Unit-3

CAsER Diod.
a LED aud
wo most popular ophcal souYces
rate
haul aud Sous bit
duitable
Short
LED
csotated ith
multinmods
bers
atul
Ty
appuceh ms.
most

at
cohevent duices and y ar

CASER'S
bik sate
stabe applicak
appicaioms
hael ond high
Suitable ( l
aociakd
oth Alngle moedt ibe
& tcsually

cemmmly
wsed pho to diodu
most

Dekector CAPD
(APD).
Avaloncht photo

Characteishes opheaSou

T mcs pOpuar ophal ed m opteal COmm

.Thoe
Thuse olouices
cuice
al LED and ASER D10DE
3ystem a rue.
exibit nos
characjensheshies that optia

Should posses

puoperty chavacteisic

Selected operahg aurelenglh mu give.

waweleng t^
Ond Co dispersiom bers.
LoLs -oSS

mg Good slabilty operafion.

Reliabt
 ide
butput PDwe Ahsuld be adequakt. to mee

onge. ok applications

PoLer kicieny-tt should opevate. oith a pouey Suppl

lo
power nd lou usthe
tquiinq
hot to
Speetsawi dth Spectrad idth should be. Such
alite maximvm 8ondtsidth

Modulation Dhect modul ation should be possible.

Size must be mall ond Commpahble with

Size
lose. o optitalbers

LEDs au ed hat CuArel medtum distance C6Ymm.

Sustems where power uequirement is Amadl &nd oLs Bit Rake

LA SER Oiods aue wed p Lm olishane. d ight bt state

applttaions.

Cight Emi tinq Diodas (LED

A LED is a semitondunttor ovtard blased Pn-uncHon diole

No-Bi
Rs

Barmer

oey
4 + 4 4 t

Cap
Ce

NOuene
Band

lay LED oith No bi ustag (h LFD oth foysdrd biay voltage

WrKing
bamer
Caae) Lohen lo bias Ultaqe pAULentH Cner
nergy
movement tha c hayme caicar's Cert hole
Paevents
uel diaom
Ahbuon in ollh Cneriy
movement

is applieed 1
Cae)
when sci d Ubltage
UBltage
N-P
P-N

akes placa m
Chor Cier chae
tu
As a Sult
Sn o
Lgins toran sih on
eCombine. n lu
CUmuerteol to ophka
t a nsHom
shiom
in fh tan
enemlosh
T ene to phots
ise
Lohich gives
en u l a f m

calculated mn
misS16n

Ta swelenth (Am) Cev

E hy h h p l a n C K s C s t a n t =
662 x 10T

A he 3 lo ms

stadialed
power
optito
+is a meas u th
Radlance arua
O n i t
ADid ngle. per onit.
Bghtness)
6aghtness)
also calltd
urface.
emithn
Cmitting
bhw applcati6
applicatisn
tls hm delay bhws
Raspnse. t u
this s
Emi ssion and h emissicn phcal
Cuent pule.
a
m ht om photoms
enar i h hich
dbusce
Bandidhh
Bandsidth
Umibs t h V a y n g ths njected
ths njested
u h u delay varpng
laked disety by
tnn
Can be
be mo dy
Curent
 u ontum Ehcieny7 Inemal doantum thldeny n ths achue Lgion
is thu
tien 67 th ehsle pohs hatecombint. Hadialely

Exknaf dennbom eteny dulined Hh ato o tha photsns

Emi theel uom h ED t ts number df tntem ally gene reted

photons
CA-sER
Compan siom behoeen ED and

faxomer CASER
LED sHmulated emission

prineiple. emissiom Spontaneous emiss)6n

(tn-phase)
(andom)
Coherente tncoheytht Cohercnt
2
otp pnoer high
Highly DiaecHmal
Diveetonality
Slos
3peed operaien
soeY
6Numenca Aperture Higher
exs tomplex cieuutry Cmplex circw y
thugmela optial
Complesi Saqui res
8tabiUrahm
tan shorte
Lost Chape Expensive
Inversion no P.T PI pMsent
to. populati
Nam bond Spec.tum
ype spectral
Broad-Spechumn

medl
Spectra d t h Snm I o Snm)
12 109 nm
20nm,

13 ransislo malur
aneates
DIsance

t4 Couplirgbcien
Hih
IS Compahble Abers multi mod sT Sinu mode ST
 h Cwo basi LED Comkiquyations being ued kor Hber opties are

.Cdge emtters. Edge emiting lED]

Suvace emiffers C Surace. emitiny tED]

. Ecge emiting olouble. heterofuncHm LED

hik
ugion,
acive Junech'on
edge emithin LED Comai'sh
an
the
and two guding aytH a
mcoherentight,
is obuyce
which
lnwer han
have a Hachive lndu
beta
layere th
hu
3uing but hiyher han
the ndix
hdu

acbve Jugion vegulda chonnel

that a
This atucht ms coore
matenal. th ber
Surtunding tware
radiahn

dive c s
the opheal s d to 100 um)
that diomter
drameters

t h s p icad
iber cCor
e Mm)side
side th
to mabeh ( so-70
emitter a
the edge
or
Cmtact Atipes
L U D ~ U O U m

usually
onge olirechono han
ngioms
t h e achve.
nore

emitter
emite CED
edge
ge cmtact)
emission patem mekalliz
ehonreletchicol
tmitina D
Frn ge
Issta
Stipe tomtatt

Surhac S/0

aetve, Crea
os
Doublehtrowj
uhehon
bean

- S c h e m n a i e
i n w h e r e n t
optieal l
metallizlon ko eleenca
1thng
an edge -em
htero)unhim ED Heatrsnk
Contach

and ghy
(ombtrhm n tha pbn pn-mehon
ole beam is ED
pn -juncion. trtort caye tmiting ypa
otirectiom Lor to a
leD
ED emite
s catled Highly elirechimal -edje
O107 Suraee emittng leD

3Gn
1 Spectra emissib
pattem (2S nm
emithng ED
 Suraeemting double heho funchn ED
Clscuda
ekkud

ell -Hber
4igh Fadione. Surlare emi ting
- Bonding makenal

metalliaahian
LED. The achive kgim is limited
-suraue
a cireular Stetion hawmy an Uyht
conyheme
treHve s i
Grrca Compakble ih h iher c
end act.
meialieahon
In i e surlace enmitiag leD th Heasnk
plons t achue ligA emithng
Schematic dlagom Surkoce -emicni
Lgin ts onented lar ts H Coxi's CED U

b e r as ahan b tn this conkiguraon e well ta ehehid

1s
thruyh 4Ls Aubshmke t u alevie. mb ohlth s aber
hsn
un bondlud h order- to acuept th tmited tight
Ths emissim pabem is sotopia ith a 120 HPB This isotopic

pabiem Hm a urlace eniter ED calld lomberhion peutem.

n this pattem tha 3oume equally bright whin vlwed om

ary dfireeHen
 LASERDIoDE
momochonatic
tLy hawe highly mi
oliocltsaut COheren oluices
as e lght bea
have hlghly olivecfional lght beam
ofp adlatim
Thsy
er dlode t fabry pe
Thr mos+ eommomly used pe o
om th puintiple, Shmul aked
onatr". t LOvk
Cawity es
emisSiom
Resonaor
tabvy peot Cauiky
are Shosh
dimensi
d m e n OnA
ond t h vaitus
Th Conshuchmal
clthails wn n 67
Canity
6ommatim
6aby pewt
Tha u l e c t i n g

Faccts

a n s m i t e d wcewe

C o u i t y endls a r t

clavcd on oystl wfuaad HPnphase

plants
ConruuHon

so-soD Am) F ) Jaby

pesdt

(ISM)
-Di-eleeh
ulechng ayer

horaverse size
coupled nto ber.
fo be
opHad poer

poees)ea namely
Lorin oer achon s
C) Shmuldted emissron
(6) Spomtaneots misim
a) Absopti on Ez m h u

e2
w hv
Eni nttal Stae

d i n a l stabe

GND
Sa

timalakee emisSion phstor

u panaipll
as er wsts
on

feps
. mvolweo threc myr
 sith peper
Stp
otp-1 (A bsapHm)- hn o
phofon enera (hv)
m he
device n e
ave engh A romphnges 0n
ts h
absoybs t ener md rans/ers se
Spabc £

Exikd otaft, His ep ts called photon absorphn

pper

tlu 9HOune
whn eufumA t
Ofp-2 CSponkanesus emissien) emib
nhable excibed ate (G) , F
Sa nom ny emissim.
his ts called Spomkancous
photn eney h These emission
extrmal Stimulation
extranaf
horc. s
no

n ths PHocen emissioo

ant Psotoopie. arnd Handom m phase. this

iswsCed 9m CED
n s exéted
whn e is peoent
Skp3Stimulattd emiasion -U eleuee
hv hmpinges n

Shake,a photm enery 0 iA

sil h is excifeol tate, th
e is
olon s (E)ad
State (E
State
aud
t tles
t l GND
GnD
SHmulaked to eleop
mmedialely
mmedialely
h is i phaje. Lo¥h
h
geneaks a
pheton e lestltant
enissiom&
e mision

end l s
phofon
hat & meiclont emirslom.
aiaelatrd
Knoon

Can be Unelexstrod
th's mistin
Smples- example HesUman Cavit.
by conaicdering abry-peo
hueture. i Ahown n above It
Ris m a n
Fab-peof urla ces ces each ofhtr,
ectingmi 0
twpartial
has a t g ets taapped
by-pen Caity
ls Lams ic
boek aud
baek C d Tu back od
aud uelects
n lt
auity cau
Lohin t
Cauity CaUses

foft. ptletons ht bo nerfere

mieyr Sueceve lound

electh eld
s
hips
 t
ts LOowelengk hat aut cet susonan Lguen cles mterlere
emtr
comsactvey ctnd tir amplitucla. udd ohn tyext
U oluwiee.
Resonating oavedengfhs au cald "

longitudinad mocle
8ine uy kesmale culong s log Lu
hree
it
cauity.
value
behauiour tls pusonant 9auvelenths or
Resona mad
mirb afleehuihy nodas

mocles R
h s nomber longitudinal
length (aber
m L
n:RepncHue. lndes
SA
Relaloe wawely
g Separa Hon behoeen
lonin
lanin
Reson atng modeelasingmodu.
mocles

laling moeles
behreen dls
t s spacng ualue
Emissive uvelength at peak
SA d A-
Ln
 FHOTO DEreCTORS

Ughtphete > Electdcol ene

Photo leteetar
ent

tomptnens used n h peciever

Photo Detec m
Covmmunicaim.
chytuit cphealibebe
ond
le aerses tls Vayng ophicel Slgnal alling opn ft
nto Corespmdtng vayn
elt etieed adgnal
Comuerty
al
th most eommnly ud photodttee/os
DP.1-N Photo Detecto
Diode APD)
Avalanche phots
mportant suguirem ent
follonsing mportant suquirement
deteetor
must meek
t
Photo
an eptimem peemand
to giue H e memiasism
iasten
toa velength Range
m L
o SCnsihvity
IHigh kupaiit
Arurce beng ustd
of fh opikal
in emperatre.
to Variati'ms
nsensitve
be. mnimom
mmimvm
.
tls
em
hould be
Q
noise to
33 Addition

opeed
Reapsmavity I fas usponue
4.Hgh
Should have long operahing e
be Cos ehecHve.
Should
dioclts LOhidh
htdh oltteets
ane a30 callsd 0 phob
Photo Delccfos 9nto ebcfical nol.
Ught
converts
and Converfs I
tlhs phesenee m'Ravose
oe ual peraked mRowese
eperafed blas
phob oletee
fos
hen
han
ehale0
hole pais at tqhebaed cue to
Semicemduittnr
hv
thsempin photohs
 3 3 h u i c l e n t photma

P1-N Photo dioel

fPIN photoeliode
dioede tomaishs
PIN photo
emicnducar
a wlde. mhinoic
Semiconduc tor there is
behsten u pd n laytr
ide.,
layer mhin sle
uqnd a Ahon
9fnce he abso-bcd
absorbed n
photons
ibe
eng
thah
Tha ncomng
rcmng
hos a nprved
bmpved
high pobabib Ruyims.fhu
n-kegims
thu

Hhe
the P r
P oY n ph
pn- p ho
ohhd
diio
oddet

h tlu imple
pn
thon is
yple
Haher
H ather
elaHoe
to Phoh g eheynbed Ep
meed
and t

cmduehrm Bavd
wetng
phofm has
an
hbh enmkd N
Shin an midnt
halle Band
tha phetn Can
fve Val e e

ener hv2E. p
lehimy

Up ntigy end exite

an e fpom egion
contucHon band
ts
velene band t Enery Bond lagro
(movable)
mobile
gentraks
T h i puoLen are
e ond hols
Thue
hole pals -bias
uverse

Camies whsn a

Callud as phob a photo

curTnk .
pAuocluces
phefocaers
Therekoe devile.
auyo33
t
á applied R sistor and
volhage Cxtema load
cuent l los thmuys
T photo
ppuvdacs
electical op gna
Knan cos tha clhusion
caievs ts
t disance moved Charged
comries ucombine.T
dstance fL
travell his
length, /er mbinalons
nnn as
ComerGle Amu
ime aken for Ht
D dkkuainon ca-eden
Dunaoh for e TCmer ke timu
holes JDTr
Kesponaivity apIN phoho eletectoris Tp qtncvaed pheto cumert

R Incidnt opHeal p0es

P

Yeramante paromeers o PIN photo elettctor

duantum Ekiclency n nomber ehole

elhole poirs
pairs
Jaio
l+i deined a -h midnt photsns rp)
photsnsYp
tha humber 0omeidnt-
generatedryto

bogenrally
leys
les than vnity.
QUantum effleieny

lo clefined cy thu phofo cunrvat geneaked

Responsivity (R)
meiclnt optieal pover.
p>te tha
photo cumtnt- t
Fp Gereoated
A Inciclent optical paes-
ho-hc

Respmsrihy
RelaHon 6hw ctemal quan tum ekleteng y)
Quonbm efdena
A-phom uuwelength
hC hc

maximum avelength
Cur- avelength (Ac)
3 e/hoe
tha pusults
photon

Epoatern

c u t c o n d i h o n aheteneuelongth

h
 Avalanche Photo Dioda
eleie icld
Reach hrovyh Avakrch phob etiode RAPD
Ava lonhA
W mulhiptèahion
ghon
qain
min mfieldpneh
ugulyeddJor
OepleHon
lon
onizaHon
I(T)

ho.s he schtmehe
iut FReach thamygh APD Stuetur
Shuctae o n RPD.
cmcen paion eleehie cld i h
Virhe o tu dopping Uu
clechic eld
tnshucHon
tls n'p unuton, he
blas Ahe
bias ,
opezutn
p erten
Ond phyoira ionizahom
ndr
Undur
n
nomma
all

Knoon as
Cause mpact this
this Kts
enoush to
th compleely
deple fed
dtpleted.
RAPD
e Iip) uegion alsp
nn
k on
-n as
T-lager APD
HPD's a al
henee
tmdition,
Llach hmuh phenomena erctiom ts
spereution
brcakdown phenomena
Hvalonde
APD uses
incrtasCs
ncrtascs s Ledsponsiuit
etsporsiuty
Lohih

APD has gan

n T- (aye ln this
n APD to mos eden
uight absorpHom
Acpereleo ha carrès and
Grrd h e clel
clal
agin, h elechie jeld multiplitafim
DccUas
caier
hire
ewalonhu jisn
mhs tu
Eneratcd n the
all comers eneratcad
muhplicatim factor m f
a
photbelio d ls olafinad Im averaje value 9, total mulhplied
P cument
M
Ip Ippdmay enmulhipU'ed phob ewreah

Responsi uity APD M muliplecation Jocror

h Qvanum fictene
RMA 6 x r6c
wusel engh
Detcctor Response me
Cue Uesponsetnu o a photo dliode. togefher- sith p

ei'seuik dlupencls mamly m hu follouing hrec

three actors

I.The tansit tne. the phofp camicr n the deplehm seglon.

eutsid. tlu
1he photo canier generated
The cuson tme 6
clepleHm ugion -

onAtant photboliode nd s Csbtiose d eluit

3 Tha Rc Hm

h
these three acfor are

T photvediodo porameter Kespmaible. for

th photodiods
ds h depeion peglon esiclfh
absophon Coehieient ek.
ompuer capacitonce.
juncHon end package capacitances ,

ha
ts kundementall, tini ted by
s /p0mse apeed phobphotoeliods
Cate)5 to foaveleevss t h cdepleHon
rime P takes phofo generubes
m the Coomer
comier eln
dilE velocity
ransit ine t depernds
Hgion this
thi deple tion
layer
widh , and
h ghen
V

h clepletion l o n t large enoysh

In 9enernl tlu
elechie-keld Welo ity
Omited uelo
Umiteol
tached their
heir Scattering
Scattedng
have
Jo hat he Come . U1b6
e and holes are

mavimvm velo uity

&Lon 1u
or
Pespechuely.
y.4 xto6 cmls
ces ave ouw pared otHh drilE
d k u i m ho have a a high-
high
hae
ThaveJov fo
Caier n ha high- eld J l n the
Should be generated
Camie)s
phob
Speed
photbcloda7hs

peiponse
by tae srisetHme
timu s descibed byhe
descn'bed
AuseHm
Ths
ugiom
deple.hion
defeefortfp
ia r s e Hme
end all fmu
 Temperahur eeet mAvalanthu. gain
avalancht photoelode SVe
9 a h mechanism
elpendnce of ths
tomperatre SensiHve. becavse. o the temp.
pGrheulay
eand hole. nonizatim tates. This emp. dependenee.
Can

wherc mall changes m temp

Cw'Real cat high bias voltages,
ha operrting
vanaions. ngain.
ar example, P h
Conm sa
ta ntt
Cawe kept
C st n

is
voltaje
blas voltage
ducacases ond hs appled So
will
hirease

and
Hemp. ill
ncrease.

omizaisn
Aaks e and holes

tht ewabneku ga temp.changes ,ha

a s
comskant gan as
a be
mus als
matam
o
Kgion Pn jvnchon a t m pensafinmh

maliplyng
electiceld
n he a Hcceiver maorpavake

c deeoto
cleteotor
Huqulres
that
o
mm
h
h e. photo
his blas voltage
vottag
Changed
hs oppUed olepenclsnt
shich adjust a ample temp-
Clhcuit loever
ediomhip.
changes empiicel tel
tiu tm. L
hon at which pes
obtamedOm
breakclown vltaje
Can
be Vp n- 2. 7,
tapHesíon to okin itJ
H
Sinte.u buakdoon I-Vve)" V Na- Inin
vny

to

Knouon werse
bas vslta
Naz
i
UolT)[ + a (T-To)
O0ltae Nge T) photocungsent
Ima muipl'ed
i t h t e m p

ente

dipend Acrles pesistane

thotbdiodu
Canbeapprovimad Rn:
t ue w a l a n d h g
s ain

temp.
nT)n To) (,Hb LT-To)
wlh a po Jitive
U

Lonstants (RAPD)
photodiode
S u b st
tiuig

Ths
hrough cLuakeneks
a b v e e g h
uach
 Cmpamspns o photoeletectors
and In a As PIN photbdlode
Gqenete operabng 1àromefera g S ,ye

avomeer Symbe Unit ne In Ga As

ave lengd nm ysdllov 60-16 S
penge
6.1S-0.
o.4 0.6
Respmsivi Aw
OS 9.o
Sb S D D
Dark csen TD lo
nA
O.oS-O S
o.l-O S
Rise time T ns o.-1
-2
.S3
Bandusidth GnHz
0:3-01

S-10
Sias veth

Crenesic operaing asam ckrs S, Ge Ina h Avalanthe phoelioAo.

arametes Symbo Unlt Ce In Ca As

Wawelent Am &00-16SD
emy
sD- 26D to-uD
Avalanchs-in -YOSD

Sb JUD 1 0 SD
DosK Cuen
nA
0.1-2 0:-0-8 O.-0.
Rise tima ns

Bondusidh M.B CHa- toD-UoD 2-10 20-2JD

S0-46 Q0-40 0 30
Blas Votha