expressed directly or contained in the very nature of the
presentation of the material; the journalist can strive to express his point of view
on what is happening or, conversely, to "present" the fact as impartially as
possible. However, in both cases, he will not be able to get away from the value
approach.
Finally, to suggest a way to transform the actual situation ("what is") in the
direction of the "desired future", it is necessary to give concrete ideas about how
to achieve this future. So it occurs
4.Normative information (Latin: norma), which gives the answer to the
question " what to do?" in connection with definitely evaluated facts of life.
Thus, the text of a work is symbolically important to see as a sign system (S)
containing descriptive (d), currency (v), normative (p), and prescriptive (p)
components: S (d, p, v, n).

2) STYLISTIC ADEQUACY 

The questions of stylistic transformations in literary translation are considered.

Attention is paid to the ratio of the number of stylistic transformations in
translations and their relationship with the adequacy of the translation into
Russian. The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of one of the
most famous Muriel Spark’s stories “Portobello Road” and two translations of
this work. Particular attention is paid to the question of achieving
communicative and pragmatic effect of translated texts, a necessary condition of
which is the use of stylistic transformations. The novelty of the study is in
identification of the most common stylistic transformations in translations used
to achieve their adequacy and the original communicative and pragmatic effect
of the text by preserving the author’s intention and original style. The relevance
of the study is due to the lack of developed methods for determining the
communicative and pragmatic effect of translated texts, as well as the task of
improving the quality of translations and the need to determine the typical
stylistic transformations that determine the pragmatic and aesthetic compliance
of translated texts. The classifications of stylistic transformations developed in
the theory of translation are given, their comparative analysis is carried out. It is
proved that the emotional and expressive vocabulary and the adjectives are
stylistically transformed most often, transformations being: replacement
(remetaphorization and metonymical transformations) and additions
(metaphorization and phraseologization). It is emphasized that they serve to
achieve the pragmatic effect of the artwork.

3) PRAGMATIC ADEQUACY 

The pragmatic impact includes, firstly, the content of the utterance. It is clear
that your reaction to the news of the death of a person close to you will be
different than the news that you won a hundred thousand rubles. Secondly, the
nature of the signs that make up the utterance. K. Chukovsky drew attention to
the big difference between the sentences "Golden-haired maiden, why are you
trembling" and "Red-haired girl, why are you shaking". The speaker selects the
language means when constructing an utterance in accordance with his intention
to produce a certain effect. Thirdly, the pragmatic impact of the utterance
depends on the receptive receptor. The message about the death of a person is
perceived differently by his relatives, casual acquaintances or completely
strangers. An important conclusion follows from this fact that the pragmatic
effect, determined by the content and form of the utterance, may not be fully
realized or not realized at all in relation to some type of receptor. Thus, it can be
said that the utterance has a pragmatic potential, which is realized in different
ways in specific acts of communication. The analysis of the content and form of
the text allows us to determine this potential, but this does not yet determine the
nature of the real impact of the text on different receptors. Every utterance is
created in order to get some kind of communicative effect, so the pragmatic
potential is the most important part of the content of the utterance. It follows
from this that its pragmatics also plays an important role in the translation text.

1. The first type of pragmatic adaptation aims to ensure an adequate

understanding of the message by the translation receptors. Focusing on the
"average" receptor, the translator takes into account that the message, quite
understandable to the readers of the original, may be misunderstood by the
readers of the translation, due to their lack of the necessary background
knowledge. In such cases, the translator most often enters additional
information into the translation text, filling in the missing knowledge.
Sometimes it doesn't require significant additions. For example, the names of
various geographical and cultural realities mentioned in the original often need
explanations. Russian Russian translation of geographical names such as
American Massachusetts, Oklahoma, Virginia, Canadian Manitoba, Alberta or
English Middlesex, Surrey, etc., as a rule, the words "state, province, county"
are added, indicating what these names mean in order to make them
understandable to the Russian reader: Massachusetts, Alberta, Middlesex
County , etc .

2. If the changes in the translations discussed above provided an adequate

understanding of the transmitted message, then the second type of pragmatic
adaptation aims to achieve the correct perception of the original content, to
convey to the translation receptor the emotional impact of the source text. The
need for such adaptation arises because in each language there are names of
some objects and situations with which representatives of this language
collective have special associations.

3. Unlike the previous ones, in the adaptation of the third type, the translator
focuses not on the average, but on a specific receptor and on a specific
communication situation, striving to provide the desired effect. Therefore, such
an adaptation is usually associated with a significant deviation from the original
message.

4. The fourth type of pragmatic adaptation can be characterized as a solution to

the "extra-translation super-task". Every translation is a text created by a
translator to achieve a certain goal. In most cases, this goal is to ensure the
adequacy of the translation. However, sometimes a translator can use a
translation to achieve some other goal, to solve some task of his own that is not
directly related to the exact reproduction of the original. And to solve such a
"super task", he can change and even distort the original, violating the main
principles of his professional activity.

CONCLUSION
The main strategy for finding the optimal translation option is the
multidimensionality of the translation process, the constant inclusion in the
consideration of all the main dimensions of this process – interlanguage,
intercultural and interstitutional. The concept of adequacy is based on the actual
practice of translation, and the translator's decision is of a compromise nature.
An adequate translation must meet certain conditions and tasks.

Thus, the concept of "adequate translation" has a broader meaning than

"equivalence" and means a "good" translation that provides "the necessary
completeness of interlanguage communication in specific conditions."