DOMINANCE

5. Parents who do not have Tay Sachs disease produce a child who has this terrible
affliction. What are the chances that each child born of this union will be affected?

Tay-Sachs disease is known to be an autosomal recessive disease. Based on

the problem, the parents are both probably heterozygous for the disease, since
they produce a child who has a terrible affliction. Crossing two heterozygotes
produces 1 homozygous dominant, 2 heterozygous, and 1 homozygous
recessive. Given this, each child has a 25% chance of being affected.

6. In human beings, ability to curl the tongue into a U-shaped trough is a heritable trait.
"Curlers" always have at least one curler parent, but "noncurlers" may occur in families
where one or both parents are curlers. Using C and c to symbolize this trait, what is the
genotype of a noncurler?

 In this scenario, having at least one curler parent will have an offspring with a
curler tongue would mean that the inheritance is Autosomal dominant. 

 Autosomal dominant inheritance is one where receiving a single allele from a

parent having a particular trait will be expressed by the offspring.

 In this scenario, "C" represents the dominant allele responsible for tongue curling
and "c" represents the recessive allele that prevents tongue curling. 

 Let us inspect punnet square between parents having curling tongue with
genotype Cc

  C c

C CC (Curled tongue) Cc (Curled tongue)

c Cc (Curled tongue) cc (normal tongue)

  Here, we understand that a non-curler or one having a normal tongue
has genotype cc proving overall Autosomal dominance responsible for
expressing the trait.

7. Albinism, the total lack of pigment, is due to a recessive gene. A man and woman
plan to marry and wish to know the probability of their having any albino children. What
are the probabilities if:

a. both are normally pigmented, but each has one albino parent. 

b. the man is an albino, the girl is normal, but her father is an albino. 

c. the man is an albino and the girl's family include no albinos for at least three
generations.

A. Situation 1

 Each one is having one albino parent means the genotype of both man and
woman would be Aa

 Performing Aa x Aa will give us answer for the first scenario

  A a

A AA (normal) Aa (normal)

a Aa (normal) aa (albino)

 So, we can state that 75% of children would be normal while 25% would be
albino.

B. Situation 2

 Man is albino means his genotype is "aa". Girl with albino dad looking normal will
have genotype Aa
  Performing Aa x aa

  A a

a Aa (normal) aa (albino)

a Aa (normal) aa (albino)

 Here, 50% of the children will be normal while the other 50% will be albino.

C. Situation 3

 Man is albino means his genotype is "aa". A girl with no albino family history
looking normal will have genotype AA.

 Performing aa x AA

  A A

a Aa (normal) Aa (normal)

a Aa (normal) Aa (normal)

 Here, 100% of the children are normal with  0% albino cases.