Perencanaan

Balok-Kolom
Referensi: McCormac and Csernak,
Structural Steel Design, Ed. 5

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 1

Elemen Balok-Kolom
 Menerima kombinasi beban aksial dan lentur
 Bagian dari struktur rangka batang (braced frame) atau
struktur portal/rangka pemikul momen (unbraced frame)
 desainnya ditentukan oleh sistem struktur tersebut
 Sebagian besar elemen pada bangunan adalah elemen
balok-kolom

Braced Frame Moment Frame

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Elemen Balok-Kolom

(a) Roof truss – top chord members

subject to bending from purlin loads and
compression due to overall bending

(b) Simple framing – columns subject to

bending from eccentric beam reactions
and compression due to gravity loading

(c) Portal frame – rafters and columns subject to

bending and compression due to frame action
SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 3

Elemen Balok-Kolom

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Beam Column Element
 Elements resist axial forces and flexural moments
simultaneously
 2 types:
 Members subjected to bending and axial tension
 Members subjected to bending and axial compression
 Moments in tension members are not as serious as
those in compression members  tension tends to
reduce lateral deflections while compression increases
them. Increased lateral deflections in turn result in
larger moments, which cause larger lateral deflections,
and so on

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 5

Kombinasi Aksial-Lentur dan

Kegagalan Elemen
 Axial tension and bending  failure usually by yielding
 Axial compression and bending about one axis  failure by
instability in the plane of bending, without twisting
 Axial compression and bending about the strong axis  failure
by lateral torsional buckling
 Axial compression and biaxial bending – torsionally stiff sections
 failure by instability in one of the principal directions
 Axial compression and biaxial bending – thin walled open
sections  failure by combined twisting and bending on these
torsionally weak sections
 Axial compression, biaxial bending, and torsion  failure by
combined twisting and bending when plane of bending does
not contain the shear center

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Perencanaan Balok-Kolom
 Elemen balok-kolom
mengalami gaya aksial (N)
dan momen lentur (M)
secara bersamaan
 Tegangan normal (σ) pada
kondisi elastis linier:

N M.y
    ijin
A I
Loading on a beam-
column in a ‘simply-
designed’ frame
Konsep ASD
SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 7

Efek Gaya Aksial Terhadap

Kapasitas Lentur

Stress block diagram for combined bending and axial force

with reduced moment carrying capacity for I-section

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Efek Gaya Aksial Terhadap
Kapasitas Lentur
M-P-φ curves for a W8x31 section

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 9

Diagram Interaksi

Concept of interaction diagrams for combined loading:

(a) two-dimensional, (b) three-dimensional
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Distribusi Momen

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 11

Diagram Interaksi Aksial-Lentur

 Parameter:
 Variasi bentuk
penampang
 Lentur
terhadap
sumbu
penampang LRFD
LRFD
(sumbu kuat vs
sumbu lemah)

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Diagram Interaksi Aksial-Lentur
 Interaksi Aksial-Lentur untuk Sumbu Lemah
Berbagai Bentuk
Penampang

Sumbu Kuat

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 13

Perencanaan Balok-Kolom (LRFD)

 Perencanaan Balok-Kolom (LRFD)

R u  R n
 φ = faktor reduksi kekuatan
 Rn = kuat nominal penampang
 Ru = kuat perlu (berdasarkan kombinasi beban terbesar)
 Kombinasi gaya dalam (LRFD)
a. Penampang simetris, hanya memikul momen lentur
dan/atau gaya aksial  kombinasi aksial – lentur
b. Penampang tidak simetris, memikul kombinasi momen
lentur, torsi, gaya geser, dan gaya aksial

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Kombinasi Aksial – Lentur
 Persamaan Interaksi (ditinjau berdasarkan efek gaya
aksial pada momen lentur)
Pr Pr 8  M M 
 0.2   rx  ry   1.0
cPn cPn 9  bMnx bMny 

Pr Pr  M M 
 0.2   rx  ry   1.0
2c Pn  M
cPn  b nx bMny 
 φc, φb = faktor reduksi kekuatan;
φc = 0.90 (leleh tarik), φc = 0.75 (fraktur tarik);
φc = 0.90 (tekan); φb = 0.90 (lentur)
 φcPn = kuat aksial tarik/tekan rencana
 Pu = gaya aksial perlu (terfaktor)
 φbMn = kuat lentur rencana
 Mu = momen lentur perlu (terfaktor)
SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 15

Diagram Interaksi Aksial-Lentur

Pr Persamaan interaksi
 Pn 1.0 SNI 2015
Aktual

0.2

1.0

Mrx
 Mnx

Mr
1.0
Mny

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Kombinasi Aksial-Lentur
 Tinjau persamaan interaksi untuk semua kombinasi
pembebanan
M M ry P
 Lokasi titik (  Mrx ,  M ,  Pr ) pada diagram interaksi
nx ny n
menunjukkan posisi kuat perlu terhadap kuat
rencana komponen struktur
 Titik di dalam selubung  komponen memenuhi
syarat kekuatan
 Persamaan interaksi lain dapat diturunkan untuk
berbagai jenis elemen dan penampang:
 Penampang IWF dengan rasio bf/d  1.0 dan
penampang kotak (box)
 Elemen struktur rangka dengan ikatan/bresing

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 17

Bending and Axial Tension

 Usually, only a first-order analysis (that is, not
including any secondary forces as described in the
next section) is made for members subject to
bending and axial tension.
 It is conservative to neglect the effects of tension
forces acting with bending moments.
 However, it is encouraged to use second-order
analyses for these members for design.

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Bending and Axial Tension

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Bending and Axial Tension

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Bending and Axial Tension

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Bending and Axial Compression

 Beam column subjected to moment along its unbraced
length will be displaced laterally in the plane of bending 
an increased or secondary moment equal to the axial
compression load times the lateral displacement or
eccentricity
 Moment is increased by an Pntδ where Pnt is the axial
compression force determined by a first-order analysis 
will cause additional lateral deflection, which will in turn
cause a larger column moment, which will cause a larger
lateral deflection, and so on until equilibrium is reached 
nonsway
 If a frame is subject to sidesway where the ends of the
columns can move laterally with respect to each other,
additional secondary moments will result. The secondary
moment produced due to sidesway is equal to PntΔ
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Second Order Analyses
 Moment amplification of a column due to deflection
 The required total flexural strength of a member
must at least equal the sum of the first-order and
second-order moments.

Nonsway Sidesway

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 23

Beam-Column Design (AISC 2010)

 Direct Analysis Method (DM) – Ch. C AISC
 Applicable to all types of structures
 No need to calculate the effective length factor  determining
the available axial compressive strength, Pcr using K = 1.0
 Effective Length Method – App. 7 AISC
 First Order Analysis Method – App. 7 AISC
 Approximate Second-Order Analysis – App. 8 AISC
 Two first-order elastic analyses
 First, an analysis where the frame is assumed to be braced so
that it cannot sway (Mnt, multiply by a magnification factor
called B1 to account for the P-δ effect)
 Second, an analysis allowing the frame to sway (Mlt, multiply by
a magnification factor called B2 to account for the P-Δ effect)
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Direct Analysis Method
 Second-Order Effects (C2.1 (2) – AISC Specification)
 The required strength, Pn , is determined using a second-
order analysis, or by the approximate technique (an amplified
first order analysis using magnification factors, B1 and B2)
 Stiffness Reduction (C2.3 – AISC Specification)
 Uses a reduced flexural and axial stiffness to account for the
influence of inelasticity and uncertainty in strength and
stiffness on second-order effects
 Notional Loads
 To account for initial eccentricities and geometric
imperfections, in addition to lateral loads

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 25

Direct Analysis Method

 Stiffness Reduction Factor, τb

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Effective Length Method
 Applicable when ratio of maximum second-order drift to
maximum first-order drift in all stories is equal to or less
than 1.5 (Appendix 7 AISC Specification)

 The required strength, Pn , is calculated based on

requirements of AISC Specification C2.1, except that the
stiffness reduction need not be applied.
 Notional loads need only be applied in gravity-only load cases.
 The K factor must be determined from a sidesway buckling
analysis or the alignment charts

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 27

McCormac and
Csernak,
Structural Steel
Design, Ed.5
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Approximate Second-Order Analysis
 Menghitung momen lentur tambahan akibat gaya tekan
(P-delta effect)
 Ditinjau untuk 2 kondisi
 δ  eksentrisitas pada kolom yang tidak bergoyang
(nonsway), akibat beban gravitasi
 Δ  eksentrisitas pada kolom yang bergoyang (sway),
akibat beban lateral
 Make two first-order elastic analyses—
 An analysis where the frame is assumed to be braced so
that it cannot sway  moments Mnt and multiply them by a
magnification factor called B1 to account for the P- δ effect
 Analyze the frame again, allowing it to sway  moments
Mnt and multiply them by a magnification factor called B2
to account for the P- Δ effect
SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 29

Approximate Second-Order Analysis

 The final moment Mr in a particular member will

equal:

 The final axial strength Pr must equal:

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 Pengaruh Orde Kedua
P P
H D

M1 = Mnt + P d Mlt = H L
= d B Mnt M2 = Mlt + P Δ
d L = ds Mlt

P dan H akibat
beban terfaktor

Kolom pada Kolom pada

portal tak bergoyang portal bergoyang
SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 31

Pengaruh Orde Kedua

P1 P1
V1 R1 V1 + R1

P2 P2
V2 + R2
V2 R2

P3 P3
V3 R3 V3 + R3

Rangka Asli = Rangka Tak Bergoyang + Rangka Bergoyang

Mnt Mlt
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Pengaruh Orde Kedua

: momen lentur akibat beban gravitasi terfaktor

 tidak terjadi perpindahan horisontal pada ujung-
ujung kolom

: momen lentur akibat beban lateral terfaktor

dan/atau goyangan horisontal pada kolom yang bergoyang
Mlt = 0 : struktur rangka dan beban vertikal simetris
Mlt  0 :  struktur rangka atau beban vertikal tidak simetris
 bekerja beban lateral pada rangka

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 33

Magnification Factors
Faktor amplifikasi momen (B1) akibat kelengkungan
kolom untuk kondisi tidak bergoyang

cm
B1  1
 Pr 
1 
 Pe1 
Pr : gaya aksial terfaktor pada kolom
Pe1 : beban kritis elastik kolom (nonsway)

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 Moment Modification Factor, Cm
 Different for single and double curvature

Moment magnification for column

bent in single curvature

Moment magnification for column

McCormac and Csernak, bent in double curvature
Structural Steel Design, Ed.5 SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 35

Moment Modification Factor, Cm

 Category 1, the members are prevented from joint
translation or sidesway, and they are not subject to
transverse loading between supports.

 M1/M2  ratio of the smaller moment to the larger moment at the ends
of the unbraced length in the plane of bending under consideration
 The ratio is negative if the moments cause the member to bend in single
curvature, and positive if they bend the members in reverse or double
curvature.
 Category 2 applies to members that are subjected to transverse
loading between supports
 Cm may be determined by rational analysis or by setting it conservatively
equal to 1.0.
 Table C-A-8.1 of the Commentary on Appendix 8 of the AISC Specification
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Moment
Modification
Factor, Cm
 Amplification Factors
( φ) and
Modification Factors
(Cm) for Beam
Columns Subject to
Transverse Loads
between Joints.

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 37

Magnification Factors
Faktor amplifikasi momen (B2) akibat kelengkungan kolom
untuk kondisi bergoyang  Alt 1

1
B2 
 Pstory 
 1  
 Pe story 
Pstory : jumlah gaya aksial tekan terfaktor akibat beban gravitasi
dari seluruh kolom pada satu tingkat struktur yang ditinjau
Pe story : jumlah beban kritis elastik kolom  L/r dalam arah lentur

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Magnification Factors
Faktor amplifikasi momen (B2) akibat kelengkungan kolom
untuk kondisi bergoyang  Alt. 2
1
B2 
 Pstory 
 1  
 Pe story 

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 39

Approximate Second-Order Analyses

Load – Deflection Behavior of Plane Frame
Load First-Order Elastic
Elastic Critical Load
Intensity

Second-Order Elastic
(Geometric Nonlinear)

Plastic Mechanism Load

First-Order Elastic-Plastic

Second-Order Elastic-Plastic

Second-Order Spread-Plasticity
(Plastic-Zone Theory)

Characteristic Deformation
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Penentuan Mu
(dengan Pengaruh Orde Kedua)
1. Struktur rangka dikekang terhadap goyangan horisontal
- kerjakan beban vertikal terfaktor pada struktur rangka,
- Mnt diperoleh sebagai harga momen tiap kolom
- hitung besarnya gaya reaksi, R, pada perletakan tiap lantai akibat
pembebanan vertikal tersebut.
2. Kekangan horisontal dilepas  struktur rangka bergoyang
- kerjakan gaya-gaya H
- beban lateral terfaktor + gaya reaksi R (dengan arah terbalik)
- Mlt diperoleh sebagai harga momen tiap kolom
3. Tentukan harga B1 tiap kolom :
- hitung harga Pe1 kolom ybs.
- hitung harga Cm dengan menggunakan harga momen-momen ujung
- gunakan harga B1  1.0
SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 41

Penentuan Mu
(dengan Pengaruh Orde Kedua)
4. Tentukan harga B2 untuk tiap lantai  B2x dan B2y
Cara 1 :
- Hitung harga Pe2 dari seluruh kolom pada lantai yang ditinjau,
menggunakan harga K2 masing-masing kolom.
- Hitung B2 > 1.0
Cara 2 :
- Tentukan (DH/L) sebagai kriteria perencanaan
- Hitung  H untuk tingkat yang ditinjau, sesuai dengan kriteria
RM yang digunakan
- Hitung B2 > 1.0

5. Hitung Mr : Mu = B1 Mnt + B2 Mlt

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Beam-Columns in Braced Frames
 To analyze a member subject to both bending and axial
compression, perform both a first-order and a second-
order analysis to obtain the bending moments.
 First-order moment is usually obtained by an elastic analysis
and consists of the moments:
 Mnt (moments in beam-columns caused by gravity loads)

 Mlt (moments in beam-columns due to the lateral loads)

 Theoretically, Mlt will be zero if:

 Both the loads and frame are symmetrical

 The frame is braced

 Cm was developed for braced frames, and

thus must be used for calculating B1.

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 43

Example of Cm Factors

McCormac and Csernak,

Structural Steel Design, Ed.5
SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 44

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Example of Cm Factors

McCormac and Csernak,

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021
Structural Steel Design, Ed.5 45

Approximate Second Order Analysis

McCormac and Csernak,

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021
Structural Steel Design, Ed.5 46

23
Approximate Second Order Analysis

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 47

Approximate Second Order Analysis

 Part 6 AISC Manual presents a simplified procedure for
solving AISC Equations H1-1a and H1-1b
 Numerical values are substituted for W sections for parts
of equations for W sections and recorded in Table 6-1 of
the Manual. The revised forms (AISC Manual page 6-4):

 Value of p is based on the larger of (KL)y and equivalent

(KL)y = (KL)x / ( ),
 b is based on the unbraced length Lb. A single value of
applies for any W shape member because unbraced length
is not a factor in weak-axis bending

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Approximate Second Order Analysis

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 49

Approximate Second Order Analysis

McCormac and Csernak,

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021
Structural Steel Design, Ed.5 50

25
Approximate Second Order Analysis

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 51

Direct Analysis Method

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Direct Analysis Method

McCormac and Csernak,

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021
Structural Steel Design, Ed.5 53

Direct Analysis Method

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Direct Analysis Method

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 55

Effective Length Method

McCormac and Csernak,

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021
Structural Steel Design, Ed.5 56

28
Effective Length Method

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 57

Effective Length Method

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Beam Column in
Unbraced Frames

 The maximum primary moments in unbraced frames

almost always occur at the column ends
 The total moment for a particular column is
determined by adding its primary end moment, Mlt,
to its sidesway moment, Pnt Δ
 B2 is the multiplier used in the Approximate Second-
Order Analysis to account for P-Δ effect

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 59

Beam Column in Unbraced Frames

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Beam Column in Unbraced Frames –
Direct Analysis Method

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 61

Beam Column in Unbraced Frames –

Direct Analysis Method

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Beam Column in Unbraced Frames

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 63

Beam Column in Unbraced Frames –

Effective Length Method

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Beam Column in Unbraced Frames –
Effective Length Method

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 65

Beam Column in Unbraced Frames

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Beam Column in Unbraced Frames –
Direct Analysis Method

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 67

Beam Column in Unbraced Frames –

Direct Analysis Method

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34
Beam Column in Unbraced Frames –
Direct Analysis Method

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 69

Beam Column in Unbraced Frames

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35
Beam Column in Unbraced Frames –
Effective Length Method

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 71

Beam Column in Unbraced Frames –

Effective Length Method

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Beam Column in Unbraced Frames –
Effective Length Method

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 73

Typical Design Approach for

Beam-Columns
 Trial and error procedure based on limitation on combined
stress
 Selecting sections to resist both moments and axial loads
using the equivalent axial load, or effective axial load

 m is approximated using Table 11.3

 u is assumed equal to 2
 The empirical formula results in economical beam–
column designs, unless the moment becomes quite
large in comparison with the axial load

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Typical Design Approach for
Beam-Columns
 Table for preliminary design

SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 75

Note: These are trial sizes. B1 and

B2 , which were assumed, must be
calculated and these W12 sections
checked with the appropriate
interaction equations.
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SI 3212 Set 6 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 77

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