Electric Circuits 1

Lecture#28

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Content
 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐝𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐝 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐢𝐭
 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐝𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐝 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞
 The source-free series RLC circuit

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𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐝𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐝 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐢𝐭:
Recall, the general solution:

𝑣 𝑡 = A1. 𝑒 𝑆1𝑡 + A2. 𝑒 𝑆2𝑡

s1,2 = - α ± α2 − 𝜔𝑜2

= - α ± j 𝜔𝑜 2 − α2 , where j = −1

set 𝜔𝑑 = 𝜔𝑜 2 − α2

s1,2 = - α ± j 𝜔𝑑 3
𝑣 𝑡 = A1. 𝑒 (− α + j 𝜔𝑑)𝑡 + A2. 𝑒 (− α− j 𝜔𝑑 )𝑡

= 𝑒 − α𝑡 [A1. 𝑒 j 𝜔𝑑𝑡 + A2. 𝑒 − j 𝜔𝑑𝑡 ]

Euler’s Identity:
𝑒 j(𝜔𝑑𝑡) = cos(𝜔𝑑𝑡)+j sin(𝜔𝑑𝑡)

= 𝑒 − α𝑡 [A1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑑𝑡 + j A1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑑𝑡 + A2.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑑𝑡 − j A2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑑𝑡]

= 𝑒 − α𝑡 [(𝐴1 + A2) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑑𝑡 + j (A1− A2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑑𝑡]

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑒 − α𝑡 [𝐵1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑑𝑡 + B2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑑𝑡]

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 1
α = =2
2𝑅𝐶

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𝜔𝑜 = = 6
𝐿𝐶

𝜔𝑑 = 𝜔𝑜 2 − α2 = 6 − 4 = 2
1 1
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑒 − 2𝑡 [𝐵1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 + B2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡] 𝑅𝐶 = =
4 42
(𝑅)

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Again, say 𝑣 0 = 0, 𝑅=
4
= 10.5

𝑑𝑣
𝑖 0 = 10 ( | = 420
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 = 0+ 5
𝑣 0 = 𝑒 0 [𝐵1 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + B2 𝑠𝑖𝑛0] = 0

 𝐵1 = 0  𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑒 −2𝑡 (B2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡)

𝑑𝑣
= -2 𝑒 −2𝑡 (B2 sin 2𝑡) + 𝑒 −2𝑡 ( 2B2 cos 2𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣
| = 2 B2 = 420 (the example in overdamped case)
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 = 0+

Again, say 𝑣 0 = 0,

420
B2 = 2 = 210 2
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𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐝𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐝 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞:

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Find 𝑖𝐿 𝑡

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for t < 0

− 48 x 100 − 100
𝑣𝑐 0 =3 ( ) = 97.3 𝑖𝐿 0 =3 ( ) = 2.027
48 + 100 48 + 100

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for t > 0
1 1 (240)
α = = = 1.2
2𝑅𝐶 2(100)

1 1
𝜔𝑜 = = = 4.9
𝐿𝐶 10/240

α < 𝜔𝑜  underdamped

𝜔𝑑 = 𝜔𝑜 2 − α2 = 4.75

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑒 −α 𝑡 [𝐵1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑑𝑡 + B2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑑𝑡]

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑒 −1.2 𝑡 [𝐵1 𝑐𝑜𝑠4.75𝑡 + B2 𝑠𝑖𝑛4.75𝑡] 10

similarly, other voltages and currents will have similar forms

𝑖𝐿 𝑡 = 𝑒 −1.2 𝑡 [𝐵1 𝑐𝑜𝑠4.75𝑡 + B2 𝑠𝑖𝑛4.75𝑡]

+ −
𝑖𝐿 0 = 𝑖𝐿 0 = 2.027
+
𝑖𝐿 0 = 𝑒 0 [𝐵1 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + B2 𝑠𝑖𝑛0]

𝐵1 = 2.027

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similarly, other voltages and currents will have similar forms

= -1.2 𝑒 −1.2 𝑡 (𝐵1 𝑐𝑜𝑠4.75𝑡 + B2 𝑠𝑖𝑛4.75𝑡) +

𝑑𝑖𝐿
𝑑𝑡
𝑒 −1.2 𝑡 (−4.75 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛4.75𝑡 + 4.75 B 𝑐𝑜𝑠4.75𝑡)
1 2

Find:
𝑑𝑖𝐿
|𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝑣𝐿 𝑣𝐶
Recall, 𝑣L = L  = =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝐿

𝑑𝑖 𝑣𝐶 (0+)
 |𝑡 = 0 + = = 9.73
𝑑𝑡 10
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𝑑𝑖𝐿
|𝑡 = 0 + = -1.2 𝑒 0 (𝐵1 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + B2 𝑠𝑖𝑛0) + 𝑒 0 (−4.75 𝐵1 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 +
𝑑𝑡
4.75 B2 𝑐𝑜𝑠0)

= -1.2 𝐵1 + 4.75 B2

-1.2 𝐵1 + 4.75 B2 = 9.73

9.73+1.2(2.027)
 B2 = 4.75
= 2.561

 𝑖𝐿 𝑡 = 𝑒 −1.2 𝑡 [2.027 𝑐𝑜𝑠4.75𝑡 + 2.561 𝑠𝑖𝑛4.75𝑡] A

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example:

𝑖 0 = 2 mA
𝑣𝑐 0 = 2 V

𝑅
α = = 1000
2𝐿

1 1
𝜔𝑜 = = = 20,025 rad/sec
𝐿𝐶 1
401
𝑥 10−6

α < 𝜔𝑜  underdamped

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𝜔𝑑 = 𝜔𝑜 2 − α2 = 20,0252 − 10002 = 20,000

𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑒 −1000𝑡 (𝐵1 𝑐𝑜𝑠20,000𝑡 + B2 𝑠𝑖𝑛20,000𝑡)

𝑖 0 = 𝑒 0 (𝐵1 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + B2 𝑠𝑖𝑛0)

𝐵1 = 2x10-3

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𝑑𝑖
| =?
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 = 0

𝑑𝑖
L + Ri - 𝑣𝑐 = 0
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑖 −𝑅 𝑖+ 𝑣 𝑐
=
𝑑𝑡 𝐿

𝑑𝑖 −2000 2𝑥10−3 +2
| = = −4 + 2 = −2
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 = 0 1

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The source-free series RLC circuit:

𝑑𝑖 1
L + Ri + 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝐶

𝑑2𝑖 𝑑𝑖 1
L 2 +R + 𝑖=0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶

Again, the solution is in the form:

𝑖 𝑡 = A1. 𝑒 𝑆1𝑡 + A2. 𝑒 𝑆2𝑡

s1,2 = − α ± 𝜔𝑜 2 − α2 = - α ± j 𝜔𝑑
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 𝑅 1
α =
2𝐿
, 𝜔𝑜 = 𝐿𝐶

3-cases:

 Overdamped: α > 𝜔𝑜 , A1 𝑒 𝑆1𝑡 + A2 𝑒 𝑆2𝑡

 Underdamped: α < 𝜔𝑜 , 𝑒 −α 𝑡 [𝐵1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑑𝑡 + B2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑑𝑡]

 Critically damped: α = 𝜔𝑜 , 𝑒 −α 𝑡 [A1 𝑡 + A2]

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 = −1000 𝑒 −1000 𝑡 (𝐵1 cos 20,000𝑡 + B2 sin 20,000𝑡) +
𝑑𝑖
𝑑𝑡

𝑒 −1000 𝑡 (−20,000 𝐵1 sin 20,000𝑡 + 20,000 B2 cos 20,000𝑡)

𝑑𝑖
| = −1000 𝑒 0 (𝐵1 cos 0 + B2 sin 0 − 20,000 𝐵1 sin 0 +
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 = 0
20,000 B2 cos 0)

= -1000 (𝐵1 + 20,000 B2)

= -1000 𝐵1 – 2x107 B2 = -2
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 −2+1000𝐵1
𝐵2 =
2𝑥107

−2+1000 2𝑥10−3
= =0
2𝑥107

𝑖 𝑡 = 2 𝑒 −1000𝑡 cos 20,000𝑡 𝑚𝐴

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Thank you

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