Chapter – 8

HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS

1. Introduction:
Definition – Thermal Energy and Caloric.
2. Kinetic Theory of Gases:
(a) Postulates of kinetic theory of a gases.(Avagadro Number)
(b) Pressure exerted by gas (P)
1 mn 2
P= ⋅C .
3 V
Where, C is the Root Mean Square velocity (RMS) – Definition.

√
2 2 2
C 1 +C 2 +. . .. .. . .C n
C=
n

(c) Relation between the pressure exerted by a gas and the mean kinetic energy of
translation per unit volume of the gas.
2
P= E
3
(d) Average kinetic energy per molecule of the gas.
3. Degrees of Freedom (DOF):
- Definition and Degrees of freedom for translator y motion.
(a) DOF for monoatomic molecule.
(b) DOF for diatomic molecule.
(c) DOF for Triatomic molecule (Linear type).
(d) DOF for Triatomic molecule (Non-Linear type).
4. Law of Equipartition of energy:
(a) Definition.
(b) Mean kinetic energy per molecule per degree of freedom is,
1 2 1 2 1 2 1
mC = mC = mC = KT .
2 x 2 y 2 z 2
5. Thermal Equilibrium:
(a) Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: Definition
(b) Temperature.
6. Specific heat capacity (Definition):
(a) Molar specific heat capacity of a gas,
ΔQ
C= .
mΔT
(b) Molar Specific heat capacity of a gas at constant volume (CV ) - Definition.

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 (c) Molar specific heat capacity of a gas at constant pressure (C P ) - Definition.
(d) Specific heat capacity of monoatomic, diatomic and triatomic molecule.
(e) Internal Energy U = U K +U P .
7. First law of thermodynamics:
Definition: ΔQ = ΔW + ΔU .
8. Relation between CP and CV – Meyer’s Relation:
C P−C V = R .

9. Indicator Diagram: (PV Diagram)

V2

W = ∫ PdV .
V1

10. Isothermal Process:

(a) Definition.(PV = Constant)
ΔQ
C= =∞
(b) Specific heat capacity in isothermal process, mΔT .
V2
W = 2. 3026 RT 10 g 10
(c) Work done in an isothermal expansion, V1 .
11. Adiabatic Process:
(a) Definition. (PV = RT)
(b) Specific heat capacity in adiabatic process, C = 0.
R
W= [T −T ].
(c) Work done in an adiabatic expansion, 1−γ 2 1
12. Reversible Process and Irreversible Process:
(a) Reversible process – Condition and Examples.
(b) Irreversible process – Condition and Examples.
13. Second law of Thermodynamics:
(a) Definition – Kelvin’s Statement – Clausius Statement – Kelvin – Planck’s
Statement.
14. Carnot Engine:
(a) Parts of Carnot engine.
(b) Work done by Isothermal expansion (W1) – Adiabatic expansion (W2) –
Isothermal compression (W3) – Adiabatic compression (W4).
(c) Work done by the energy per cycle: W = Q1 – Q2.
T 1 −T 2
η= .
(d) Efficiency of Carnot Engine: T1
(e) Inferences (Definition).
15. Refrigerator:

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 (a) Function of refrigerator.
(b) Coefficient of Performance (COP) and Inferences.
16. Transfer of Heat:
(a) Conduction:
- Definition and Application.
ΔQ
K= .
- Coefficient of thermal conductivity – Definition - ΔT
(b) Convection:
- Definition and Application.
(c) Radiation:
- Definition.
- Thermal radiation: Definition – Properties.
e
17. Absorptive Power: (a λ ) & Emissive Power: λ - Definition.
18. Perfect Black Body:
(a) Fery’s black body:
(b) Prevost’s theory of heat exchange.
eλ
= Cons tan t = E λ .
(c) Kirchoff’s Law: Statement a λ - Applications of Kirchoff’s
law.
(d) Wien’s Displacement law: Statement -
λm T = b .
4
(e) Stefan’s law: Statement -   E = σT .
19. Newton’s Law of cooling:
(a) Statement.
(b) Experimental verification of Newton’s law of cooling.
20. Solar Constant (S) : Statement
1 1

- Surface temperature of the sun,

T=
R
r ( )( )
.
2 S
σ
4

- Angstrom Pyrheliometer – Instrument to measure the quantity of heat

VI
Q=
radiation and solar constant. Aa .
--oo00oo--

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