Lecture 15 - Unit 04– Hydraulic Systems 01

Fluid Mechanics

Mr. Hasarinda Kariyawasam

BSc Eng. (Hons) UOM, AMIE(SL), ECSL
Department of Engineering Technology
Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka.
Outline

• Hydraulic Systems
• Introduction

2
Acknowledgement
• Lecture notes from Dr. Chathura Ranasinghe,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Moratuwa.
• Lecture notes from Dr. Thusitha Sugathapala,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Moratuwa.
• Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics Including Hydraulics
Machines by P.N. Modi.
• Fluid Mechanics 5th edition by John F. Douglas,
Janusz M. Gasiorek, John A. Swaffield, Lynne B. Jack.

8/8/2022 Engineering Technology 3

Hydraulic Systems
INTRODUCTION
• Definition
 Power hydraulics (or fluid power) deals with generation, control and
transmission of power using pressurised fluids
 Includes hydraulics, which involves liquids, and pneumatics, which involves gases

• Applications
Industrial Hydraulics
- Plastic Machines (eg. injection moulding)
- Presses (eg. drawing, forming, forging)
- Heavy Machinery
- Machine tools (eg. lathe, milling)

Mobile Hydraulics
- Excavators
- Cranes
- Constructional and Agricultural Machinery
INTRODUCTION
• Applications …
Hydraulics in Steelworks, Civil Engineering and Generating Stations
- Lock gates and Dams
- Mining Machinery
- Turbines
- Nuclear Power Plants
- Bridge Operating Equipment

Hydraulics in Special Technical Applications

- Telescope and Antenna Operations
- Landing Gear and Rudder Control of Aircraft
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
• Advantages of Fluid Power Systems
- Simple and accurate control
- Multiplication of forces
- Instantly reversible motion
- Step-less change of speed, torque/force etc
- Capable of providing constant force or torque regardless of
speed changes
- Simple automatic overload protection
- High forces/torque with compact size (ie. high power density)
- Simple operation and maintenance
INTRODUCTION
• Disadvantages of Fluid Power Systems
- Hydraulic oils are messy
- Leakage cannot be eliminated completely
- Hydraulic lines can burst
- May cause fire near oil leakage with hot temperatures
INTRODUCTION

• Hydraulics or Pneumatic ?
 Many factors are considered by the manufacturer and/or the
user when determining which type to use in a specific
application
 If the application:
 Requires speed, a medium amount of pressure,
and only fairly accurate control Pneumatic

 Requires only a medium

amount of pressure and a Combination of hydraulics and
more accurate control pneumatics

 Requires a great amount of pressure and/or

extremely accurate control Hydraulics
INTRODUCTION

• Advantages of Pneumatic over Hydraulic Systems

- Fire resistance
- Freely available
- Can be exhausted back to atmosphere
- Not messy
• Disadvantages of Pneumatic over Hydraulic Systems

- Cannot be used where accurate positioning or rigid holding

is needed
- Sluggish (slow) response
- Poor lubricant
- Air can be corrosive since it contains oxygen and water
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
• Primary functions of a hydraulic fluid
- Transmit power
- Lubricate moving parts
- Dissipate heat
- Seal clearances between moving parts
• Properties needed to perform above functions safely
and economically
- Good lubricity
- Chemical and environmental stability
- Low density
- Ideal viscosity
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
• Properties needed …
- Compatibility with system materials
- Foam resistance (dissolved or dispersed air bubbles)
- Fire resistance
- Good heat transfer capacity
- Low volatility (tendency to vaporize)
- Minimum toxicity
- Very high bulk modulus (how resistant to compression)
- Low pour point (liquid loses its flow characteristics)
- High flash point (vapors ignite if given an ignition source)
- In addition to the above, the fluid should be inexpensive and
readily available
End of Lecture

Thank You!