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DIVINE MERCY COLLEGE FOUNDATION INC.
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Criminology Department
CHAPTER 1
The Problem and its Background
Introduction
Police officers' lack of restraint can cause major issues during any public
meeting or any other types of mass gathering. The most crucial action that police
officers or other peacekeeping authorities must always take or observe is to
demonstrate maximum tolerance. The goal of a peaceful public assembly would
be accomplished by law enforcement showing the most tolerance possible
throughout every public gathering in order to avoid riots or any other forms of
violence.
Law enforcement must adhere to the highest level of restraint or maximum
tolerance that the police, military, and other peacekeeping authorities are
supposed to observe in order to avoid the needless use of force and lower the
tension in the situation. Law enforcement's objective in a public gathering is to
deter violence and guarantee everyone's safety. It contains a strategy and plan
for maintaining peaceful public assembly in order to avoid confrontations and
commotion. Police officers need to start respecting everyone's freedom to
peacefully public assembly while also ensuring the security of those present at
public events and the general populace.
As a result of the issues they encounter, our police officers will become
more dependable, knowledgeable, experienced, and better prepared to handle
any issues that may develop in a public gathering. Police personnel must be
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present at all other forms of gatherings because there will be chaos, violence,
and riotous situations absent law enforcement. Law enforcement will always
exercise the highest level of tolerance in order to maintain the orderly public
assembly, protect public safety, and uphold the rights of each participant.
Our law enforcement develops a plan and employs methods to prevent
any potential violence during the gathering. Any law enforcement response to a
big gathering must be reasonable, measured, and take precautions to prevent
even unintentionally escalating tensions and making matters worse. This is
particularly valid when the demonstrations focus on police conduct. By using
more equipment and gear than necessary, the agency should prevent tensions
from rising and instead use the concept of proportionality to tailor a response to
the crowd's actions and attitudes. Officers affects how they are perceived by the
people who are demonstrating; institutional legitimacy depends on officers being
perceived as fair, respectful, and restrained in their interactions with and
responses to crowd activity. People are more likely to cooperate when they view
law enforcement as legitimate.
The goal of the public assembly is for participants to voice their concerns
and frustrations to the government. There are many possible goals for a public
assembly, including swaying public opinion, raising awareness of and
disseminating information about an alleged injustice, gaining a large audience for
the cause, advancing public policy or legislation, learning more about an issue,
forming connections with like-minded individuals, speaking one's truth, and

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bearing witness. People can be inspired by protests and feel like they are a part
of a larger movement. Public assembly refers to any type of gathering, including a
rally, demonstration, march, parade, procession, or any other type of mass or
concerted action held in a public place. It also includes any other type of
activities, including speeches, music, chanting, performing art, poetry, holding
placards and confronting people, using symbols, gathering close to symbols and
in places important to the cause (such as monument), or occupying a space.
Protesting is one of the many strategies individuals use to engage in activism and
organize with the goal of enacting change.
Law enforcement personnel have repeatedly clashed with people
attending public rallies. The attendees of public gatherings were so frantic
because they believed that our administration ignored them, didn't care about
them, and didn't appreciate them.
Personnel from the Philippine National Police uphold law and order and
are constantly vigilant for the community's safety. Every police officer's primary
job in their capacity as peacekeepers is to serve the people and safeguard
property. The Philippine National Police personnel met many issues while
carrying out their duties, including traffic congestion, violence, and altercations
between protesters and demonstrators at public gatherings. Because the
attendees of public gatherings believe they are being ignored, not heard, and not
valued by our government, there have been many instances of conflict between
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law enforcement and public assembly participants. Participants in public
gatherings feel so helpless and resort to violence because of this.
When dealing with protesters or demonstrations, law enforcement personnel
must adhere to the doctrine of maximum tolerance. Maximum tolerance, or the
highest level of restraint that the police, military, and other peace-keeping
agencies must exercise, is what law enforcement must do to prevent fights and
riots. Due to unforeseeable threats in any type of large gathering, police must
always retain some level of protective body protection. It is also no secret that
civil unrest may flare up at any time. Because of this, it's crucial that military and
law enforcement personnel always have sturdy police gear and riot gear on
available.
The term "public assembly" is defined in Batasang Pambansa Bilang 880
section 3 as any rally, demonstration, march, parade, procession, or other form of
mass or concerted action held in a public place for the purposes of presenting a
legitimate cause, expressing a viewpoint to the general public on a given matter,
protesting or influencing any political, economic, or social state of affairs, or
petitioning the government for the resolution of grievances.
Understanding the condition of law enforcement in public assembly and
how they handle problems that develop during public assembly is the goal of this
study. In addition to identifying the desired action to encourage peaceful public
assembly, this study would also identify the challenges our police officers faced
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when exercising the maximum tolerance to uphold and safeguard the public's
safety and peace.
Background of the Study
The Study will be conducted in Manila Police District Police station 3.
Manila police station 3 in one of the Line units of the Manila police district (MPD).
The Philippine National Police (PNP) division in charge of maintaining peace and
order in the City of Manila is known as the Manila Police District (MPD). The
National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO), which also oversees the Quezon
City, Eastern, Northern, and Southern Police Districts, is responsible for the MPD,
formerly known as the Western Police District (WPD). Manila police district police
station 3 is located in plaza miranda.
Plaza Miranda is a public square bounded by Quezon Boulevard, Hidalgo
Street and Evangelista Street in Quiapo, Manila. It is the plaza which fronts the
Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene (Quiapo Church), one of the main churches
of the City of Manila, and is considered as the center of Quiapo as a whole.
Inaugurated in its current form by Mayor Arsenio Lacson in 1961, it is named after
José Sandino y Miranda, who served as the Philippines' Secretary of the Treasury
between 1833 and 1854. Regarded as the center of Philippine political discourse
prior to the imposition of martial law in 1972, the plaza was the site of the 1971
Plaza Miranda bombing, where two grenades were launched at a political rally of
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the Liberal Party, killing nine people. It later became the venue of the Movement of
Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties (MCCCL) rally led by Sen. Jose W. Diokno
on September 21, 1972, where 50,000 people gathered together to protest the
impending martial law declaration of the Marcos dictatorship. Martial law was
quickly made official hours after the event. Currently, Plaza Miranda serves as a
freedom park, where assemblies and protests may be held without needing a
permit from local authorities, and with thousands of people crossing through it
every day, it is considered to be Manila's version of Times Square.
The reason we select Manila Police District Police Station 3 at Plaza
Miranda is that the city of Manila frequently hosts events involving rallies, protests,
marches, parades, processions, or other types of large-scale or organized activity.
We believe that all units of Manila Police District would cooperate in involving
public assembly.
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Figure 1. Map of Manila Police District Police Station.

Theoretical Framework
This study was anchored in Batasang Pambansa 880, An Act Ensuring
the free exercise by the people of their right peaceably to assemble and petition
the government for other purpose.
Batasang Pambansa 880, also known as Public Assembly act of 1985.
An act Ensuring the free Exercise by the people of their right peaceably to
assemble and petition the Government for redress of grievances is essential and
vital to the strength and stability of the State, to this end the State shall ensure
the free exercise of such rights without prejudice to the rights of others to life,
liberty and equal protection of the law. Public assembly according to section 3. It
is means any rally, demonstration, March, parade, procession or any other form
of mass or concerned action held in a public place for the purpose of presenting a
lawful cause, or expressing on opinions to the general public on any particular
issues: or protesting or influencing any state of affairs whether political, economic
or social or petitioning the Government for redress of grievances.
According to Section 10 of Batasang Pambansa 880, During the public
assembly Police assistance when requested-it shall be imperative for law
enforcement agencies, when assistance is requested by the leader of organizers,

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to perform their duties always mindful that their responsibility to provide proper
protection to those exercising their right peaceably to assemble and the freedom
of expression primordial. Law enforcement agencies must observe the guidelines
during public assembly; they must be follow the policy of maximum tolerance; it
means the highest degree of restraint that military police and other peacekeeping
authorities shall observe during a public assembly or in the dispersal of the same.
And they shall not have allowed to carry any kinds of firearms but may be
equipped with baton, or riot sticks, crash helmet with visor, gas mask, boots or
ankle high shoes with shin guard, teargas, smoke grenades, water cannons, or
any similar anti- riot devices shall not be used unless the public assembly is
attempted actual violence or serious threats of violence or deliberate destruction
of property. Despite the rules of peaceful public assembly, it is still inevitable that
law enforcement, especially police personnel, will use violence, so there are
many issues of police personnel to be considered such as physical abuse to the
protesters and breaking the policy of maximum tolerance.
The Philippine National police have been responsible for human rights
violations to those officers frequently implicated in the unlawful use of force, in
spite of the issues involving police violation during public assembly. Many people
didn't know that there some police officers also encountered more challenges in
ensuring public order at all times and exercising maximum tolerance in handling
rallies and demonstrations. Policy of maximum tolerance is always observed by
law enforcement during public assembly that's why the researchers will be
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conducting the study aiming to know the Challenges Encountered by Police
Personnel in exercising Maximum tolerance during public assembly.
Conceptual Framework
The researchers will utilize the Input-Process-Output as the Conceptual
Framework of the study.
The INPUT consist of variables measuring the assessment of the two
groups of respondents as to address the Challenges Encountered by Police
Personnel in Exercising Maximum Tolerance in Manila Police District Police
Station 3, in terms of Personnel, Equipment, Policy and Procedure.
What are the proposed measures to address, Challenges Encountered by
Police Personnel in Exercising Maximum Tolerance during Public Assembly in
Manila Police District Police Station 3?
The second variables PROCESS consisted of conduct of interview,
develop survey questionnaire, distribution of survey questionnaire, collecting of
data, statistical treatment, presentation, analysis, interpretation and graphical
presentation.
The OUTPUT consisted of from the findings of the study, proposed
recommendations to enhance Peaceful Public Assembly in Manila Police District
Police Station 3.
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INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
1. Assessment of the
respondents the
Challenges
Encountered by
Police Personnel in A. Secure approval of
Exercising Maximum
the dean on the
Tolerance during
Public Assembly in conduct of the study;
Manila Police District
Police Station 3 in B. Develop survey Proposed
terms of: questionnaire;
recommendations to
1.1 Personnel C. Distribution of
Enhance Peaceful
1.2 Equipment
survey questionnaire;
1.3 Policy and Public Assembly in
Procedure D. Collection and
2. Proposed statistical analysis of
measures to address data; and Police Station 3.
Challenges
Encountered by E. Presentation,
Police Personnel in analysis and
Exercising Maximum
interpretation of data.
Tolerance during
Public Assembly in
Police Station 3.
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FEEDBACK
Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm

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Statement of the problem
The main objective of the study is to assess the Challenges Encountered
by Police Personnel in Exercising Maximum Tolerance during Public Assembly
in Manila Police District Police Station 3.
Specifically, to answers the following sub problem:
1. How do the respondents assess the Challenges Encountered by Police
Personnel in Exercising Maximum Tolerance during Public Assembly in
Manila Police District Police Station 3 in terms of:
1.1 Personnel;
1.2 Equipment; and
1.3 Policy and Procedure
2. Is there significant difference in the assessment of the of respondents
as to the Challenges Encountered by Police Personnel in Exercising
Maximum Tolerance during Public Assembly Manila Police District Police
Station 3?
3. What are proposed measures to address Challenges Encountered by
Police Personnel in Exercising Maximum Tolerance during Public
Assembly in Manila Police District Police Station 3?
4. From the findings of the study, what recommendations may be
proposed to Enhance Peaceful Public Assembly in Manila Police District
Police Station 3.
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Hypothesis of the Study
There is no significant difference among in the assessment of the
respondents in the Exercising Maximum Tolerance during Public Assembly in
Manila Police District Police Station 3.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The Setting
The study will be conducted at Manila Police District Police Station 3.
The Subject Content
The study will be focused on the Challenges Encountered by Police
Personnel in Exercising Maximum Tolerance during Public Assembly in Manila
Police District Police Station 3.
The Respondents
The study has two (2) groups of respondents. The first group is the Civil
Disturbances Unit Personnel; and the second group is the Police Officers of
Manila Police District Police Station 3.
The Time Frame
The study will be covered the Academic Year 2022-2023
Significance of the Study
The result of the study may serve as significant to the following groups:
To the Criminology Students, the product of this research will help to
enhance their skill and knowledge about the situation in public assembly
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To the Criminology Professors, to analyze and understand of this
research and help them to get an idea on how the police personnel exercising
their maximum tolerance during rally.
To the Philippine National Police, the study's findings will benefit the
officials of the PNP in enhancing their policies and planning for dealing with any
other type of mass demonstration.
To the Police Personnel, this study's finding will support police officers who
are exercising their maximum tolerance.
To the Civil Disturbance Unit, this study will increase their understanding
of how to implement a maximum tolerance plan during civil unrest; the primary
objective of civil disturbance operations is to restore peace, not to defend specific
citizens.
To the Community, this research will make them knowledgeable how
police personnel handle a situation in public assembly properly.
To the Future Researchers, this study will serve as reference material to
those who will conduct similar research.
Definition of terms
For purpose of clarity, the researchers used some terms in the study in
which are deemed important in the analysis to be made as they are
conceptually and operationally defined as follows:
Civil Disturbance Unit- Have a plan during civil unrest, the main goal of
civil disturbance operations is to restore peace, not protect individual citizens.
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Personnel- personnel are responsible for maintaining public order and
safety, enforcing the law, and preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal
activities
Equipment- have also used tear gas, pepper spray, rubber bullets, stun
grenades, and electric teasers. In some cases, riot squads may also use Long
Range Acoustic Devices, water cannons, armored fighting vehicles, aerial
surveillance, police dogs. Persons performing riot control typically wear
protective equipment such as riot helmets, face visors, body armor (vests, neck
protectors, knee pads, etc.), gas masks and riot shields.
Policy and Procedure- A policy is a set of rules or guidelines for your
organization and employees to follow in or to achieve compliance. Policies
answer questions about what employees do and why they do it. A procedure is
the instructions on how a policy is followed.
Counter Protest- (also spelled counter protest) is a protest action which
takes place within the proximity of an ideologically opposite protest. The
purposes of counter-protests can range from merely voicing opposition to the
objective of the other protest to actively drawing attention from nearby media
outlets away from the other protest toward the counter-protestant cause to
actively seeking to disrupt the other protest by conflict of a non-violent or violent
nature.
Grievances- An individual grievance is a complaint that an action by
management has violated the rights of an individual as set out in the collective
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agreement or law, or by some unfair practice. Examples of this type of
grievance include: discipline, demotion, classification disputes, denial of
benefits, etc.
Human Rights- Human rights in the Philippines are protected by the
Constitution of the Philippines, to make sure that persons in the Philippines are
able to live peacefully and with dignity, safe from the abuse of any individuals or
institutions, including the state.
Law Enforcement Policy- Officers responding to planned rallies,
spontaneous crowds, and civil disturbances and those called upon to assist in
these incidents must follow procedures best designed to protect life, the rights
and safety of the persons involved, and property.
Maximum Tolerance- means the highest degree of restraint that
the. military, police and other peace keeping authorities shall observe during
a. public assembly or in the dispersal of the same.
Peace Keepers- someone (such as a soldier) who helps to prevent or stop
fighting between countries or groups. Peacekeepers were sent in to stop the
violence.
Public Assembly- means an assembly held or to be held in a public place
or to which members of the public in general are invited, induced or permitted to
attend.
Public Safety- Involves defending the populace against risks, such us
crime and disasters, as well as other potential hazards and dangers.

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Riots- a noisy, violent public disorder caused by a group or crowd of
persons, as by a crowd protesting against another group, a government policy,
etc., in the streets. A disturbance of the public peace by three or more persons
acting together in a disrupting and tumultuous manner in carrying out their
private purposes.
Strategic plan- It aims to provide a practical tool to help political parties
conduct strategic planning, and offers assistance providers and political parties
alike a step-by-step methodology for conducting this planning process.
Acronyms
CDU- Civil Disturbances Unit
CHR- Commission of Human Rights
IACP- International Association of Chiefs of Police
MPD- Manila Police District
NCRPO-National Capital Regional Police Office
PCO- Police Commissioned Officers
PNCO- Police Non-Commissioned Officers
PNP- Philippine National Police

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Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter focuses on the different articles and pieces of literature as
well as different studies that are directly related to the present study. It presents a
review of foreign and local literature and studies by different foreign and local
researchers that are related to the study, from the general to the specific topic.
Foreign Literature
According to Law Enforcement Policy Center (2019). Officers
responding to planned rallies, spontaneous crowds, and civil disturbances and
those called upon to assist in these incidents must follow procedures best
designed to protect life, the rights and safety of the persons involved, and
property. Peaceful demonstrations can spawn protests and counter-protests that
can lead to civil disorder. On a lesser scale, law enforcement agencies have been
frequently called upon to manage crowds of political protestors arising from
international or national summits and conferences and an array of discontented
or angry persons with varying social or political agendas. Sports events, rock
concerts, festivals, and celebratory gatherings can, and have, provided
opportunities for large-scale disorders and disturbances.
Demonstrations and public protests are not infrequent, but they have taken
on a more systematic, organized nature and have invoked tools that were not
available in past decades. Social media is now commonly used to mobilize and
manage participants prior to and during demonstrations and civil disturbances.

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Group demonstration tactics that may serve a self-policing function have also
been refined and are now disseminated through “how-to” manuals and field
training by certain professional protest groups. In addition, a trend has emerged
where out of town protestors are increasingly attending events.
The anonymity of these participants adds a layer of uncertainty, as event
organizers are often unaware of the identities or intent of these individuals,
making pre-planning potentially ineffective. At the same time, law enforcement
practices and protocols have undergone transformations. Studies of crowd
behavior and law enforcement after-action reports have led to the development of
new strategies and tactics for protest policing. Agencies now utilize tactical teams
that work within the crowd to identify agitators and provocateurs, protocols that
call for arrests only when absolutely necessary, systematic event pre-planning,
established command and control, and the use of a variety of non-deadly force
options.
According to U.S Department of Justice. (2017). A Civil Disturbance Unit
is composed of law enforcement officers who are trained to respond to protests,
demonstrations, and civil disturbances for the purpose of preventing violence,
destruction of property, and unlawful interference with persons exercising their
rights under law. Typical threats faced by a CDU in performing these tasks are
impact weapons, Molotov cocktails, thrown or sprayed chemicals, projectiles, and
firearms.
Typical gear for a CDU officer includes flame-retardant coveralls/uniforms,

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protective footwear, protective and flame-retardant gloves, protective helmets,
personal defense shields, blunt-trauma limb protectors, and blunt-trauma torso
protectors.
There are no existing U.S. standards for such equipment. The U.S. Justice
Department's National Institute of Justice (NIJ) is in the process of forming a
Special Technical Committee to develop standards for CDU personal protective
equipment.
According to Shayo (2020). The (CPE) Center of Policing Equity
developed these guidelines to help law enforcement agencies align their policies
with best practices surrounding de-escalation and use of force in crowd
management events in light of recent large-scale protests across the country's
cities and towns.
The rules are based on two fundamental responsibilities of law
enforcement during these events, the duty to protect the First Amendment rights
of demonstrators and counter-demonstrators and, the duty to ensure the safety of
everyone involved in or impacted by these demonstrations by employing safe,
responsible crowd management techniques. We also stress the importance of
working together with the local community to develop and put into practice
efficient crowd control measures. We encourage departments to adhere to the
following best practices in order to guarantee that political expression is protected
under the constitution in a way that promotes public safety and increases public
trust.
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According to Wood (2022). Police Executive Research Forum, an
organization dedicated to improving policing, has produced guidance regarding
mass demonstrations since 2006. However, the demonstrations of 2020
presented an unprecedented culmination of crises due to the coronavirus
pandemic, demonstrations following the murder of George Floyd, and overall
spikes in homicides and shootings.
According to the report, the 2020 mass demonstrations “were especially
difficult to manage because the protests were about policing. And in many
jurisdictions, the police response to the demonstrations added to the anger and
distrust toward the police that many demonstrators felt. How can police meet with
protest leaders and discuss how to facilitate peaceful demonstrations when some
protest leaders view the police as the enemy?”
This assessment, based on the review of hundreds of interviews with
police chiefs, after-actions reports gathered from across 20 cities, and the
proceedings of a PERF webinar with leading experts in the field, offers several
recommendations for actions that law enforcement agencies can take to improve
their planning for and response to future mass demonstrations in their
communities.
According to Kentucky Law Enforcement Magazine (2019). Calls
regarding civil disturbances are becoming all too frequent for Kentucky law
enforcement agencies. Whether related to the celebration of a sporting event,
clashing views of groups with opposing opinions or protests of specific

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government actions or inactions, law enforcement officers are expected to protect
the rights and safety of all involved. Yet, no matter how much training is provided
on how to deal with civil disturbances, if you do not have the appropriate
protective equipment during a demonstration or riot, you will offer little protection
to those around. The Justice and Technology Information Center has addressed
the protective equipment needed for law enforcement during civil disturbances.
Currently, the U.S. Department of Justice’s National Institute of Justice is
in the process of developing standards for Civil Disturbance Units’ (CDU)
protective equipment. Until then, remember times are changing, and what was
rare in the past is becoming probable. So be prepared for disturbances that may
include impact weapons such as bats and pipes, Molotov cocktails, projectiles
from rocks, bricks, bottles, chemical agents and bullets.
Local Literature
According to Ki (2022). PNP mandated to handle rallies with ‘maximum
tolerance’ CHR Commission on Human Rights asked the Philippine National
Police (PNP) to exercise “maximum tolerance” in handling rallies and protests. “In
accordance with existing laws and human rights standards, a peaceful dispersal
must be lawful, necessary, and proportionate to the purpose,” CHR Executive
Director Jacqueline Ann de Guia said. the use of water cannons and the carrying
of firearms during non-violent protests are prohibited as she cited the prohibitions
outlined in Batas Pambansa Blg. 880 (BP 880) which also requires protesters to
secure a permit
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before holding a protest in a public place. The call was aired by the CHR
after the PNP used water cannons to disperse rallyists at the Liwasang Diokno
within the CHR compound in Diliman, Quezon City.
The rallyists attempted to go outside Liwasang Diokno towards Batasang
Pambansa. When met with resistance, the police claimed that “a brief scuffle”
took place, with protesters kicking the shields of the police. Because of this, they
decided to bombard them with water. On the other hand, protesters claimed that
the police used “unnecessary force” against them, which resulted in injuries. “The
CHR is very alarmed by the method of dispersal employed by the police during
the protest held by progressive groups in the CHR grounds,” De Guia, a lawyer,
said. “During peaceful protests, police officers are expected to exercise maximum
tolerance. This policy requires the avoidance of the use of force and to restrict it
to the minimum extent necessary especially when handling non-violent protests,”
The CHR will conduct an investigation regarding the protest “in the pursuit
of truth and accountability,” While the CHR does not have police power, it is
mandated to monitor rallies and probe alleged violations, she stressed. “To
prevent a similar incident in consecutive rallies, the CHR will communicate with
the PNP regarding its initial findings and recommendations. We will also continue
to monitor expected protests in relation to the canvassing of votes,”
According to Former Sec. Año (2022). has ordered the PNP to exercise
maximum tolerance in dealing with rallies being launched by supporters of Vice
President Leni Robredo to protest the result of the elections. “My order to the
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PNP is to ensure public order at all times and to exercise maximum tolerance in
handling rallies and demonstrations,” Supporters of Robredo have launched a
series of protests since election initial results showed her opponent, former
senator Ferdinand Marcos Jr. enjoying a large margin. the protesters have the
right to express their grievances but said their actions should be done in a
peaceful manner. “People have freedom to express their sentiments and
reactions but they must be done within the bounds of law and order.
We urge the people to file their protest and complaint to proper authorities,
particularly to the Comelec,” “The election was peaceful and orderly; and let us
wait for the official proclamation of the winners. After that, we have to respect the
voices of the majority and lest us work together for the good of our country and
people,” PNP director for operations Maj. Gen Valeriano de Leon warned
protesters against committing violent acts. “Our preparation now is on the
unauthorized rallies; they should not be held. The unruly, the violent (protesters)
will have to be arrested because they might (endanger others),” said De Leon.
“We have areas where we could air our grievances but if you hamper the flow of
traffic, policemen will have to move.
According to Dimatulac (2022). assures maximum tolerance for protesters
on Bongbong Marcos’ inauguration day Metro Manila (CNN Philippines) — A few
days before the inauguration of President-elect Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos,
Jr., the Philippine National Police assured the public that they will be exercising
maximum tolerance for those planning to hold protest actions. In a press briefing
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attended by the presidential inauguration subcommittee on security, traffic, and
communications, Interior and Local Government Secretary Eduardo Año said
rallyists can hold their actions at designated freedom parks.
They want to avoid any disturbances especially during the inaugural
ceremony. Meanwhile, The National Capital Regional Police Office (NCRPO) said
they will have mobile jails set up around the National Museum for any
uncontrollable individuals on inauguration day.
According to Dalizon (2022). PNP’s ‘Maximum Tolerance’ policy and the
thing called peaceful assembly in a very negative way. Some have accused our
CDM personnel of doing an ‘overkill but we are always ready to face any
investigation. What is saddening here is that our critics have failed to mention the
fact that the melee was started by the protesters who broke some of our CDM
equipment and tried to march to a place where they should not be marching,” he
said. We really have to differentiate between what is right and wrong in a
democratic country like ours. When people who have no other intention but to
lambast our leaders and try to create trouble that may spill into the streets, we
have to move.
When protesters try to launch actions that will directly affect other people’s
lives and properties, and even contribute to our traffic problem, we have to do our
part. That’s part and parcel of our job, he added. Lt. Gen. Danao has called on
the entire police force to remain united and act with professionalism in dealing
with similar incidents in the future. “Maximum tolerance is our policy but we will
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see to it that the rule of law will always be followed in the event protesters would
start creating trouble. The official issued the fair warning to all noting that
although they really protect the freedom of expression as enshrined in the
Constitution, they also have their sworn duty to ensure that the rule of law will
always be followed with firm resolve.
According to Servallos (2022). The Philippine National Police (PNP)
defended the dispersal of rallyists protesting proclamation of winning presidential
and vice presidential candidates, saying the police action was “professionalism at
its best.” PNP officer in charge Lt. Gen. Vicente Danao Jr. assailed accusations
against the police Civil Disturbance Management unit, saying “the melee was
started by protesters who broke some of our CDM equipment and tried to march
to a place where there should not be protests.”
a group of unruly protesters tried to disrupt the proclamation as they
repeatedly taunted our CDM personnel with unsavory words. Our men, many of
them proud husbands, mothers, fathers, brothers and sisters to all, did not mind
them,” Danao said. “As different videos have shown, the fire department merely
doused them with water. However, despite being soaked, protesters kicked and
waggled the shields of our CDM personnel, sparking a brief scuffle. It was evident
that they were harassing our policemen who were merely doing their job but to
their credit, the NCRPO and QCPD personnel really acted with professionalism in
dealing with the protesters. That’s professionalism at its best,” Danao added,
referring to the National Capital Region and Quezon City police. More than a
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dozen protesters were reportedly hurt by the PNP’s dispersal methods, drawing
criticisms from rights organizations and the Commission on Human Rights, which
said using water cannons and carrying firearms during peaceful protests are not
allowed under Batas Pambansa Blg. 880. “The police cannot violently disperse
peaceful protesters even when they do not have rally permits or are outside the
freedom park. To say that they cannot go an inch outside the freedom park, to
justify violent police action, is a distortion of the law and is no different from CPR,”
There is nothing in the Batasang Pambansa 880 which says you can use
truncheons and water cannons versus peaceful protesters even when they are
outside freedom parks and have no rally permits.
Foreign Studies
According to Smith (2018). Protest policing is increasingly characterized
by an escalation in the use of preventive measures, reflected in the global
diffusion of a cluster of tactics that are geared toward enhancing police control
over protests.
The policing of protest is increasingly characterized by an escalation in the
use of preventive measures, reflected in the global diffusion of a cluster of tactics
that are geared toward enhancing police control over protest actions that may
entail unlawful and disruptive conduct. This includes large-scale preemptive
Arrests, the use of '’less -lethal'' weapons (such as pepper spray, tear gas
Taser’s, long-range acoustic devices, flash-bang grenades, and rubber bullets,
barricading strategies (such as protest pens. ‘’ free speech zones '’ and
29
prolonged enclosure of protest in contained spaces and intrusive intelligence
gathering '’ methods (such as surveillance And infiltration).These tactics have
been given a number of labels by scholars and activist, including strategies
incapacitation and command-and control the use of such tactics has been
evidence in a number of high- profiles cases, such as the policing of the 2009
G20 London summit protest, the 2010 G20 summit protest in Toronto, and the
2011 occupy wall Street protest in New York City.
Cases such as these have triggered widespread public discussion about
protest policing reflected in the publication of government and non-government
reports questioning the appropriateness of police use of force and its broader
implications for the rights to protest to the actions and mood of the crowd is
critical to making sure the police do not unintentionally escalate tensions during
protests. However, police agencies must balance this concern with their need to
keep officers and the community safe.
According to McCord (2018). The response to civil disturbances has
historically been the aggressive use of force or escalation with tactics such as the
use of police dogs, armed federal troops during war protests, and police field
forces. These types of tactics can escalate tensions between protestors and
police and only add to the violence and destruction of the incident. To reduce the
violence between protestors and the police and the destruction often associated
with civil disturbances, it is necessary to examine the need to include de-
escalation techniques in the responses. This study utilized 3 theoretical

30
frameworks, the chaos theory, the behavioral decision theory and the strain
theory, all which complement each other in interpreting the opinions and
experiences of participants and civil disturbance responses. The research
questions were used to determine the influence of experience, training, personal
biases or external influences on decision making and elicit the opinions of
respondents in how they would respond to a civil disturbance.
Twenty-five respondents responsible for policy or response decisions
regarding civil disturbances from southern US state emergency management and
law enforcement agencies took part in the survey. The results of a cross-
tabulation analysis determined that there is a need for the inclusion of de-
escalation techniques and that they would be effective in civil disturbances. The
results also showed that an aggressive response was the preferred method to
restoring or maintaining order, but there was a need to examine changes in
response tactics. This study may be beneficial and provide a social impact
through policy changes, which may lead to a lessening of the severity and scope
of an incident.
According to Burnett (2001) Many consider the law enforcement
profession unique. This profession requires the individual officer to interact with a
diverse population on a daily basis. As such, policing places much responsibility
on the individual officer. Police officers are not only responsible for maintaining
public peace, the protection of property, and safeguarding lives, but uniquely hold
the power and authority to use force (up to and including deadly force) in
31
performing their duties. There is no such thing as a “routine” situation (i.e., traffic
stop, family disturbance, or suspicious situation call) in the policing profession.
Each situation within policing is potentially dangerous and life threatening. For
example, in 1997 there were 65 law enforcement officers slain in the line of duty
while, on on average, 11 of every 100 law enforcement officers in the nation were
assaulted. Therefore, many aspects of police work encountered by individual
police officers are considered highly stressful and exact a “high emotional toll.
Law enforcement is notably considered a profession requiring police
officers to use common sense and good judgment, even under conditions of
severe stress. The policing researchers have attempted to examine how these
various stressors have affected police officers. Stress-related issues involving
police officers and found that a failure to reduce or relieve stress-related anxiety
leads to such cognitive-emotional repercussions as guilt, anger, suspiciousness,
depression, or aggression. Burnett indicated that displacement of anger,
generalized over hostility, a defensive facade of overconfidence, aggression,
excessive use of force, substance use and abuse, and/or risk- taking behaviors
may be employed as coping mechanisms and anxiety-reducing behaviors.
Demonstrated that the human body undergoes various automatic nervous system
stress reactions that progress through a series of stages in order to adapt and
restore balance. If these so-called “fight or flight” responses are left unrelieved,
they will produce an accumulation in tension eventually resulting in diseases of
adaptation.”
32
This may result in physiological illnesses such as ulcers or coronary heart
disease and emotional and behavioral pathologies Since certain internal
physiological reactions occur when the body is under stress, it is reasonable to
assume that other aspects of the human experience, such as moral reasoning,
and nervous system stress-reactions process. This process is intended to reduce
anxiety and tension through implementing a particular coping mechanism that
allows adaptation and the restoration of balance Given the very nature of the law
enforcement profession, it is believed that police stress should have some effect
on the officer’s moral reasoning ability and type of coping strategy implemented.
Several studies have examined how coping and well-being among police officers
relate to police stress. Practically no research studies directly contribute to
understanding the relationship between a police officer’s perception of stress,
moral reasoning, and coping mechanisms implemented. That are the common
problems of police officers when they're performing their responsibilities as
peacekeeping.
According to Dekald Police Department (2003) Civil Disturbance and
Crowd control policy. The manner in which law enforcement officers deal with
unruly crowds and illegal gathering has direct bearing on their ability to control
and defuse the incident and contain property damage, injury or loss of life.
Officers confronting civil disturbances and those called upon to assist in these
incidents shall follow the procedures of containment, evacuation, communication,
use of force, and command and control as enumerated in this policy. Civil
33
Disturbance: An unlawful assembly that constitutes a breach of the peace or any
assembly of persons where there is imminent danger of collective violence,
destruction of property, or other unlawful acts. The law enforcement must be
establishing the number of personnel and equipment necessary to contain and
disperse the disturbance and relay this information to the communications center.
Where necessary, ensure that appropriate notification is made to outside
agencies to include the fire department, ambulances, local law enforcement
agencies (NIU Police, DeKalb County Sheriff’s Department), and the State Police.
Establish an outer perimeter sufficient to contain the disturbance and prohibit
entrance into the affected area. Ensure that, to the degree possible, innocent
civilians are evacuated from the immediate area of the disturbance. Identify
surveillance points to identify agitators, leaders, and individuals committing
crimes
and to document and report on events as they happen. Photographic and
videotape evidence of criminal acts and perpetrators shall be generated
whenever possible. In major events, notify the Patrol Commander, who may in
turn notify the Chief of Police.
And the Command staff shall establish the following, as necessary,
Command post, acquisition of necessary supplies, Coordination with other
agencies for additional personnel needs, Requests for tactical response teams,
and/or an ILEAS Field Force Unit, Establishment and staffing of a media
information area, Command Options When adequate personnel and resources

34
are in place, the commanding officer shall establish communications with leaders
or primary participants of the disturbance and articulate an order to disperse the
crowd. Should the crowd fail to disperse in the prescribed manner, the
commanding officer should be prepared to implement one of the following
options: Containment and dialogue.
The objective of containment and dialogue measures are merely to
disperse the crowd. In so doing the commanding officer should: establish contact
with crowd leaders to assess their intentions and motivation and define the
department’s authority and intentions to enforce the law; and communicate to the
participants that their assembly is in violation of the law and will not be tolerated,
that the department wishes to resolve the incident peacefully, and that acts of
violence will be dealt with swiftly and decisively.
According to Inazu (2005) During peacekeeping or peace enforcement
operations, US forces should never violate basic civil or human rights. Most
protesters are law-abiding citizens who intend that their protests be nonviolent,
but some protest planners insist that the event involve some kind of violence.
Often, in the media, protesters can gain sympathy for their cause by prompting
authorities to take physical action against them. Violence is often the result of
demonstrators beginning to conduct unlawful or criminal acts and authorities (who
are responsible for the safety and welfare of all) enforcing the laws of the
municipality, state, or nation. The depth of violence is determined by the

35
willingness of demonstrators to display and voice their opinions in support of their
cause.
Commanders must be aware of the possibility that some individuals or
groups within an organized demonstration may have the intent to cause
disruption, incite violence, destroy property, and provoke the authorities. The
tactical situation and actions of the crowd should dictate control and enforcement
options.
Local Studies
According to Philippine National Police Operational Procedures
Manual of (2010), The PNP, through its Civil Disturbance Management (CDM)
Units, shall observe Maximum tolerance in all police operational procedures in
handling civil disturbance. In case of unlawful aggression, only reasonable force
may be employed to prevent or repel it. The employment of teargas and water
cannons shall be made under the control and supervision of the Ground
Commander. No arrest of any leader, organizer, or participant shall be made
during the public assembly. Unless he violates any pertinent law as evidence
warrants (Sec.1, Rule 17, PNPPOP 2010).
According to Veniegas (2011). The Capability Level on Civil Disturbance
Management of the District Public Safety Battalion of Manila" this is a descriptive-
survey method of research, and a survey questionnaire was used as an
instrument, and the respondents of the study composed of the DPSB of Manila. It
36
was stated in the study that civil disturbance is part and parcel of a democratic
and republican state. It is claimed to be healthy exercise of democratic life if done
with responsibility. However, there are people who exceed in the exercise of this
precious right to the extent of transgressing the rights of others, which is most
often misjudged as illegal activity. This sometimes involves a broad range of
confrontations which vary in intensity (and purpose) from a peaceful assembly in
a public place to a violent and destructive attack on people and property. This
requires that agencies which have control force mission develop responses
based on the variable nature of the threat and provide for a high degree of
flexibility and selectivity.
According to Tandayag (2015). His study entitled "Assessment on Civil
Disturbance Management of Southern Police District", presented to the faculty of
the National Police College Fort Bonifacio, on October 2007, used the descriptive
method of research, and a questionnaire was utilized to the chosen personnel of
Southern Police District. It was found out that in the current administration civil
disturbance are prevalent in EDSA Shrine and Mendiola where the office of the
president in Malacañang is situated and also the business center of Manila-
Makati City. These places were vulnerable to mass actions. The demonstrations
are part of the crowd gathered in places where rallies are held. On the other side
of the fence are the public.
The establishment represented usually by the law enforcement agencies
or the police. The police are tasked not only to preserve and protect the status,
37
but more importantly to uphold the majesty of the law in maintaining peace and
order. He also added that civil disturbance is a delicate balance of power, thus a
political power struggle of some sort is typically the root cause of any such
conflict. Often, public demonstrations are viewed as the last resort of political
organizations. If the power equation in a civil disorder becomes unbalanced, the
result is either oppression or riot. He emphasized that police brutality is a frequent
result of civil disturbance may develop as a result of police brutality. Citizens not
directly involved in a civil disturbance may have their lives significantly disrupted.
According to Vicente (2013). Do not use force except when strictly
necessary and to the minimum extent required under the circumstances. Based
on The guidelines / Suggested action Items. Re-orient Police personnel about the
use of force Doctrine on use of force on as a last resort. Re-train Police
Personnel in proper Arrest procedures with emphasis on non-lethal tactics,
weapons retention techniques, and officer safety measures. Re - orient Police
Personnel assigned to crowd control units about human rights, crowd psychology,
maximum tolerance, and use of calibrated force especially during the dispersal
phase of civil disturbance management (DCM) operations. Police Personnel
involved in shootouts and discharge of firearms must submit on after operations
reports. Request the assistance of the Philippine National Police Health Service
Department of Health (DOH), or a psychiatrist in the conduct of periodic
neuropsychiatrist examinations, stress management, and counseling services for
personnel involved in shootouts or discharge of firearms. Standard 4; Policing

38
Non-violent Assemblies, and Avoid using force when policing unlawful but non-
violent assemblies, when dispersal violent assemblies, use force only to the
minimum extent necessary. If possible, arrange for a meeting with protest leaders
or organizers prior to the actual day of protest demonstrations. An open dialogue
would help the Police establish "ground rules" and communication lines with
protest leaders/organizers which are necessary to prevent miscommunication
and possible outbreak of violence. Whenever appreciated, deploy property
trained and equipped female CDM Personnel as front liners. Previous experience
showed that there is less agitation on the part of protesters and lower incidence
of violence when female CDM Personnel are made as front liners.
According to Adame (2019). Anger, hostility, and aggression may soon be
the result if left unchecked. Police officers are not only responsible for maintaining
public peace, the protection of property, and safeguarding lives, but uniquely hold
power and authority to use force in performing their duties. This profession
requires the individual officer to interact with a diverse population on a daily basis.
As such, policing places much responsibility on the individual officer. Since the
appointment of President Rodrigo Duterte on June 30, 2016, and his comprise a
war on drugs, Philippine National Police officers and unknown suspects have
killed more than 7,000 individuals. The security remedy battle named Task
Double Barrel has concentrated on alleged street druggists and customers
apparently for capture however by and by has been a movement of extrajudicial
in uninhabited regions of Manila and other urban places.

39
Synthesis of Reviewed Studies
The reviewed studies cited became the foundation for researchers to
understand each police officer's situation in exercising their maximum level of
restraint or maximum tolerance during public assembly. These studies are related
to our research on how our police officers handle situations and maintain a
peaceful public assembly by exercising maximum tolerance in order to avoid
tension between public assembly participants and police officers. The foreign and
local studies cited provided the idea and helped the researchers understand how
police officers can avoid riots, violence, and chaos during public gatherings while
also avoiding the use of unnecessary force.
According to Philippine National Police Operational Procedures
Manual of (2010), The PNP, through its Civil Disturbance Management (CDM)
Units, shall observe Maximum tolerance in all police operational procedures in
handling civil disturbance. In case of unlawful aggression, only reasonable force
may be employed to prevent or repel it. The employment of teargas and water
cannons shall be made under the control and supervision of the Ground
Commander. No arrest of any leader, organizer, or participant shall be made
during the public assembly. Unless he violates any pertinent law as evidence
warrants (Sec.1, Rule 17, PNPPOP 2010).
According to Smith (2018). Protest policing is increasingly characterized
by an escalation in the use of preventive measures, reflected in the global

40
diffusion of a cluster of tactics that are geared toward enhancing police control
over protests.
The policing of protest is increasingly characterized by an escalation in the
use of preventive measures, reflected in the global diffusion of a cluster of tactics
that are geared toward enhancing police control over protest actions that may
entail unlawful and disruptive conduct. This includes large-scale preemptive
Arrests, the use of '’less -lethal'' weapons (such as pepper spray, tear gas
Taser’s, long-range acoustic devices, flash-bang grenades, and rubber bullets,
barricading strategies (such as protest pens. ‘’ free speech zones '’ and
prolonged enclosure of protest in contained spaces and intrusive intelligence
gathering '’ methods (such as surveillance And infiltration).These tactics have
been given a number of labels by scholars and activist, including strategies
incapacitation and command-and control the use of such tactics has been
evidence in a number of high- profiles cases, such as the policing of the 2009
G20 London summit protest, the 2010 G20 summit protest in Toronto, and the
2011 occupy wall Street protest in New York City.
Cases such as these have triggered widespread public discussion about
protest policing reflected in the publication of government and non-government
reports questioning the appropriateness of police use of force and its broader
implications for the rights to protest to the actions and mood of the crowd is
critical to making sure the police do not unintentionally escalate tensions during
41
protests. However, police agencies must balance this concern with their need to
keep officers and the community safe.

42
CHAPTER 3
Method of Research and Procedures
This chapter presents the research method used in the gathering of data,
sources of data, data gathering instrument, data gathering procedures, and
statistical treatment of data.
Research Method
The descriptive method of research will be used by the researchers to
assess the Challenges Encountered by Police Personnel in Exercising Maximum
Tolerance during Public Assembly in Manila Police District Police Station 3.
According to McCombes (2019) and Voxco (2021). Descriptive research
aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or
phenomenon. It can answer what, where, when and how questions, but not why
questions. A descriptive research design can use a wide variety of research
methods to investigate one or more variables. Unlike in experimental research,
the researcher does not control or manipulate any of the variables, but only
observes and measures them.
Descriptive research refers to the methods that describe the
characteristics of the variables under study. This methodology focuses on
answering questions relating to the “what” rather than the “why” of the research
subject. The primary focus of this research is to simply describe the nature of the
demographics understudy instead of focusing on the “why” It is called an

43
observational research method as none of the variables in the study are
influenced during the process of
the research.
Population and Sampling Scheme
The respondents of the study will be composed of two groups, the first
group is Civil Disturbance Unit, while the second group is Police Officers in
Manila police district police station 3.
The researchers will use the purposive sampling in this study. Purposive
sampling according to Nikolopoulou, (2022). refers to a group of non-probability
sampling techniques in which units are selected because they have
characteristics that you need in your sample. In other words, units are selected
“on purpose” in purposive sampling. Also called judgmental sampling, this
sampling method relies on the researcher’s judgment when identifying and
selecting the individuals, cases, or events that can provide the best information to
achieve the study’s objectives.
Purposive sampling is common in qualitative research and mixed methods
research. It is particularly useful if you need to find information-rich cases or
make the most out of limited resources.
Description of the Respondents
Is this study, the researchers will include as part of the study the profile of
the respondents as to their sex, age, civil status, educational attainment and
length of service.
44
Table 1 presents the frequency distribution of the respondents.
Table 1
Frequency Distribution of the Respondents
Respondents Frequency Percentage

GROUP 1- Civil Disturbance Unit
Personnel
GROUP 2- Police Personnel
Total
Table 2 illustrates the distribution and percentage of the respondents
according to sex.
Table 2
Distribution of Respondents According to Sex
CDU Police
TOTAL
Sex Personnel Personnel
Freq. % Freq. % Freq. %
Male
Female
Total
Table 3 demonstrates the distribution and percentage of the respondents
according to Civil Status.
Table 3
Distribution of Respondents According to Civil Status
CDU Police
TOTAL
Civil Status Personnel Personnel
Single
Married
Separated
Widowed/Widower
Total
45
Table 4 reveals the distribution and percentage of the respondents
according to Age.
Table 4
Distribution of Respondents According to Age
CDU Police
TOTAL
Age Personnel Personnel
21-30 years old
31-40 years old
41-50 years old
51 years old and above
Total
Table 5 validates the distribution and percentage of the respondents
according to Educational Attainment.
Table 5
Distribution of Respondents According to Educational Attainment
CDU Police
TOTAL
Educational Attainment Personnel Personnel
College Graduate
Master’s Degree Units
Master’s Degree
With Doctorate Units
Doctorate Degree
Total
Table 6 shows the distribution and percentage of the respondents
according to Length of Service.
Table 6
Distribution of Respondents According to Length of Service
CDU Police
TOTAL
Length of Service Personnel Personnel
3 years Below
46
4 - 5 years
6 - 10 years
11 - 15 years
Total
Research Instruments
In the gathering data, the researchers will employ self-structured survey
questionnaires which will be administered to the target respondents. The first part
is about the demographic profile of the respondents which included sex, age, civil
status, educational attainment and length of service.
The second part will address the assessment of the respondents on the
respondents assess the Challenges Encountered by Police Personnel in
Exercising Maximum Tolerance during Public Assembly in Manila Police District
Police Station 3 in terms of Personnel, Equipment, Policy and Procedure
The last part will assess the degree of seriousness of the problems
encountered by the Challenges Encountered by Police Personnel in Exercising
Maximum Tolerance during Public Assembly in Manila Police District Police
Station 3.
Validation of Instruments
Upon completion of the first draft of the questionnaire, it will be submitted
to the adviser for comments and suggestions. The researchers will consider the
corrections and suggestions will be made and incorporated into the final copy. To
test the reliability and validity of instrument, the researchers will conduct a pre-
test to selected personnel who will not be included in the final sample of
respondents. They will be asked for comments, suggestions and

47
recommendations to assure that all items are clear and understandable.
Immediately the researchers will collect the pre-test sample survey
questionnaires and will consider their comments, suggestions and
recommendations. It will prepare and distribute to the selected sample
respondents who are not part of the final sample respondents. The researchers
then will gather the sample post-test survey questionnaires and find out that there
are no more suggestions nor recommendations thus the researchers will finalize
the questionnaires by presenting it to the adviser.
Procedures of the gathering of data
The following procedures will be undertaken:
1. The researchers will visit the Manila Police District Police Station 3 and
the selected station to conduct the preliminary interview for the projected
respondents.
2. Formulate and develop the survey instruments align with the objectives
of the study.
3. Validate the formulate and develop survey instruments and incorporated
all suggestions and comments.
4. Reproduce the final copy of the validated survey instruments.
5. Distribute the survey instruments to the selected respondents based on
the master list.
6. Collect the distributed survey instruments from the respondents and
scan as to the ratings of the respondents.

48
7. Statistical computations based on the statement of the problems with
the assistance of the designated adviser.
8. Presentation, interpretation and analysis of the statistical results align
with
the statement of the problems.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The data obtain in the survey will be analyzed and evaluated using the
following statistical treatments:
The percentage techniques will be used in analyzing and evaluating the
data on profile of the respondents using the formula:
P = _____ f______ X 100

N
Where:
P - Percent (%)
N - Number of Respondents
F - Number of Responses
100 - Constant Value
The average weighted means (AWM) will be utilized to measure the
central tendency in relation to the issues being discussed in the study that were
assessed by the respondents. The average weighted mean refers to the
accumulated response which determines the corresponding weight using the
formula:
WM=Ʃfx
N
49
Where
WM - Weighted Mean
Ʃ - Summation Sign
F - Frequency
X - Unit Weight
N - Number of Respondents
For Sub Problem 1
The study will employ the four-point Likert scale presented below in the
analysis of the Challenges Encountered by Police Personnel in Exercising
Maximum Tolerance during Public Assembly in Manila Police District Police
Station 3 in terms of Personnel, Equipment, Policy and Procedure:
POINT VALUE MEAN SCALE DESCRIPTIVE VALUE
4 3.26 – 4.00 Very Serious (VS)
3 2.51 – 3.25 Serious (S)
2 1.76 – 2.50 Least Serious (LS)
1 1.00 – 1.75 Not Serious (NS)
For Sub Problem 2
In the test of significant difference among the variables of the study will be
determined using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) – T Test. The simple
analysis of variance will use to compute the inferential data in testing the
hypothesis of the study.

50
For Sub Problem 3
On other hand, problems encountered by the Challenges Encountered by
Police Personnel in Exercising Maximum Tolerance during Public Assembly in
Manila Police District Police Station 3. Will utilized same formula illustrated above
but descriptive rating, according to degree of seriousness as seen below.
POINT VALUE MEAN SCALE DESCRIPTIVE RATING
4 3.26 – 4.00 Highly Recommended
(HR)
3 2.51 – 3.25 Recommended (R)
2 1.76 – 2.50 Least Recommended
(LR)
1 1.00 – 1.75 Not Recommended(NR)

51
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NICDAO (2013). Problems Encountered On Civil Disturbance Management
Operations by Manila District Public Safety Battalions in Relation to their
Organizational Performance.
TANDAYAG (2015). The Manila Police District Civil Disturbance Unit in Handling
Protest/Rally, An Assessment.
Vicente (2013). police human rights resources
Adame (2019). Emotion Dysregulation and Conflict Management Style Among
Police Officers
https://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/APJEAS
-2019.6.4.05.pdf
55
MacCombes (2019). Descriptive Research Definition, types, Methods, &
Example
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/descriptive-research/
Voxco, (2021). Descriptive Research / definition methods & example
https://www.voxco.com/blog/descriptive-research/
Kassiani ed (2022). Purposive Sampling / Definition & example
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/purposive-sampling/
CURRICULUM VITAE
DELOSTRINO, WALTER N.
5th ave CALOOCAN CITY
delostrinowalter@dmcfi.edu.ph
He was born on April 18, 2001. He is the second to the eldest son of Mr.
Winbert Delos Trino and Mrs. Esperanza Delos Trino. He has three siblings. And
their names are Wendel, who is the eldest, Winston, and Winilyn. At the age of
12, his mother died of a different kind of disease. He was very sad because his
mother is caring and very kind to them; she is the one who teaches them how to
make the family happy and strong at the same time. And at the age of 21, his
56
father died because he drowned in the sea; that was his biggest fear, and until
now he hasn't moved on. His mother and father encouraged him when he was a
kid to pursue his dream of being a policeman someday to protect his family while
serving the country. That is why, until now, he has been walking toward his
dreams, and he is very near achieving his goal in life. He is the breadwinner of
his family, and despite poverty and a lack of financial resources, he is very
thankful to the Lord Jesus because the blessings never stop coming into his life.
His faith in God and love for his family build a foundation that no one can destroy.
ECHANE , JEREMY A.
NBBS PROPER, NAVOTAS, CITY
jeremyechane7@gmail.com
09159332029
The researcher was born on the 16th day of February 1999. In Nonoc
Claveria Masbate . He is the son of Mr Jerry Echane and Mrs Marites Echane. .
He started to study in Nonoc Elementary School and he continued his study of
junior high school in Pioduran National High School, after moving up. His father
told them to continue his study in senior high school in Pilar Sorsogon and
manage his aunt's farm. He studied in Salvacion National High School and took
the technical Vocational Strand which is Electrical Installation and Maintenance

57
(EIM) after graduation in grade 12 on March 28 , 2019 , he decided to continue
his study in college. so he went to Navotas City and lived there with his aunt with
the dream of finishing school and becoming a full-fledged policeman some day.
he studied at the school of divine mercy college foundation Inc, and he took the
criminology course, now he is in the 4th year college which is close to his dream
and finally he will be help his family, and he will become a productive individual.
MALAPO,GERALD N
#382 sapang saging julian felipe st.

Sangandaan caloocan city
malapogerald@dmcfi.edu.ph
09489289799
He was born on the third day of December 2000. He was the eldest son of
Gerlie Nacion Malapo and Roland Nacion Malapo. And he has two siblings
named Noriel Malapo and Prince Malapo. He lives at 382 Sapang Saging Juliane
Felipe St., Sangandaan, Caloocan City.He began attending a kindergarten near
his home when he was 6 years old. After a year of learning fundamental skills in
kindergarten, he decided to take another step in his life to the next level and
improve his intellectual, moral, and social skills by enrolling in Andrés Bonifacio
58
Elementary School. After 6 years of improving his skills in Andrés Bonifacio
Elementary School, He decided to take another step in his life, and he began to
study at the Tugatog National High School. That is the best 4 years of his life.
However, even if he is a teenager at that time, the way he thinks is immature. He
continues his senior high school education at STI College after graduating from
high school.He selected ICT for the purpose of enhancing and developing his
intellectual and logical skills. After two years of struggle, he graduated and
decided to pursue his life's main objective, which was to be a public servant who
maintained peace and order.
RODRIGUEZ, MARK JOSEPH T.

#536 M.Naval St. Bangkulasi
Navotas City
Rodriguezmark@dmcfi.edu.ph
09463001770
This researcher was born on March 23, 2000 in pontod, Surigao Del Sur.
He currently living in Navotas City with his adoring parents, Mrs. Gemina
Rodriguez and Mr. Aguido Rodriguez Jr. As well as one brothers and have four
sisters. He graduated from Cadapdapan, Elementary, School for his primary. He
is a varsity student in basketball and athletics during his primary and secondary.
And he graduated from Tambongan National High School, and after the
graduation of his senior high school he decided to study in college in Manila,

59
which is why he enrolled and currently finishing his studies for the chosen of
Bachelor of Science in Criminology at Divine Mercy College Foundation Inc. His
goal in life is to finish his college degree and to become part of the Philippine
National Police (PNP), and his dream is to become a successful man someday
so that they can help his/her parents and other relatives.
SAMARITA, WINDEL M.
#551-F NBBS PROPER SITIO
PUTING BATO NAVATOS CITY
wendelsamarita@gmail.com
09451208471
He was born on Nov 9,2000. He is the eldest son of mr. ruel and mrs.
marilyn samarita. And he has one sister and her name is wency samarita. he
lives at NBBS PROPER SITIO PUTING BATO 551-F NAVOTAS CITY. He
started study at age of 7 year's old in san Francisco elementary school in quezon
city after a year they moved to navotas and continued to study there and lived
with grandmother she raised me and my sister, she raised us well, taught us to
be good and she was very strict with us. unfortunately, she died at 50 years old
60
from many diseases because she just hides her illnesses and didn't want to tell
her family because she didn't want them to worry about her.
He studied at Timoteo Paez in elementary school to improve his
intellectual and Here I learned to take care of myself and wake up early to go to
school after 6 year's of elementary. he decided to continue his dream and he
studied at Timoteo Paez high school this high school year is the best time of his
life because studying is not stressful as a teenager at that time i am immature so
he decided to continue his study to he's alma mater Timoteo Paez Senior High
school this time his more focus his study at strand of Information and
Communications Technology (ICT), After two years of studying about ICT. he
decided to enroll a criminology student to achieve his main goal to become a
public servant who maintains peace and order. and as a criminology student I
learned a lot about my course, and he is a student worker at that time. and his
favorite quote is, do whatever it takes to succeed as long as is a moral,legal and
ethical.

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DIVINE MERCY COLLEGE FOUNDATION INC.

The Problem and its Background

officers or other peacekeeping authorities must always take or observe is to

demonstrate maximum tolerance. The goal of a peaceful public assembly would

be accomplished by law enforcement showing the most tolerance possible

Law enforcement must adhere to the highest level of restraint or maximum

tension in the situation. Law enforcement's objective in a public gathering is to

for maintaining peaceful public assembly in order to avoid confrontations and

commotion. Police officers need to start respecting everyone's freedom to

public events and the general populace.

more dependable, knowledgeable, experienced, and better prepared to handle

Our law enforcement develops a plan and employs methods to prevent

big gathering must be reasonable, measured, and take precautions to prevent

even unintentionally escalating tensions and making matters worse. This is

particularly valid when the demonstrations focus on police conduct. By using

people who are demonstrating; institutional legitimacy depends on officers being

perceived as fair, respectful, and restrained in their interactions with and

law enforcement as legitimate.

assembly, including swaying public opinion, raising awareness of and

disseminating information about an alleged injustice, gaining a large audience for

forming connections with like-minded individuals, speaking one's truth, and

of a larger movement. Public assembly refers to any type of gathering, including a

rally, demonstration, march, parade, procession, or any other type of mass or

activities, including speeches, music, chanting, performing art, poetry, holding

in places important to the cause (such as monument), or occupying a space.

organize with the goal of enacting change.

Law enforcement personnel have repeatedly clashed with people

attending public rallies. The attendees of public gatherings were so frantic

them, and didn't appreciate them.

job in their capacity as peacekeepers is to serve the people and safeguard

between protesters and demonstrators at public gatherings. Because the

law enforcement and public assembly participants. Participants in public

gatherings feel so helpless and resort to violence because of this.

When dealing with protesters or demonstrations, law enforcement personnel

must adhere to the doctrine of maximum tolerance. Maximum tolerance, or the

The term "public assembly" is defined in Batasang Pambansa Bilang 880

section 3 as any rally, demonstration, march, parade, procession, or other form of

legitimate cause, expressing a viewpoint to the general public on a given matter,

protesting or influencing any political, economic, or social state of affairs, or

petitioning the government for the resolution of grievances.

Understanding the condition of law enforcement in public assembly and

study. In addition to identifying the desired action to encourage peaceful public

safety and peace.

Background of the Study

The Study will be conducted in Manila Police District Police station 3.

station 3 is located in plaza miranda.

Plaza Miranda is a public square bounded by Quezon Boulevard, Hidalgo

of the City of Manila, and is considered as the center of Quiapo as a whole.

every day, it is considered to be Manila's version of Times Square.

The reason we select Manila Police District Police Station 3 at Plaza

marches, parades, processions, or other types of large-scale or organized activity.

Figure 1. Map of Manila Police District Police Station.

This study was anchored in Batasang Pambansa 880, An Act Ensuring

the government for other purpose.

Batasang Pambansa 880, also known as Public Assembly act of 1985.

lawful cause, or expressing on opinions to the general public on any particular

issues: or protesting or influencing any state of affairs whether political, economic

or social or petitioning the Government for redress of grievances.

According to Section 10 of Batasang Pambansa 880, During the public

assembly Police assistance when requested-it shall be imperative for law

enforcement agencies, when assistance is requested by the leader of organizers,

of expression primordial. Law enforcement agencies must observe the guidelines

attempted actual violence or serious threats of violence or deliberate destruction

many issues of police personnel to be considered such as physical abuse to the