GEOMETRY

SPEED, DISTANCE AND TIME

Moving objects can be described in terms of 3 quantities:

1. DISTANCE – the displacement made by a moving object.

 The most common units of distance are: Kilometer, meter, and feet

Formula for Distance is Speed times Time:

d = st

2. TIME – is the duration of happening of any event.

 The most common units of time are: Hour, minute, and second

Formula for Time is Distance divided by Speed:

d
t= s

3. SPEED – is the distance covered per unit time. It is also the ratio of the distance covered
to the time, or the rate by which an object moves.
 The most common units of speed are: Kilometer per hour (km/h), meter per
second (m/sec), and feet per minute (ft/min).

Formula for Speed is Distance divided by Time:

d
s= t
Skill Builder (page 285)
1.
Given:
d = 39 km
s = 3 km/h
Find the time

Solution:
d
T=
s
39
=
3
= 13 hr

2. When an object moves in a straight line at a steady speed, we can calculate its speed if we know
how far it travels and how long it takes. This shows the relationship between speed, distance
traveled and time taken.

3. DISTANCE
 Millimeters
 Centimeters
 Lightyear - Light-year is the distance light travels in one year, this is used to express
astronomical distances and is equivalent to about 9.46 trillion kilometers or 5.88
trillion miles
TIME
 semisecond - one half of a second
 hectosecond - 1 minute and 40 seconds
SPEED
 knots - “pronounced as NOTs”, a unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour,
exactly 1.852 km/h
 foot per second
 mile per hour

4. We need to know how to compute speed, distance, and time because this is helpful in our daily
lives. This helps us know what time do we need to leave our house in order not to be late to
some of our appointments. This also helps us identify how fast or how slow our moving vehicles
should be on some roads or highways.
MATH SKILLS MILESTONES (page 285-286)

A.

1. Rate
2. Displacement
3. Duration
4. Speed
5. Speed

DISTANCE TIME SPEED

c mi cm/
6 15 m 3 n 5 min
k 5.666
7 34 m 6 hr 7 km/hr
k
8 80 m 5.3333 hr 15 km/hr
k
9 392 m 14 hr 28 km/hr
mi
10 64 ft 4 n 16 ft/min
mi
11 45 ft 18 n 2.5 ft/min
mi
12 74 ft 20 n 3.7 ft/min
c cm/
13 5 m 0.3333 sec 15 sec
c mi cm/
14 148 m 16 n 9.25 min
15 11.28 m 0.4 sec 28.2 m/sec
c cm/
16 165.25 m 0.25 sec 661 sec
17 1910.4 m 12 sec 159.2 m/sec
c mi cm/
18 3450 m 115 n 30 min
k
19 840 m 14 hr 60 km/hr
c mi 0.333 cm/
20 1.666 m 5 n 2 min
 15
NOTE on #20: The given distance in the book is , change that to decimal number by
9
dividing: 15 ÷ 9 = 1.6
 B.
1. Given:
s = 30 km/hr
t = 30 min
Solve for Distance:
d = st
= 30 x 30
= 900 km

2. Given:
d = 2 ft
s = 18 in/min
Solve for Time:
d
t=
s
2
=
18
= 0.1 min

3. When the speed of a moving object is constant, YES the distance covered is directly
proportional to time because as the distance increases, time also increases.
Research data analysis is a process used by researchers for reducing data to a story and
interpreting it to derive insights.

The data analysis process helps in reducing a large chunk of data into smaller fragments,
which makes sense.

Three essential things take place during the data analysis process — the first data
organization. Summarization and categorization together contribute to becoming the second
known method used for data reduction. It helps in finding patterns and themes in the data for
easy identification and linking. Third and the last way is data analysis – researchers do it in both
top-down or bottom-up fashion.

Why analyze data in research?

Researchers rely heavily on data as they have a story to tell or problems to solve. It starts with a
question, and data is nothing but an answer to that question. But, what if there is no question
to ask? Well! It is possible to explore data even without a problem – we call it ‘Data Mining’
which often reveal some interesting patterns within the data that are worth exploring.

One of the essential things expected from researchers while analyzing data is to stay open and
remain unbiased towards unexpected patterns, expressions, and results. Remember,
sometimes, data analysis tells the most unforeseen yet exciting stories that were not expected
at the time of initiating data analysis.
Types of Data in Research

Every kind of data has a rare quality of describing things after assigning a specific value to it. For
analysis, you need to organize these values, processed and presented in a given context, to
make it useful.

Data can be in different forms; here are the primary data types.

Qualitative data

When the data presented has words and descriptions, then we call it qualitative data.
Although you can observe this data, it is subjective and harder to analyze data in
research, especially for comparison.

Example: Quality data represents everything describing taste, experience, texture, or an

opinion that is considered quality data. This type of data is usually collected through
focus groups, personal interviews, or using open-ended questions in surveys.

Quantitative data

Any data expressed in numbers of numerical figures are called quantitative data. This
type of data can be distinguished into categories, grouped, measured, calculated, or
ranked.

Example: questions such as age, rank, cost, length, weight, scores, etc. everything comes
under this type of data. You can present such data in graphical format, charts, or apply
statistical analysis methods to this data. The (Outcomes Measurement Systems) OMS
questionnaires in surveys are a significant source of collecting numeric data.
Data analysis in qualitative research

Data analysis and qualitative data research work a little differently from the numerical
data as the quality data is made up of words, descriptions, images, objects, and
sometimes symbols. Getting insight from such complicated information is a complicated
process. Hence it is typically used for exploratory research and data analysis.

Methods used for data analysis in qualitative research

Content Analysis
It is widely accepted and the most frequently employed technique for data analysis in
research methodology. It can be used to analyze the documented information from text,
images, and sometimes from the physical items. It depends on the research questions to
predict when and where to use this method.

Grounded Theory
When you want to explain why a particular phenomenon happened, then using
grounded theory for analyzing quality data is the best resort. Grounded theory is applied
to study data about the host of similar cases occurring in different settings. When
researchers are using this method, they might alter explanations or produce new ones
until they arrive at some conclusion.

Narrative Analysis
This method is used to analyze content gathered from various sources such as personal
interviews, field observation, and surveys. The majority of times, stories, or opinions
shared by people are focused on finding answers to the research questions.

Discourse Analysis
Similar to narrative analysis, discourse analysis is used to analyze the interactions with
people. Nevertheless, this particular method considers the social context under which or
within which the communication between the researcher and respondent takes place.
In addition to that, discourse analysis also focuses on the lifestyle and day-to-day
environment while deriving any conclusion.
Data analysis in qualitative research

Preparing data for analysis

The first stage in research and data analysis is to make it for the analysis so that the
nominal data can be converted into something meaningful.

Data preparation consists of the below phases:

Phase I: Data Validation

Data validation is done to understand if the collected data sample is per the pre-set
standards, or it is a biased data sample again divided into four different stages

Phase II: Data Editing

More often, an extensive research data sample comes loaded with errors. Respondents
sometimes fill in some fields incorrectly or sometimes skip them accidentally. Data
editing is a process wherein the researchers have to confirm that the provided data is
free of such errors. They need to conduct necessary checks and outlier checks to edit
the raw edit and make it ready for analysis.

Phase III: Data Coding

Out of all three, this is the most critical phase of data preparation associated with
grouping and assigning values to the survey responses. If a survey is completed with a
1000 sample size, the researcher will create an age bracket to distinguish the
respondents based on their age. Thus, it becomes easier to analyze small data buckets
rather than deal with the massive data pile
Methods used for data analysis in quantitative research

Descriptive statistics

This method is used to describe the basic features of versatile types of data in research.
It presents the data in such a meaningful way that pattern in the data starts making
sense. Nevertheless, the descriptive analysis does not go beyond making conclusions.
The conclusions are again based on the hypothesis researchers have formulated so far.
Here are a few major types of descriptive analysis methods.

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research

When collecting and analyzing data, quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics,
while qualitative research deals with words and meanings. Both are important for gaining
different kinds of knowledge.

Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is expressed in numbers and graphs. It is used to test or confirm

theories and assumptions. This type of research can be used to establish generalizable
facts about a topic. Common quantitative methods include experiments, observations
recorded as numbers, and surveys with closed-ended questions.

Qualitative research

Qualitative research is expressed in words. It is used to understand concepts, thoughts

or experiences. This type of research enables you to gather in-depth insights on topics
that are not well understood. Common qualitative methods include interviews with
open-ended questions, observations described in words, and literature reviews that
explore concepts and theories.
The differences between quantitative and qualitative research

Quantitative and qualitative research use different research methods to collect and analyze
data, and they allow you to answer different kinds of research questions.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Focuses on testing theories and hypothesis Focuses on exploring ideas and formulating a
theory or hypothesis
Analyzed through math and statistical Analyzed by summarizing, categorizing and
analysis interpreting
Mainly expressed in numbers, graphs and Mainly expressed in words
tables
Requires many respondents Requires few respondents
Closed (multiple choice) questions Open-ended questions
Key terms: testing, measurement, objectivity, Key terms: understanding, context,
replicability complexity, subjectivity

Data collection methods

Quantitative data collection methods

 Surveys – List of closed or multiple choice questions that is distributed to a sample
(online, in person, or over the phone).
 Experiments – Situation in which variables are controlled and manipulated to establish
cause-and-effect relationships.
 Observations – Observing subjects in a natural environment where variables can’t be
controlled.

Qualitative data collection methods

 Interviews – Asking open-ended questions verbally to respondents.

 Focus groups – Discussion among a group of people about a topic to gather opinions
that can be used for further research.
 Ethnography – Participating in a community or organization for an extended period of
time to closely observe culture and behavior.
 Literature review – Survey of published works by other authors.
Descriptive vs. Non Descriptive Research

Descriptive research is defined as a research method that describes the characteristics of the
population or phenomenon studied. This methodology focuses more on the “what” of the
research subject than the “why” of the research subject.

The descriptive research method primarily focuses on describing the nature of a

demographic segment, without focusing on “why” a particular phenomenon occurs. In other
words, it “describes” the subject of the research, without covering “why” it happens.

Characteristics of Descriptive Research

1. Quantitative research
Descriptive research is a quantitative research method that attempts to collect
quantifiable information for statistical analysis of the population sample. It is a
popular market research tool that allows us to collect and describe the
demographic segment’s nature.

2. Uncontrolled variables
In descriptive research, none of the variables are influenced in any way. This uses
observational methods to conduct the research. Hence, the nature of the
variables or their behavior is not in the hands of the researcher.

3. Cross-sectional studies
Descriptive research is generally a cross-sectional study where different sections
belonging to the same group are studied.

4. The basis for further research

Researchers further research the data collected and analyzed from descriptive
research using different research techniques. The data can also help point
towards the types of research methods used for the subsequent research.
Non-experimental research

In non-experimental research, there is no manipulation of an independent variable. There is

also no random assignment to groups by the researcher.

As a result of these two deficiencies (no manipulation and no random assignment), evidence
gathered in support of cause-and-effect relationships in non-experimental research is severely
limited and much weaker that evidence gathered in experimental research.

If the researcher wants to study cause and effect, he/she should try to conduct an experiment,
but sometimes this is not feasible. When important causal research questions need to be
answered and an experiment can’t be done, research must still be conducted. In research, we
try to do the best we can.

Using Mean in Research Result

The "mean" is the "average" you're used to, where you add up all the numbers and then divide
by the number of numbers.

The mean is the usual average, so I'll add and then divide:

(13 + 18 + 13 + 14 + 13 + 16 + 14 + 21 + 13) ÷ 9 = 15

Note that the mean, in this case, isn't a value from the original list. This is a common result. You
should not assume that your mean will be one of your original numbers.

Mean is used to describe the sample with a single value that represents the center of the data.
Many statistical analyses use the mean as a standard measure of the center of the distribution
of the data.