Avoid Plagiarism, Cite!

FOUN 1106 Scientific and Technical Writing

Joy Smith
Faculty Liaison Librarian
Science & Agriculture Division
The Alma Jordan Library (AJL)
Joy.smith@sta.uwi.edu
Presentation originally created by Michelle Gill, modified by Joy Smith
2
Learning Outcomes

 How to Avoid plagiarism

 Become familiar with citing & referencing

(Chicago Manual Style (CMS) 17th Edition
Author-Date Format)
3
What is Plagiarism?
a) To steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as
one's own
b) to use (another's production) without crediting the
source
c) to commit literary theft
d) to present as new and original an idea or product
derived from an existing source
e) All of the above

Source: http://www.plagiarism.org/article/what-is-plagiarism
 The UWI’S Anti- Plagiarism Policy
4

Level One: occurs where small quantities of the work are affected and/or
the breaches are minor. It includes borderline situations, cosmetic or poor
paraphrasing, negligent referencing or incorrect or missing citations.

Penalty: marks deducted at the discretion of the first examiner

Source:https://sta.uwi.edu/resources/documents/Exam_and_GPA_regulations.pdf
 The UWI’S Anti- Plagiarism Policy
5

Level Two: occurs where large quantities of the work are affected
and/or the breaches are serious. It includes situations in which a
significant amount of material is borrowed or directly quoted or
cosmetically paraphrased with no attribution at all, or attribution
insufficient to indicate that the borrowed material is not the work of the
student.

Penalty: the penalty shall range from a grade of zero to expulsion from
the University

Source: https://sta.uwi.edu/resources/documents/Exam_and_GPA_regulations.pdf
6
Avoiding Plagiarism

 Through development of good analytical and

writing skills

 Proper note-taking (note the info about the

source)

 Know the difference - quoting, paraphrasing

and summarizing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4P05vgxDoPU
 Quotations, Summaries, Paraphrases:
7
Differences

Quotations When to use them

 Match the source word for  when the author's words convey
word a powerful meaning
 Are usually a brief segment of  when the exact words are
the text important
 Appear between quotation  when you want to use the author
marks as an authoritative voice in your
own writing
 Must be attributed to the
original source  to introduce an author's position
you may wish to discuss
Source: https://student.unsw.edu.au/paraphrasing-
summarising-and-quoting
 to support claims in, or provide
evidence for, your writing.
 Quotations, Summaries, Paraphrases:
8
Differences Cont’d
Paraphrasing
 Does not match the source word for
word
 Involves putting a passage from a
source into your own words
 Changes the words or phrasing of a
passage, but retains and fully
communicates the original meaning
 Must be attributed to the original
source
When to paraphrase
 paraphrase short sections of
work only i.e. a sentence or two
or a short paragraph:
 as an alternative to a direct
quotation
 to rewrite someone else's ideas
without changing the meaning
 to express someone else's ideas
in your own words
 to support claims in, or provide
evidence for, your writing.
 Quotations, Summaries, Paraphrases:
9
Differences Cont’d
Summarizing When to summarise
 Summarise long sections of work, like
a long paragraph, page or chapter.
 does not match the source word
for word  To outline the main points of someone
 involves putting the main idea(s) else's work in your own words, without
into your own words, but the details or examples.
including only the main point(s)
 To include an author's ideas using
 presents a broad overview, so is
usually much shorter than the fewer words than the original text.
original text
 To briefly give examples of several
 must be attributed to the original differing points of view on a topic.
source
Source: https://student.unsw.edu.au/paraphrasing-  To support claims in, or provide
summarising-and-quoting
evidence for, your writing.
 CITATIONS & REFERENCES

10

Source: http://ucmwriting.weebly.com/blog/why-are-there-so-many-citation-styles
11
Why cite?
 To avoid plagiarism
 To give credibility to your work
 To support your findings
 Professional/Academic courtesy
 Ethical obligation
12
Citation Styles
Some citation styles also known as referencing styles or academic
writing styles:
 APA
 Vancouver
 Chicago Manual Style(CMS): two types (i) Author-Date (ii) Notes
and Bibliography
 American Chemical Society Style (ACS Style)
 Harvard
 MLA
All require in-text citation and a reference list at end of paper
10/27/2020
N.B. Using the required citation style in your paper helps to avoid plagiarism
CHICAGO MANUAL of STYLE (CMS),
17th EDITION, AUTHOR-DATE FORMAT

See Chicago Manual Style 17th Edition,

Quick Guide on TAJL website

See, “Searching in CMOS 17” video to use the

online Guide:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chH6ynp0lFQ
14
Chicago Manual of Style 17th

Author-Date

1. In-text citations
2. An associated reference list at the end
 15
CMOS 17th Author-Date
 1. In-Text Citation –
Author’s surname
AND
Latest year of publication/copyright (for websites - last
updated/reviewed/modified date)
POSSIBLY
Page numbers for direct quotes and paraphrased sentences

 2. An associated Reference List at the end of paper/thesis – must

correspond to in-text citations
Key
16 Features of CMOS (author-date format)
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
General format:
❑ Author’s surname year of publication
❑ Author: Martha Singh

❑ Published 2019

❑ Enclosed in parentheses ()
❑ (Singh 2019)
 CMOS
17
17th Edition (author-date) Rules

IN-TEXT CITATION
General format: (author’s surname year of publication)

Note: there is no intervening comma between these two elements

e.g. The incidence of rising sea levels over the past ten years can be
attributed to increased flooding worldwide (Browne 2019).
Key Features of CMOS (author-date format)
18
IN-TEXT CITATION FORMATS

Single author

(Author’s surname year of publication, page #)

Insert comma between the year and page number for direct quotes or
paraphrases
e.g. World hunger is increasing due to three factors—climate, conflict and
economic slowdowns (WHO 2016, 2).
Key Features of CMS 17th Edition (author-date)
19

IN-TEXT CITATIONS

➢ Two or Three authors

(Gill and Smith 2015, 28)
(Gill, Smith, and Brown 2017)

➢ Four or more authors use the last name of the first author followed by et
al. e.g.
(Gill et al. 2015, 28)

Note “et al.” is not italicized and ‘al’ ends with a period
 Key
20 Features of CMS 17 th Edition (author-date)

IN-TEXT CITATIONS

➢ Multiple text references in parenthesis - use an intervening

semi-colon between each reference
e.g. Ten percent of jobs in the field of technology are going to be lost
in 2017(Williams 2015, 25; Gill 2016, 30-32; Andrews 2016, 26).

N.B. Page ranges used should not be the total page range of
the article. Only include page ranges on which info was found
Key Features of CMOS (author-date format)
21 IN-TEXT CITATIONS

Placement of In-text Citations:

❑ Author’s surname may be part of the sentence or wholly in
parentheses e.g.
Smith (2017, 23) notes that social media presents a viable option for
public engagement in the sciences.
OR
Social media presents a viable option for public engagement in the
sciences (Smith 2019, 23).
Key Features of CMOS (author-date format)
22 IN-TEXT CITATIONS

Placement of In-text Citations

At the end of sentence before final punctuation e.g.

✓ Social media presents a viable option for public engagement in

the sciences (Smith 2019, 23).

X Social media presents a viable option for public engagement in

the sciences. (Smith 2019, 23).
Key Features of CMOS (author-date format)
23 IN-TEXT CITATIONS

Placement of In-text Citations

Do not begin sentences with citation in parentheses

X (Smith 2017, 23) notes that social media presents a viable option for
public engagement in the sciences.

✓ Smith (2017, 23) notes that social media presents a viable option for
public engagement in the sciences.
 Key Features of CMS 17th Edition
24
(author-date format)
THE REFERENCE LIST
 Uses the heading, REFERENCES (centred, capitalized, bolded)
 The list is in alphabetic order
 For co-authors, list all authors, but ONLY the name of the first author is
inverted (surname, first name, e.g. Schmidt, Liz, Jade Green, and Susan
Fields
 1.5 spacing between each reference entry but single spacing within a
reference
 Each entry in the reference list is expressed in hanging indentation format
 Each entry ends with a full stop
 All major elements are separated by full stops
 Key Features of CMS 17th Edition (author-date)
25
THE REFERENCE LIST
 Book and journal titles are italicized
 Use double quotation marks for titles of articles, book chapters
websites, lectures…
 Do not use initials when author’s full name is given
 Insert a space between the initials of author’s name e.g. A. K. Brown
 Volume & issue numbers are required for Journals
 Journal titles are never abbreviated
 Use n.d. when no date of publication is available
 Use headline style capitalization for all titles (capitalize the first
letters of all major words
 Key Features of CMS 17th Edition (author-date)
26 THE REFERENCE LIST
 Corporate Authors – institutions, government bodies, organizations
Relationship: Subordinate or Collaborative
 Subordinate: parent-child e.g. Trinidad and Tobago. CSO; UWI. Cocoa
Research Centre
 In-text Citation – (Trinidad and Tobago. CSO 2017)
 Reference List – Trinidad and Tobago. CSO (Central Statistical Office).
 Collaborative – work jointly e.g. FAO, CARDI
 In-text Citation – (FAO and CARDI 2018)
 Reference List – FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations), and CARDI (Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development
Institute).
 Key Features of CMS 17th Edition (author-date)
27 THE REFERENCE LIST
 Publisher’s address
United States : City & State (postal abbreviation) e.g. Boca Raton, FL:
CRC Press OR State only (spell out) e.g. New York: Random House

Canada : City & Province e.g. London, ON: Insomniac Press

United Kingdom: abbreviation UK may be used e.g. London, UK: Wiley

Other countries: City, & Country e.g. Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago:
Government Printery
 Key Features of CMS 17th Edition
28
(author-date) format
SAMPLE REFERENCE LIST :

REFERENCES
 Formatting Tips
29
References
Hanging indentation
 Select text
 Right click — choose ‘Paragraph’ — ‘Indentation’ — ‘Special’ — ‘Hanging’

Spacing - single within each reference entry

 Select text
 Right click — choose ‘Paragraph’ — ‘Spacing’ — set ‘Before & After’ to 0 —
‘Line spacing’ — ‘Single’
Spacing - 1.5 between each reference entry
 Place cursor at end of entry — press ‘Enter’ — go to menu ‘Line spacing’
— choose 1.5
 Typical Resources Cited
30

Books Emails Newspaper articles

(Audio/E/Print)
Journals (E/Print) Government Docs Patents
Blogs Interviews photographs
Brochures, Lectures, Speeches Software
Factsheets,
Pamphlets (unpublished)
Conference Papers Maps (online/Print) Videos
31
Books
32
Mandatory Fields for a Printed Book
Required Field Example
Author(s) Pollan, Michael.
Year of publication 2006.
Book Title The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural
History of Four Meals.
Publication Details New York: Penguin.
(Place of publication:
Publisher)

NOTE: Each field is separated by a period.

 General Format for a Printed Book - Examples
33
 GENERAL FORMAT
Author(s). Year of Publication. Book Title. Place of Publication:
Publisher.

 EXAMPLES

Single author
Pollan, Michael. 2006. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four
Meals. New York: Penguin.
More than one author
Dewitt, Dave, and Mary Jane Wilan. 1993. Callaloo, Calypso and
Carnival: The Cuisine of Trinidad and Tobago. Freedom, CA:
Crossing Press.
General Format for a Printed Book cont’d

 If there is an edition statement, insert it before the publication details

e.g. 5th ed. (exclude first editions)
 X ninth edition, 9th ed., 9th edition (incorrect)
✓ 9th ed.

Berg, Jeremy M., John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto, and Lubert Stryer.
2019. Biochemistry. 9th ed. New York: Macmillan International Higher
Education.
 General Format for an E-Book
35

 GENERAL FORMAT
Author(s). Year of Publication. Book Title. Place of Publication:
Publisher. url.

 EXAMPLES

Laura Bowater, and Kay Yeoman. 2012. Science Communication: A

Practical Guide for Scientists. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.
https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db
=nlebk&AN=531319&site=ehost-live.
36
Journals
 Mandatory Fields for a Printed Journal in the
37 Reference List
Required Field Example

Article author(s) Thottathil, Gincy; Jayasekaran,

Kandakumar; Othman, Ahmad
Year of publication 2016
Article Title “Sequencing Crop Genomes: A
“Enclose in inverted commas” Gateway to Improve Tropical
Agriculture.”

Journal Info Tropical Life Sciences Research 27 (1):

Journal Title – in italics, spell out title 93–114.
Volume number – Roman font
Issue number – in parenthesis
 General Format for a Printed Journal - Example
38

 GENERAL FORMAT
Article author(s). Year of Publication. Article Title. Journal Title
volume number (issue number): pagination.

EXAMPLE
Thottathil, Gincy, Kandakumar Jayasekaran, and Ahmad Othman. 2016.
“Sequencing Crop Genomes: A Gateway to Improve Tropical Agriculture.”
Tropical Life Sciences Research 27 (1): 93–114.
 Mandatory Fields for an Electronic Journal in the
39 Reference List
Required Field Example
Article author(s) Sanghera, Gulzar S., Shabir H. Wani,
Wasim Hussain, and N. B. Singh.
Year of publication 2016.
Article Title “Engineering Cold Stress Tolerance in
“Enclose in inverted commas” Crop Plants.”

Journal Info Current Genomics 12 (1): 30–43.

Journal Title – in italics, spell out title
Volume number – Roman font
Issue number – in parenthesis
Pagination – preceded by a colon
 General Format for an Electronic Journal - Example
40

 GENERAL FORMAT
Article author(s). Year of Publication. Article Title. Journal Title
volume number (issue number): pagination. DOI/URL.

EXAMPLE
Sanghera, Gulzar S., Shabir H. Wani, Wasim Hussain, and N. B. Singh.
2016. “Engineering Cold Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants.”
Current Genomics 12 (1): 30-43. DOI: 10.2174/138920211794520178.
41
Website Content
 Mandatory Fields for Website Content in the
42 Reference List
Required Field Example
Author of document/Author of FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of
website the United Nations)
Last updated/modified/reviewed 2019
date OR copyright date
OR OR
Date accessed if no year of Accessed August 5, 2019
publication is on website
Document Title/Title of website “Biotechnology.”

URL http://www.fao.org/biotechnology/en/
 General Format for Website Content - Example
43
 GENERAL FORMAT
Author(s). Year of Publication. Document Title. Date modified. URL.
EXAMPLE
 FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2019.
“Biotechnology.” http://www.fao.org/biotechnology/en/.

OR
 Yale University. n.d. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017.
https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

NOTE: Remove hyperlink from url