Theorems Related To

IOQM 2021 Course Polynomials

LECTURE 2
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Prashant Jain
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 Theorems Related To Polynomials

General expression for the polynomial in one

variable can be as follows:
where bi are
real numbers (or complex numbers as the case given
in problems) and bn is not equal to 0.

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 Some Definitions

(a) Degree of a polynomial: In a polynomial, degree

is the largest power of x having non zero coefficient,
in above expression it is ‘n’. Degree of a polynomial
is unique and can only be greater or equal to 0. Thus,
P(x) = 6 is also a polynomial with degree 0. It is called
a constant polynomial. Degree of a polynomial is a
Whole number.

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 Some Definitions

(b) Number of terms in a polynomial: As the name

suggests, it is the number of distinct terms in a
polynomial in irreducible form. Irreducible form
means that it cannot be reduced further. For eg.,
has 3 terms and not 4 terms
in the reduced form i.e.

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 Some Definitions

(c) Zero Polynomial and constant polynomial: P(x)

= a for some constant value a is called constant
polynomial. When the value of constant is 0. P(x) is
called zero polynomial. Degree of zero polynomial is
not defined while degree of other constant
polynomials is 0.

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 Some Definitions

(d) Coefficients: They are real numbers which come

in front of a power of x or constant term b0. For eg.,
coefficient of x4 is b4 in general representation of
polynomials.

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 Some Definitions

(e) Condition of whole number power: All the powers

of the variable in different terms of any polynomial
should be whole number, otherwise it will not be
called as a Polynomial.
For eg: it will be a polynomial as the
power of variable in the 3 terms are 3, 2 and 0
3
respectively. But in expression. will not be 2

called a polynomial as the power of x are , 1 and 0

out of which is not a Whole number.
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 Different Types of Polynomials:

Generally, we divide the polynomials in the following

categories.
(a) Based on degrees: There are four types of
polynomials based on degrees. These are listed below:

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 Different Types of Polynomials:

(1) Zero degree polynomial: Any non–zero number

(constant) is regarded as a polynomial of degree zero
or zero degree polynomial. i.e. f(x) = a, where a ≠ 0 is
a zero degree polynomial, since we can write f(x) = a
as f(x) = a

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 Different Types of Polynomials:

(2) Linear Polynomial: A polynomial of degree one is

called a linear polynomial. The general form of linear
polynomial is , where a and b are any real
constant and a ≠ 0.

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 Different Types of Polynomials:

(3) Quadratic Polynomial: A polynomial of degree

two is called a quadratic polynomial. The general
form of a quadratic polynomial is ,
where a ≠ 0.

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 Different Types of Polynomials:

(4) Cubic Polynomial: A polynomial of degree three

is called a cubic polynomial. The general form of a
cubic polynomial is , where a ≠ 0.

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 Different Types of Polynomials:

(5) Biquadratic (or quartic) Polynomial: A

polynomial of degree four is called a biquadratic
(quartic) polynomial. The general form of a
biquadratic polynomial is ,
where a ≠ 0.

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 Different Types of Polynomials:

NOTE:
(1) A polynomial of degree five or more than five does
not have any particular name. Such a polynomial is
usually called polynomial of degree five or six etc.
(2) If a = 1 in above classification, the polynomials are
said to be monic polynomials. “a” is also called the
leading coefficient i.e. coefficient of xn

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 Different Types of Polynomials:

(b) Based on number of terms: There are three types

of polynomials based on number of terms. These are
as follows:
(1) Monomial: A polynomial is said to be a monomial
if it has only one term. Eg. all are
monomials.

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 Different Types of Polynomials:

(2) Binomial: A polynomial is said to be a binomial if

it contains two terms. Eg.
all are binomials.
(3) Trinomial: A polynomial is said to be a trinomial
if it contains three terms. Eg.
are all trinomials.

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 Different Types of Polynomials:

NOTE:
A polynomial having four or more than four terms
does not have particular name. These are simply
called polynomials.

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 Zeroes of Polynomials

Let’s consider a polynomial P(x) = x + 4 to see what

the solution of polynomial means. If we put x = - 4 in
this polynomial, we get P (–4) = 0. The values of x for
which P(x) = 0 are called zeros of the polynomial or
solutions of the polynomial.

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 Remainder Theorem

When 30 is divided by 4, you have 2 as remainder. 30

can be written as follows,
30 = 4 × 7 + 2
Note that the remainder is always less than the
divisor (obvious). Can such an expression be written
for polynomials? Yes, it can be written for
polynomials too.
Before doing that let’s discuss multiplication of
polynomial first. Multiplication of polynomial is
done term by term as shown in example below.
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 Example

Lets multiply and

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 Example

Divide by .

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 Remainder Theorem

Statement of Remainder Theorem: Let P(x) to be any

polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 and
let  be any real number. If P(x) is divided by linear
polynomial x – a, then the remainder is P(a).

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 Remainder Theorem

Proof: Let Q(x) be the quotient and R(x) be the

remainder obtained when the polynomial P(x) is
divided by x–a. Then,
, where R(x) = 0 or some
constant.
Let = c, where c is some constant. Then

Putting , we get
P(a) = 0 × Q(a) + c P(a) = c

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 Remainder Theorem

This shows that the remainder is P(a) when P(x) is

divided by x - a.
Statement of Factor Theorem: If P(x) is a
polynomial of degree and a is any real
number, then x–a is a factor of P(a) = 0.

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 Remainder Theorem

Proof: Before starting the proof, let’s understand

what “iff” means. Its full form is “if and only if”. This
here means that
(a) If P(a) = 0, x–a is a factor of P(x)
(b) If x – a is a factor of P(x), P(a) = 0

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 Remainder Theorem

Thus, the statement is true in both directions. This

occurs more often in higher classes. We will prove
both directions now. By remainder theorem, P(x) can
be written as
(a) If which means x –
a is a factor of P(x).
(b) If x – a is a factor of for
some Q (x). Putting x = a in this equation we get P(a
=0.

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If x = 2 & x = 0 are zeros of the polynomials f(x) = 2x3 – 5x2
+ ax + b, then find the values of a and b.
2, 0 0, 2
2, 2 None of these
Find the sum of all the coefficients in f(x) = (x – 2)(x + 3)(x
– 4)(x – 5)(x + 6).
336 331
446 441
 𝟏 𝟏
If𝒇 𝟐𝒙 + = 𝒙𝟐 + + 𝟏(𝒙 ≠ 𝟎), then find the value of f(x).
𝒙 𝟒𝒙𝟐

1/4 x2 1/2 x2
1/3 x2 None of these
Find the remainder, when f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 2x – 4 is divided by
g(x) = 1 – 2x.
35/8 -18/4
-35/8 18/4
Find the remainder, when 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔is divided
by 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
(x + 9) (x - 9)
(-x + 9) (-x - 9)
Show that x + 1 and 2x – 3 are factors of 2x3 – 9x2 + x + 12.

2 x 3 – 9 x 2 + x + 12. 2 x 2 + 9 x 3 + x + 12.
2 x 3 + 9 x 2 + x - 12. None of these
Find the values of a and b so that the polynomials 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒂𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟑𝒙 +
𝒃has (𝒙 − 𝟏) and (𝒙 + 𝟑) as factors.

12 13
14 15
What must be subtracted from 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙 + 𝟖𝟎so that the result is
exactly divisible by 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐.

x2 - 12
x2 + 12 Infinity
If 𝟐 then find the value of 𝟑

x3 + 2x + 2 = 12
x2 – 2x + 1 = 12 None of these
Find all the zeros of the polynomial 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟔, if
𝟑 𝟑
two of its zeros are − and
𝟐 𝟐

2, -1 2, 1
1, -2 None of these
If 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏is a factor of𝒙𝟒 + 𝒑𝒙𝟑 + 𝒒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏, , then
find the values of p and q
2, -1 2, 1
1, -2 None of these
Try to find the zeros of 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝒙 + 𝟔by hit and trial method (choose
the value and then put that value of x in the polynomial to check).

2, -1 2, 1
1, -2 None of these
 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
Find the value of . If a = 500, b = 502, c = 504

10088 18072
18872 10077
Find remainder when 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 is divided by 𝒙 + 𝟏

0 -1
2 -3
Factorise 𝟑 𝟐 into linear factors.
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐

𝟑 𝟑
None of these
 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
Factorise :
𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙+ 𝟒 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙– 𝟒 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏

𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙– 𝟒 𝟑𝒙 – 𝟐 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 None of these
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