Stratified SamplingThe company has 800 female employees and Purposive SamplingYou want to know more about the
know more about the opinions
200 male employees. You want to ensure that the sample reflects
the gender balance of the company, so you sort the population into
two strata based on gender. Then you use random sampling on
each group, selecting 80 women and 20 men, which gives you a
representative sample of 100 people.
Cluster Sampling The company has offices in 10 cities across
the country (all with roughly the same number of employees in
similar roles). You don’t have the capacity to travel to every office
to collect your data, so you use random sampling to select 3
offices – these are your clusters.
Non-probability sampling methods
In a non-probability sample, individuals are selected based on
non-random criteria, and not every individual has a chance of
being included.
Convenience sampling You are researching opinions about student
support services in your university, so after each of your classes,
you ask your fellow students to complete a survey on the topic.
This is a convenient way to gather data, but as you only surveyed
students taking the same classes as you at the same level, the
sample is not representative of all the students at your university.
Voluntary Response SamplingYou send out the survey to all
students at your university and a lot of students decide to complete
it. This can certainly give you some insight into the topic, but the
people who responded are more likely to be those who have strong
opinions about the student support services, so you can’t be sure
that their opinions are representative of all students.
CONCLUSIONS
This portion is the synthesis, a tying together and an appraisal in
which the research reconciles his/her findings with those of others.
RECOMMENDATIONS
This part includes the outline recommendations and outline
points for further research.
REFERENCES
This portion indicates all the references cited in the study.
APPENDICES
FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
1. How did the pioneers of education modify the traditional concept
of the child and the curriculum? What major innovation in
Teaching and Learning did they bring about?
The pioneers of education modify the traditional concept of the child
and the curriculum by seeing the child as the primary important in
the teaching and learning process. They are the heart of the
curriculum in which in the curriculum must based on the needs and
interest of the learners. Cognitive Theory by Jean Piaget is
concerned with the development of a persons thought processes. The
steps and sequence of children’s intellectual development must be
considered. Howard Gardner, the theory of multiple intelligences has
redefined educator views of how students learn and should be
assessed. Teacher need diversification of instructional strategies to
match the learning styles and strengths of students. Lev Vygotsky
believed that children learn actively through hands on experience.
Albert Banduras Social Learning Theory states that by observing
actions of others children develop new skills and acquire new
information. Erik-Erikson’s psychosocial theory believed that social
interaction and experience played decisive roles. Freidrich Froebel
he established kindergarten where free expression, creativity, social
interaction and learning by doing were the focus. John Dewey
believed that schools were place where children should learn to live
cooperatively.
and experiences of disabled students at your university, so you
purposefully select a number of students with different support
needs in order to gather a varied range of data on their experiences
with student services.
Snowball Sampling You are researching experiences of
homelessness in your city. Since there is no list of all homeless
people in the city, probability sampling isn’t possible. You meet
one person who agrees to participate in the research, and she puts
you in contact with other homeless people that she knows in the
area.
9. What are some of the sources of related literature and studies?
 Peer review journal articles,
 Edited Academic Books,
 Articles from in professional journals
 Statistical data from governmental websites,
 Website material from professional associations
10. Give the parts of a thesis. Describe each part.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
The researchers should make the problem understood by
showing the justification and rationale of the study, cite
problematic situation supported by statistics in the micro and
macro levels and its legal basis, relevant to the study.
 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
. The first part of the introduction should give the readers
a background knowledge about the studies and issues that manifest
into actual problem and the consequence of the problem.
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This part indicates the specific questions which shall be
answered by the research study.
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The theoretical framework provides the theoretical
perspective of the care theory on which to anchor the study.
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This conceptual framework is that group of ideas,
concepts, that give the overall structures and coherences of the
study.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This portion describes which part of the study will be
beneficial to a group or individual, units or organization.
 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
This part describes the coverage of the study which
includes the discussion of the variables considered in the statement
of the problem, the population or the number of respondents/
participants involved in the study, the locale of the place where the
study will be conducted and the data gathering instrument and the
statistical tools to be used.
  DEFINITION OF TERMS
This part defines the terms or words that are ambiguous
or need a conceptual or operational definition.
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF REAKTED LITERATURE AND
STUDIES
This chapter consist of two parts: Related Literature and related
studies. It provides the reader with the overview of the significant
researches related to the problem and the contextual background
information for the research problem based on the extensive
review made by the researcher.
 RELATED LITERATURE
This part consists of the introduction, the body of the
literature review, and the conclusions of the researcher.
 RELATED STUDIES
This part highlights the related studies conducted.
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter provides an introduction which spells out the
part of the chapter.
 RESEARCH DESIGN
This portion describes the kind of research and why such
research design is used in the study, whether the study is
experimental, descriptive, historical or ethnographic research
 LOCALE OF THE STUDY
It describes the research Venue or Site where the study
will take place or where the data will be collected.
202 FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
1. COMENIUS
 father of modern education
 pictorial textbooks written in native languages
instead of Latin,
 teaching based in gradual development from simple
to more comprehensive concepts,
 lifelong learning with a focus on logical thinking
over dull memorization
 equal opportunity for impoverished children
 education for women
 and universal and practical instruction.
2. JOHN LOCKE
 Introduced the concept of “tabula rasa” which is the
belief that the mind is a “blank slate” at birth and we
are formed and develop from our own experiences
with the environment.
3. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU
 Emphasized the importance of expression to produce
a well-balanced free thinking child. He believed that
if children are allowed to develop naturally without
constraints imposed on them by society they will
develop towards their fullest potential, both
educationally and morally. Rousseau believed that
the child learns better through a play-way method,
for it provides a sense of joy to the child. He writes,
“Let the senses be the guides … He is not receiving
instruction but learning words.” Work or plays are all
one to him, his games are his work, he knows no
differences.
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
There are many kinds of research instruments depending
on the research design and the research questions.
 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES
This part describes the step-by-step process on how will
the data will be collected.
 STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA
This part describes how the data will be treated using the
statistical tools.
CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter contains the following, an introductory
statement about the content of the chapter, the presentation of the
data in tabular/graphic format, the analysis of the data based on
the table/graphic presentation and interpretation of the findings
supported with related literature.
CHAPTER V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This portion contains three parts: The summary of
finding, Conclusion and recommendations which are stated in past
tense for the summary of findings and present tense for the
conclusions and recommendations.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
This part summarizes briefly the main findings of the
study which are presented based on the statement of the problem.
4. Friedrich Froebel
 Renowned for his pioneering work in developing a school
for early childhood education-the kindergarten or child’s
garden.
 labelled his approach to education as “self-activity.”
 He designed a kindergarten that would prepare an
environment to externalize children’s interior spirituality
through self-activity.
5. Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
 Approach to teaching can be divided into the general and
special methods.
 who advocated education of the poor and emphasized
teaching methods designed to strengthen the student’s own
abilities.. He believed in the ability of every individual human
being to learn and in the right of every individual to
education. It was the duty of society to put this right into
practice. And education should develop the powers of “Head,
Heart and Hands. “
6. Johann Herbart
 pedagogical method was divided into discrete steps:
preparation, presentation, association, systematization and
application
7. John Dewey
 believed that human beings learn through a” hands-on”
approach. This places Dewey in the educational philosophy of
pragmatism. Pragmatists believe that reality must be
experienced. From Dewey’s educational point of view, this
means that students must interact with their environment in
order to adapt and learn. He believes that the best education
involves learning through doing
8. . Maria Montessori
 emphasis on being child-centered. Based on self-directed
activity, hands- on learning and collaborative play. In
Montessori classrooms children make creative choices in their
learning, while the classroom and the highly trained teacher
offer age-appropriate activities to guide the process.
9. Jean Piaget’s
 theory in the classroom, teachers and students benefit in
several ways. According to Piaget’s Learning Theory,
learning is a process that only makes sense in situations of
change. Therefore, learning is partly knowing how to adopt to
these changes. This theory explains the dynamics of
adaptation through the processes of assimilation and
accommodation.
10. Socrates
 main contribution to western philosophy is his method of
inquiry that was called after him Socratic method, sometimes
also known as elenchus.
II. DISCUSS BRIEFLY
1.
2.We have stated that pragmatism is the American
philosophy. In your own judgement, what is the Filipino
philosophy of education?
In my own judgment, Progressivism is a Filipino
philosophy of education.
Operant conditioning: new behaviors because of new
consequences
Operant conditioning focuses on how the
consequences of a behavior affect the behavior over
time. It begins with the idea that certain consequences
tend to make certain behaviors happen more frequently.
If I compliment a student for a good comment made
during discussion, there is more of a chance that I will
hear further comments from the student in the future.
Constructivism: changes in how students think
Behaviorist models of learning may be helpful in understanding
and influencing what students do, but teachers usually also want to
know what students are thinking, and how to enrich what students
are thinking. For this goal of teaching, some of the best help
comes from constructivism, which is a perspective on learning
focused on how students actively create (or “construct”)
knowledge out of experiences.
Psychological constructivism: the independent
investigator
The main idea of psychological constructivism is that a
person learns by mentally organizing and reorganizing new
information or experiences. for example, that if students indeed
learn primarily by building their own knowledge, then teachers
should adjust the curriculum to fit students’ prior knowledge
and interests as fully as possible.
3.Practically all educational development processes are
governed by the interplay of clientele, resource inputs, the
process itself, and the constraints which tend to delimit the
movement of those processes. Discuss the implications to
education of this statement.
 Education is not only a process and a product of growing, it
means growing. It aims at the fullest possible realization of all
the potentialities of children. This implies that teachers and
parents must know what children are capable of and what
potentialities they possess. Equipped with this knowledge
they should provide suitable opportunities and favorable
environmental facilities which are conducive to the
maximum growth of children. Apart from these
opportunities, it is necessary that their attitudes are helpful,
encouraging and sympathetic.
4. How does learning take place? Cite the various theories
that try to explain this. Give illustration.
Behaviorism: changes in what student’s do
Behaviorism is a perspective on learning that focuses on changes
in individuals’ observable behaviors— changes in what people say
or do. At some point we all use this perspective, whether we call it
“behaviorism” or something else. The first time that I drove a car,
for example, I was concerned primarily with whether I could
actually do the driving, not with whether I could describe or
explain how to drive.
Social Constructivism: assisted performance. Unlike Piaget’s
orientation to individuals’ thinking in his version of
constructivism, some psychologists and educators have explicitly
focused on the relationships and interactions between a learner
and other individuals who are more knowledgeable or
experienced. This framework often is called social constructivism
or sociocultural theory. An early expression of this viewpoint
came from the American psychologist Jerome Bruner.
5. Education has a long been cognizant of the principle of
individual differences. Is this reflected in the curriculum
and instruction in our present school? If yes, how? If not,
in what ways in which the teacher can gear her instruction
to meet the varying levels of development of each child?
Answer: Yes, it is reflected in the curriculum and instruction in
our present school. By catering the individual differences of the
learners during instructions. It is important for teachers to know
variables such as physical characteristics, intelligence, perception,
gender, ability, learning styles, which are individual differences of
the learners. An effective and productive learning-teaching
process can be planned by considering these individual differences
of the students. Since the learners' own learning speeds and
interests vary, these characteristics should be taken into
consideration by the teacher. It is important for teachers to know
variables such as physical characteristics, intelligence, perception,
gender, ability, learning styles, which are individual differences of
the learners. An effective and productive learning-teaching
process can be planned by considering these individual differences
of the students.
 203 STATISTICS 210 PRINCIPLES & THEORIES OF MANAGEMENT
I. Define the Following
8. Differentiate management from leadership. Point out
1. Mean- is the average of a data set.
2. Median-is the middle or the set of numbers. its similarities and differences.
3. Mode-Is the most frequent/common score in a data set.  Management is said to be the discipline that
4. Standard Deviation- it measures the dispersion of a data specializes on maintaining the status quo,
set relative to its mean and is calculated as the square conforming to standards and organizing and
root of the variance. directing individuals around the boundaries (time,
5. Frequency Distribution- is the pattern of frequencies of
a variable. It’s the number of times each possible value
money, quality criteria etc.) that have been set to
of a variable occurs in a data set. achieve the task. Leadership on the other hand is
6. Formative Evaluation- It is primarily diagnostic. It is concerned with setting goals, making
about collecting qualitative data to identify and fix improvements to existing ways of working and
problems and their causes in the design. motivating and leading the team to reaching this
7. Summative Evaluation- It about collecting quantitative new direction
data for assessing level of quality due to a design,
especially for assessing improvement in the user
Similarities
experience due to formative evaluation.
8. Criterion Reference measure- It measures a text takers
performances compared to a specific set of standards or • Managers and leaders both have a primary focus on
criteria. improving the organization
9. Norm-Referenced measure-Make comparisons between • They set the companies strategies and future needs
individuals.
10. Variance- Is a measure of dispersion that consider the
• Both managers and leaders communicate policies and
changes within the organization
spread of all data points in a data set. Measures how far
a data set is spread out. • They can both unlock the true potential of junior employees
MODE-15 MEDIAN-28 MEAN-31.53 • Managers and leaders act as role models to any institution or
company
VARIANCE-303.8381 SD-17.4309
• Position for managers requires education and skill same with
leadership in some cases
• Both get involved in the day to day activities of the
organization

3. How many administrative levels are exhibited in your Differences

organization’s structure? Do these levels clearly show the top, • The duty of leaders is to mainly inspire and motivate
middle and lower executive position? Why or why not?
.Yes, we do have one administrative district level in our  Managers plan, organize, coordinate, monitor,
organization having our district head as on top following the school and implement
heads in the middle and the teachers as the lower executive  Leaders are goal-focused and ignore the small
positions. This working force have different roles and
responsibilities that must be executed. Each of the member is important pieces of the organization
working for its common goal. Every part of the group is essential  Managers focus throughout the process while
and working collaboratively with one another leads to success considering every smaller element as important
having better and optimum results
 A leader mostly just commands results
5. How can schools of management theory be made effective in  Managers act as general overseers of any project,
our organization? Discuss and cite specific situations. engaged daily
The behavioral school of management thought developed, in part,
because of perceived weaknesses in the assumptions of the  Leaders are mostly innovative to break the status
classical school. Thus, the behavioral school focused on trying to quo
understand the factors that affect human behavior at work. Example  Managers work on what’s available with the
of this before starting your class you must need to observe your
students and what type of student, they are in order to carry an
intent to make it better.
effective result in the evaluation.
6. What is leadership? What skills should a good
7. How does McGregor’s theory of management differ from leader possess?
that of Maslow?
The difference between McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y and ability of an individual or a group of
Leadership is the
Maslow's hierarchy of needs are that McGregor categorizes the individuals or a group of individuals to influence and
behavior of employees into two extreme groups, which are positive
and negative, while Maslow enables a manager to develop a guide followers or other members of an organization.
management style that is sensitive to the needs of its employees. Patience, Empathy, Active Listening, Reliability,
Because employees often exhibit diverse behaviors, managers often
have to develop a management style that suits the needs of this type
Dependability, Positivity, effective Feedback, Timely
of employee, rather than that presented by McGregor. communication. Team building, Flexibility, Risk-
Taking, Ability to teach and mentor.
10. How is it possible for participation to increase the power
and influence of both the school head and the teacher?
School principals can play an important role in promoting teacher leadership by delegating authority and
empowering teachers in ways that allow them influence in key organizational decisions and processes. Our results
suggest that effective principals use teacher leadership to improve the school learning climate while they work
directly on professional development and school program coherence.
 215 CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT &
SUPERVISION OF INSTRUCTION
1. Differentiate between planned curriculum and hidden
curriculum; between curriculum and instruction.
A hidden curriculum is not planned, but it has a significant impact
on what students learn. This type of curriculum is not always
communicated or formally written down and includes implicit
rules, unmentioned expectations, and the norms and values of a
culture. While Planned curriculum refers to documents that shape
the content to be covered when teaching. These documents arise
out of policy environments and reflect what is deemed required or
necessary for students to learn at specific levels of education or
educational settings.
Curriculum it is the content of the course that has to be taught by
the teachers in a particular manner that forms the curriculum in a
course of study. Instruction is the method or way of teaching to
students. This is one part of education that is in control of the
teachers or the instructors
2. What are the six factors which have impelled curriculum
change not only in the Philippines but also in many other
countries of the world?
Curriculum development is influenced by a multitude of factors.
Factors affecting curriculum development include psychological,
social, political, economical, educational, technological.
3.
6. In your opinion, what kind of organization best
facilitates communication?
Formal communications are pre-defined channels that
employees or leaders can use to reach out to others.
7. How can a school organization develop a climate
which promotes more open communication?
 School climate refers to the quality and character of
school life as it relates to norms and values,
interpersonal relations and social interactions, and
organizational processes and structures.
 School climate sets the tone for all the teaching and
learning done in the school environment and, as
research proves, it is predictive of students’ ability to
learn and develop in healthy ways.  yes, how?
8. Of the curriculum approaches, which is best for our
educational system? Why?
Humanistic Approach. This approach is rooted in the
progressive philosophy and child-centered movement. It
considers the formal or planned curriculum and the
informal or hidden curriculum. It considers the whole child
and believes that in curriculum the total development of the
individual is the prime consideration. The learner s at the
center of the curriculum.
3. Explain that “without a curriculum plan there can
be no effective instruction; without instruction, the
curriculum has little meaning”.
Yes, without a curriculum plan there is no effective in
teaching instruction and without instruction the curriculum
is worthless and the students will learned nothing and their
developmental skills will not be practiced.
4. Differentiate between the school as a social system
and the school as an organization.
As a social system the school aims to prepare the students to
occupy social roles according to their capacities after
leaving the school. The first function of the schools is to
important to transmit knowledge and skills to younger
generation. This socialization requires acting according to
allotted roles and statuses. The schools provide scope for the
development of leadership qualities among the students
particularly through the extra-curricular activities.
5. How is effective leadership related to communication
and human relationships?
A leader is someone who inspires positive, incremental
change by empowering those around them to work toward
common objectives. A leader's most powerful tool for doing
so is communication. Effective communication is vital to
gain trust, align efforts in the pursuit of goals, and inspire
positive change.
9. What are the three areas of concern to consider in
the evaluation of the curriculum means?
An adequacy assessment is conducted if stakeholders and
evaluators are only interested in whether the goals, set by
program developers, were met. A plausibility assessment
similarly determines if a program has attained expected
goals, yet identifies changes as potential effects of program
activities rather than external or confounding sources.
Probability evaluations look to determine the success of a
programs activities and outcomes. 
10. Education has long been cognizant of the “principle
of individual differences”. Is this reflected in the
structured Basic Curriculum and instruction? If
YES, It is important for teachers to know variables such as
physical characteristics, intelligence, perception, gender,
ability, learning styles, which are individual differences of
the learners. An effective and productive learning-teaching
process can be planned by considering these individual
differences of the students.
214 GROUP DYNAMICS AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN
EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION
1. What is group dynamics? What structured approaches
are most useful for accomplishing group objectives?
The concept “group dynamics” refers to changes that
may occur in any part of the group and bring out
actions and reactions in the group structure that
affects group members.
To achieve the objectives , they must have members
that fulfill some or all of the following roles such as
a.) Initiating: by proposing tasks or goals, defining problems
and suggesting procedures for a solution;
b) Information seeking: by requesting facts, seeking relevant
information, and asking for suggestions or ideas;
c.) Information giving: by offering facts, providing
information, stating beliefs, and giving suggestions or ideas;
d.) Clarifying ideas: by interpreting and clarifying input,
indicating alternatives and giving examples;
e.) Bringing closure: by summarizing, restating, and offering
solutions;
f.) Consensus testing: by checking for agreements and
sending up ‘trial balloons’.
4. As a leader of an organization, how do you develop
“teamwork” and “cohesiveness” in your organization?
As a leader I will bring social-emotional support to the group
to promote unity. Through encouraging, Improving group by
expressing group feelings, sensing moods and relationships,
atmosphere and sharing feelings, harmonizing, compromising,
gate-keeping and lastly by having a standard setting through
reminding members of group norms, rules, and roles.
5. Identify the sources of conflict. Describe briefly how goal
differences can lead to conflict. How do power and status
differences lead to conflict?
Goal conflict can occur when one person or group desires a
different outcome than others do. This is simply a clash over
whose goals are going to be pursued.
Power and status are central influences in conflict and
negotiation: Power structures determine negotiator behavior
and conflict dynamics, and status differences can give rise to
competition and conflicts between individuals and groups.
6. What techniques can be used to overcome the conflict between
groups? Under what circumstances can each of these techniques be
most appropriate? Conflicts in the Workplace
Conflict can happen for a variety of reasons and when it does, it
becomes a barrier to effective communication. The nature of the
conflict is not necessarily important, what is important is
working to resolve the conflict. Communication is the best
solution, When conflict is not eradicated, it grows and then
people begin to take sides, which further impedes effective
communication
2.. In your role as a graduate student of ADFC, do you feel that
you are motivated more by Maslow’s lower-order or higher-
order needs? Explain. Describe how you expect motivation to
change once you earn your Master’s Degree.
ANS. As a graduate student of this school , I am more
motivated with the Maslow’s higher-order needs which is
the esteem needs to be specific. One of the main goals in my
life is to earn a master’s degree which will provide in-depth
knowledge on my field and it will also expands my career
options. Once I earned my degree in master’s my motivation
will step up into self- actualization as I have realized my full
potential in life.
3. Think of the best leader you have ever worked with on
a job or in any other activity. Think of the worst leader.
Discuss the contrasting styles and skills used by the two.
How did you respond to each? What could they have
done differently?
Based on my experience way back when I was in
college I have encountered best and worst leaders during
our group activities. The best leader truly believes in the
work he does. He accepts suggestions and criticisms
from his groupmates in order to achieve the best
outcome. While the bad leader is acting like a boss who
keeps on mandating on the things that need to be
accomplished and never acknowledges suggestions but
only emphasizes the member’s fault.
7. Describe the barriers to communication that exist
when you discuss a subject with your superior in the
organization?
Lack of Transparency & Trust
It is extremely difficult to communicate anything when there
is a lack of transparency and trust. For example, if a staff
believes that his superior is holding something back, they
will be anxious, some will speculate, and as a result, it will
be more difficult for them to process any attempt to
communicate with them.
8. A manager once told a subordinate, “To be a good
leader, you must first become a good follower”. Discuss
what it means to be a good follower, whether you agree
with the statement, and why or why not.
A great leader follows the same trait as followers do but
change their style and do some modification in it. Great
leader knows their boundary and limitation very well. Good
leadership is the golden key to get best performance. Need
to imply your own clear sets of values and belief and also
have to make clear vision for all. Develop some creative
ideas for the organization to make changes and reach up to
desire goal. From this perspective, leaders are always try
that people follow the process and in this way leader always
think themselves as a follower. There is very important
reason to leaders that they have to follow because no one
can do it alone and have to create and utilize the energy,
ideas and full potential of everyone
211 PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION
1. What is Personnel Administration
According to Sheri Cyprus “Personnel administration, better
known as human resources (HR) management, is the coordination
and regulation of employees in a company. It involves organizing,
recruiting, hiring, training, and assessing workers”.
3. How do you differentiate Administration by Policy from
Administration by Expediency? Give specific examples to
illustrate their differences.
Administration by policy  require or prohibit specific actions of
faculty, staff, students, and external individuals who use
University resources or services, as appropriate. The president has
delegated authority to the President's Policy Committee (PPC) to
establish administrative policies while Administration by
Expediency is the quality of being fit or suitable to effect some
desired end or the purpose intended; propriety or advisability
under the particular circumstances of a case.
4. As a head of an organization, how do you handle conflict
and grievances of your employees? Discuss your “role” in
order to promote smooth interpersonal relationship.
As a head of an organization, I am the one who is responsible in guiding
and supervising your subordinates, ensuring that my staff and overall day
to day operations in order to avoid conflict within an organization if there
is a conflict between my employees, as the head of that organization I
should be the one who manage and ensure that this conflict or problems
should not affect the services or operations they are providing in order to
promote smooth relationship, I should not take sides or do not display any
sort of opinion that favors one person over another but rather listen
carefully the both sides and I will now identify points of agreement and
disagreement, develop a plan to work on each conflict and follow through
this plan that are beneficial to both party.
9. Explain in your own words, why you feel “employee
attitudes” are important.
Do you think that today’s managers under-emphasize
attitudes? Explain.
A positive attitude benefits both employee and employer.
It leads to greater happiness, fulfillment, and
productivity. Today's manager should promote and
encourage positive outlooks in the workforce, but
ultimately, it's employees who have to bring positive
attitudes to work with them.
10. Assume that you are to be placed in charge of a group in
an organization.
Outline the key action steps you are to make to be sure that
the group develops
As an in-charge of group, I believe that the ultimate role
is to come together as a unit and perform with
professionalism and dedication. A group that can work as
a unit, share tasks and recognize the contributions of its
members will meet with more success than a group mired
in conflict, role ambiguity, and lack of motivation. These
are the steps to make the process of organizing a group
of people.
 Make detailed plans ahead of time
 Take numbers people into account
 Give clear and simple instructions
 Make definitive decisions
5. What techniques do you use to overcome conflict between
groups? Under what circumstances can each of these
techniques be most appropriate?
Solving the problem immediately. People involved in the conflict
or having a difference in opinion, they come forward to discuss
the problem at hand with a very open mind. They focus on
resolving the conflict and finding the best alternative/solution for
the team. They discuss by rising above personal emotions with the
sole intention to finding what is best for the team. This leads to a
win-win kind of an outcome. Here everyone collaborates.
6. Is an organizational chart necessary in personnel
administration? If so, why?
Yes, It helps employees clearly identify all team leaders within
their organization.
7. What factors influence organizational climate?
1. The structure of the organization including rules, regulations and
constraints.
2. Feelings of helpfulness in the work environment.
3. Perception of the relative risk in the work situation.
4. The level of conflict and tolerance the work environment can tolerate.
5. Being confident of the appropriate records
6. Individual responsibility of an employee
7. Working with cooperative individuals
8. Opportunities that have an impact on personal initiative
9. Working with a competent superior
10. Functions objectives, goals and mission in the organizational context
11. Operating procedures of an organization
12. Degree of centralization
13. Leadership styles and decision-making process has a direct impact on
the organizational climate
14. Physical space characteristics and employee safety has an impact on
organizational climate
15. Organizational values and organizational climate are interlinked
8. How are the “tangibles” and the “intangibles”
manifested in your organization?
Tangible rewards are direct and easily quantifiable.
Tangible rewards range from personal financial
incentives like bonuses and raises to increased staff
that can help with workload or improved facilities or
equipment.
The intangibles of workplace behavior patterns are
difficult to measure, and once a negative environment
has been established, it can be difficult to effectuate
change. A popular way to measure these intangibles is
the use of the 360-degree assessment, which asks co-
workers at all levels to evaluate each other for the
purpose of aligning personal qualities with
professional and corporate goals.
The primary difference between tangible and intangible
is that tangible is something which a person can see,
feel or touch and thus they have the physical existence,
whereas, the intangible is something which a person
cannot see, feel or touch and thus do not have any of
the physical existence
 218 EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION
I. Give a capsulized synthesis of each of the following:
1. Strike-is an organized refusal to work by employees as a
means of protest. 
2. Demonstration- the action or process of showing the
existence or truth of something by giving proof or evidence.
3. Pickets- a person or group of people standing outside a place
of work or other venue, protesting something or trying to
persuade others not to enter during a strike.
4. Due process of law- Due process of law is interpreted here as
rules that are administered through courts of justice in
accordance with established and sanctioned legal principles and
procedures; with safeguards for the protection of individual
rights. 
5. Academic Freedom- the freedom of teachers and students to
teach, study, and pursue knowledge and research without
unreasonable interference or restriction from law, institutional
regulations, or public pressure.

6. Freedom of expression- The right to freedom of expression

protects the right of people to hold an opinion and to seek,
receive and impart information and ideas.

7. Right to assembly- the principle of popular government

often constitutionally guaranteed that it is the right of the
people peaceably to assemble for any purpose not expressly
prohibited by law.

3. Critically analyze the concept of discipline as an

educational tool rather than as a punitive measure.
Of what significance is this concept to you as a
teacher/school head?
For me, discipline is not a punishment, it is a
proactive and begins before there are problems.
Discipline provides guidance, focuses on
prevention, enhances communication, models
respect, and embraces natural consequences. It
teaches fairness, responsibility, life skills, and
problem solving if, we teachers know our
limitations in disciplining our students.   residency, political and other affiliation.
5. In keeping with “equal educational opportunities”
are schools whether public or private mandated to
accept all students who seek admission? Explain.
Yes, because according to DepEd Order 32 series 2003 the
Department of Education whether it is public or private
should accept all students who seek admission to ensure
equity in basic education. This Department reiterates its
policy that all public schools are strictly enjoined to admit
all prospective Filipino pupils/students regardless of sex,
creed, socio-economic status, racial or ethnic origin,

4. Explain fully the doctrine of “in loco parentis” that
the Civil Service Code of the Philippines extended
to teachers. When can a teacher be held liable for
negligence? How will you protect yourself?
The moment a child is enrolled in a school, the parent
places the child under the effective authority of the school.
The school authorities and teachers are considered a
substitute parent or one who stands in loco parentis and as
such, shall exercise substitute parental authority over his
students. Therefore, there is always a presumption that the
school authorities and teachers of school may be liable for
negligence when something happened to a child under
their care. Teachers and other school staffs should know
about R.A. 386 and Art. 218 of the Family Code of the
Philippines, follow the school child protection policy.
6. Are the provisions in the Magna Carta for
Teachers still observed by the Department of
Education? Give your comments on particular
areas of concern.
Yes, because until now teachers is still protected by right
like the tenure of office, academic freedom, and other
benefits. Department of Education also see to it that they
promote and improve the social and economic status of
public school teachers, their living and working
conditions, their terms of employment and career
prospects in order that they may compare favorably with
existing opportunities in other walks of life.
1. Point out the pertinent elements of our educational
system of the various regimes to link them to the
present.
Spanish Regime-Educational system in the Philippines
during this time was formal. The focus of education
during this time was mainly religious education. The first
educational system for students in the country was
established during this time by virtue of Decree of 1863.
The establishment of free primary school in each town.
American Regime-
A highly centralized, experimental public-school system
was installed in 1901. There were three levels of
education during the American period. The “ Elementary”
level consisted of four primary years and 3 intermediate
years. The “secondary” or high school level consisted four
years; and the third was the “college” or tertiary level.
Religion was not part of the curriculum of the schools,
Japanese Regime- Schools and churches were also used
as propaganda tools for Japanese. Nippon-go, the
Japanese language was a made compulsory subject in all
schools. In government and private offices, classes
Nippon-go were opened to propagate the Japanese
language and culture.
2 It is claimed that the moral and ethical values of
Filipinos have deteriorated. Do you think we can improve
the situation through legislation? If so, suggest how?
Yes, even though we cannot change the impact of
globalization, communication of the internet and the economic
and political system formulation. We also cannot expect a
perfect flawless and harmonious society which is forever
impossible. The importance is how we educate students in
such a turbulent and highly variable environment, how to
maintain correct value principle and put into practice and how
we become full of confidence when facing crisis, considering
for the sake of others, having the ability to help others with a
sense of security. It is important to maintain moral rules with
the help of law when the enforcement of law itself depends on
people’s morality, which determines their willingness to get
involved.
201 METHODS OF RESEARCH
1. What is Research? Why is it important in education?
Cite authorities for your views.
ANS. Research is creative and systematic work undertaken to
increase the stock of knowledge. It involves the collection,
organization and analysis of information to increase
understanding of a topic or issue. According to John W.
Creswell, research is a process of steps used to collect and
analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic
or issue. Research is very important because it inform us what
to act, gather evidence for theories, and contribute to
developing knowledge in a field of study.
2. What types of research are commonly conducted by
graduate students? Why?
ANS. Qualitative Research are often used in the research
conducted by graduate students because this method is used to
collect, compare and interpret information, has a linguistic-
semiotic basis and is used in techniques such as discourse
analysis, interviews, surveys, records and participant
observations.
3. How do you identify a problem for the thesis? What
Skills should you try to develop?
ANS. Identification of research problem refers to the sense of
awareness of a prevalent social problem, a social phenomenon
or a concept that is worth study – as it requires to be
investigated to understand it. The researcher identifies such a
research problem through his observation, knowledge,
wisdom and skills. The skills you will develop here are
thinking skills, writing skills, reading and analyzing skills.
6. How does qualitative research differ from quantitative
research?
ANS. Quantitative data is anything that can be counted or
measured; it refers to numerical data. Qualitative data is
descriptive, referring to things that can be observed but not
measured—such as colors or emotions.
 Quantitative data is numbers-based, countable, or
measurable. Qualitative data is interpretation-based,
descriptive, and relating to language.
 Quantitative data tells us how many, how much, or how often
in calculations. Qualitative data can help us to understand
why, how, or what happened behind certain behaviors.
 Quantitative data is fixed and universal. Qualitative data is
subjective and unique.
 Quantitative research methods are measuring and
counting. Qualitative research methods are interviewing and
observing.
 Quantitative data is analyzed using statistical
analysis. Qualitative data is analyzed by grouping the data
into categories and themes.
7. What are the types of hypotheses? Give example for each.
There are six forms of hypothesis and they are:
 Simple Hypothesis
Getting at least 8 hours sleep can make people more alert.
 Complex Hypothesis
Individuals who get an average of eight or more hours of
sleep and have a balanced diet and schedule are more likely to
be alert during the day and have more energy.
 Null Hypothesis
There is no significant change in an individual work habits
whether they get eight hours or nine hours of sleep.
4. What are the characteristics of a good problem for
research?
ANS. Characteristics of a good thesis research problem
1     The problem can be stated clearly and concisely.
2     The problem generates research questions.
3     It is grounded in theory.
4     It relates to one or more academic fields of study.
5     It has a base in the research literature.
6     It has potential significance/importance.
7     It is do-able within the time frame, budget.
8     Sufficient data are available or can be obtained.
9     The researcher’s methodological strengths can be applied to
the problem.
10   The problem is new; it is not already answered sufficiently .
5. How research and problem solving are differentiated?
ANS. In research, we try to answer the research problem by
gathering data and analyzing the data. In problem-solving
we focus on finding a solution to an already identified
problem. The key difference between research and problem
solving is that while in problem-solving the individual
already has the necessary information to make the
decision or come up with a solution, in research the
researcher needs to gather the information before he
answers the research problem.
 Alternative Hypothesis
Work habits improve during the times when one gets 8 hours
sleep only, as opposed to 9 hours sleep only.
 Logical Hypothesis
Beings from Mars would not be able to breathe the air in
Earth’s atmosphere.
 Empirical Hypothesis
Women taking vitamin E grow hair faster than those taking
vitamin K.
 Statistical Hypothesis
45% of the poor in the U.S. are illiterate.
8. Give
the different types of sampling. Give
Examples of each type.
ANS. Probability sampling involves random selection,
allowing you to make strong statistical inferences about the
whole group.
Simple Random Sampling
Example: You want to select a simple random sample of 100
employees of Company X. You assign a number to every
employee in the company database from 1 to 1000, and use a
random number generator to select 100 numbers.
Systematic Sampling
All employees of the company are listed in alphabetical order.
From the first 10 numbers, you randomly select a starting point:
number 6. From number 6 onwards, every 10th person on the list
is selected (6, 16, 26, 36, and so on), and you end up with a
sample of 100 people.
Stratified Sampling