Advanced Grammar

 Inversion
-Not only auxiliary/ modal (did/does/will S+ vb), but S
also…
Eg. Not only does advertising enhance the role of the
internet, but it also proves its usefulness in everyday life.
- Were +S + to + vb, …would…
Eg. Were people to consider….,they would…. ( if people
considered…)
- Under no circumstances/ in no way/ on no account/ on no
condition aff Aux/ modal+ s + vb
Eg. In no way will they manage to bring that to an end.
- Rarely/ seldom Aux + s+ vb
Rarely do individuals ponder the role of mass media in
their lives.
 Relative clauses
Eg. The person who was successful in the exam was…
The reason for which manifold ( many) human beings
consider….is ……
 Conditionals -> type 3
If+ past perfect, would have+ past participle
Had + s+ pp, ……
If they had taken into account the human losses, they would
have acted otherwise. / had they taken …..
But for+ noun/ pronoun/ ing verb= If it hadn’t been for=
had it not been for…= hadn’t it been for…
 Eg. But for your helping me, I would not have finished it
on time.
 Double comparatives ( the+ comparative…the +
comparative)
The sooner they tackle the problem of unemployment, the
better the results will be.
 Emphasis/ fronting
It was in December that/ when I met her.
When I met her was in December.
What they did was to gather a lot of people.
 Participle clauses
Being a top student, he went on to become ….
Having said that, I would like to add….
 Subjunctive
It is essential that individuals should ponder …
It is vital that beings should….

Complex Vocabulary
- phrasal vbs, idioms and collocations are INFORMAL
( NOT IN AN ESSAY)
Adjectives: valuable, crucial, sustainable, vital, essential, of
utmost importance, beneficial, remarkable, abnormal,
prolific, advisable, acceptable, awful, damaging,
disgraceful, meaningless, prone ( to)
Adverbs: extremely, widely, absolutely, merely,
significantly, substantially, completely, utterly, notably,
altogether.
Linkers: in addition, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact
that, due to the fact that, nonetheless, on the one hand/ on
the other hand, moreover, furthermore, conversely,
consequently, honestly speaking, generally speaking, by
and large ( in general) , on the whole.

!!!!!! use as many adv+ adj constructions

It is absolutely significant/ it is extremely beneficial…

Nouns: enhancement, boost, individuals, peers, human

beings, frequency, endeavor, candor, eagerness, advance,
development, issue, reason, satisfaction, desire, quest, etc

Verbs: ponder, enlarge, address (a problem) , consider ,

acquaint, debate, state, claim, sustain, require , explore,
implode, enable, invest
Avoid : think, believe, good, bad, say, and , because, but

Writing Structure

Essay
1. General idea+ mention the two choices ( do not use I
sau We )- 35 – 50 words
2, 3
Topic sentence in which you state the first facility/ option +
First argument + example ( not too long or specific) +
second argument / Opposing viewpoint

Conclusion: a balanced idea+ personal opinion

Report/ Proposal

To
From
Subject ….( title)
Date

Title

Introduction
The purpose of this report….

Subheadings – for main body ( do not use words from the

input)
Conclusion/ Recommendation

Email/Letter – formal/informal
1. Reason for writing
2,3,4- develop the separate points
5 conclusion
Signing off

Dear Sir/ Madam, ---- Yours faithfully,

+ complete name
Dear Mr. X, ----- Yours sincerely,
+ complete name

Best wishes—distant relative

Hugs,/ Kisses,/ XOXO, / Your friend, ...
+ name

Review
Introduction- when/ how you met/ interacted/ found
out/saw….that thing…

Main body –
- short description+ positive points
-negative aspects –

Conclusion- who you recommend that to…

Formal writing: essay, letter/email

Semi- formal : proposal, report, review
Informal : letter/email
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Pay attention to tenses/ adverbs/ adjectives !!!
Direct to Reported speech : every tense goes a step back
BUT
Second conditional, third condition, it is time, should,
wish , would rather – do not change
It is time you left.
He said it was time I left.