Present Continuous Present Past simple Past Past Perfect

Simple Perfect Continuous

ever/never now ever/never ago when 1st in past
always at the moment the first time yesterday while
sometimes always- criticism before (last) last year
everyday tonight since in 1995
usually temporary just last night
frequently still already
rarely today for 2 weeks when
often so far
yet I used to
recently
lately
Future- am Future-will Future Future Perfect Future Words
going to (plan) continuous
decide now by next June about to
tomorrow predictions by this time by this time are bound to
tomorrow next year
in a week I hope am to
I think am about to
I believe due to
soon on the point of
next year
10 years from
now
in a week

It’s time you left. It’s time to go.
It’s high time you did your homework.
I wish I had a million euros. (now)
I wish I had gone to Mykonos last summer.
(past)
If only I had more time. (now)
If only I had listened to my mother. (past)
I wish he would get lost.
I wish it would snow tomorrow.
When I get home, I’ll call you.
As soon as I reach New York, I’ll send you can e-mail.
Once I finish, I’ll take a break.
Unless it rains, we’ll go on a picnic tomorrow.
After I finish the book, I’ll give it to you.
****************
Infinitives in Passive:
He is believed to live/to be living in Athens.
He is believed to have lived/to have been living on Bali in
the 1980’s.

I hope you have a good time. 25 Y is thought to be the answer.

I’d rather stay here. Smoking is known to cause heart attacks.

I’d prefer to play basketball. Asbestos is known to have caused serious illness.

You’d better go to bed early.

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Time Expressions Use present tense after these expressions
Conditional sentences

Zero: Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.

First: If I feel better, I will go to the party tonight.
Second: If I had a helicopter, I would travel everywhere in it.
Third: If I had remembered my umbrella, I wouldn’t have got wet

VERBS with to VERBS with ING Both

 agree to  admit  like
 advise (him) to  avoid  love
 afford to  congratulate (him)  hate
 allow (me) to on  begin
 appear to  consider  continue
 arrange to  delay  start
 attempt to  deny
 ask (him)to  detest
 choose to  dislike
 dare to  enjoy
 decide to  fancy EXCEPTIONS
 demand to  finish
 deserve to  imagine He admitted to + ING
 encourage (me)  I am used to/get
 expect to used to I object to + ING
 fail to  involve
 forbid (her) to  like In addition to + ING
 happen to  mention
 hope to  mind Look forward to + ING
 intend to  miss
 invite (me) to  postpone
 learn how to  practice
 manage to  recommend
 neglect to  risk
 offer to  suggest
 persuade (her) to  It’s not worth
 plan to  I can’t stand
 pretend to  I can’t help
 promise to  It’s no use
 remind (me) to  feel like
 require to  give up
 refuse to  keep on
 seem to  I look forward to
 I am supposed to  put off can’t stand
 threaten to  spend time
 want to  There’s no point in
 warn (them) to  waste time

2
VERBS- 2 DIFFERENT MEANINGS
TO
1. I forgot to lock the door.
2. I must remember to call the doctor.
3. She tried to open the door.
4. I meant to call him last night.
5. We regret to inform you that your flight
is delayed.
6. She stopped to tie her shoelace.
MODALS: Present
 Have to – I have to study now.
 Don’t have to- not necessary
 Can
 Should- advice. You should eat
less
 Ought to- You ought to study for
your math test.
 Must- rules/laws. You must be
quiet in school.
 Mustn’t- forbidden You mustn’t
smoke here
 Must- (I think) That must be John.
 Can’t-(I don’t think). No that’s
can’t be him, he’s in New York.
 Needn’t- You needn’t take your
passport with you.
 Had better- advice. You had
better hurry up.
 Need to- it’s necessary. I need to
get ready now.
 May/might- possibility
ING
1. I’ll never forget visiting Paris.
2. I’ll always remember spending the
summers in Spain.
3. Why don’t you try hitting it with a
hammer.
4. That’s means getting up early.
5. He regrets spending all his money on
cars.
6. He stopped smoking last year.
Past
 Had to- I had to study last night.
 Didn’t have to- I didn’t have to
study because my teacher is sick.
 Could
 Should have + 3rd. I should have
fastened my seat belt.
 Ought to have- You ought to
have studied for the test.
 Must have + 3rd. He must have
known the correct answer.
 Can’t have + 3rd – That’s can’t
have been John, he’s in London.
 Needn’t have + 3rd- I did it
anyway. I needn’t have brought
my umbrella, because it didn’t
rain.
 Didn’t need to- I didn’t need to
pack tonight.
 May have been/might have been
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 SUBJUNCTIVE
I demand that he answer the question.

We insist that she take her passport with her.

The suggested that he take the early train.

MAKE and LET

 She made me clean my room.

 My parents let me stay out late on

Fridays.

Stative Verbs- don’t use ING

 believe
 belong to
 contain
 doubt
 fit
 know
 like
 love
 matter
 need
 own
 prefer
 seem
 suppose
 understand
 want
 wish
 depend

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INVERSIONS

 Not only did he lose his watch, but he also lost his passport.
 Never had Jennifer ever seen such a beautiful dress.
 Rarely do children behave all the time.
 Seldom have they known what they were doing.
 No sooner had I opened the door, than a bat flew in my face!
 Only after I got home, did I remember that I had forgotten my umbrella. ****** 2nd
 Under no circumstances, are you to open that door.
 At no time are you allowed to smoke during class.
 Not until I had finished the exam, did I realize that I was in the wrong class! ***2nd

Reported Speech
Change from -> To

Present Simple -> Past simple

Present Continuous -> Past continuous

Present Perfect/Past Simple-Past Past Perfect

Perfect ->

Will/can -> Would/could

Tomorrow/yesterday -> The day after/the day before

Note: In reporting questions, we don’t change the word order.

He wondered why she was always late.

She asked how often she goes to the movies.

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 Prepositions
 absorbed in  afraid of  in advance
 accuse him of  ashamed of  in any case
 am concerned about  aware of  in charge of
 am used to + ing  am capable of  in comparison with
 apologize for  am fond of  in comfort
 appeal to  am full of  in demand
 argue about  am jealous of  in the end
 benefit from  annoyed about  in favour of
 blame (him) for  anxious about  in good condition
 boast about  certain about  in jeopardy
 charged with  excited about  in harmony
 coincide with  pleased about  in response to
 collide with  serious about  in short
 complain about  sorry about  in theory
 concentrate on  upset about  in time
 confess to  angry with  in trouble
 convicted of  annoyed with  in turn
 deal with  bored with  with regard to
 depend on  good at  at any rate
 devote myself to  happy with  at first sight
 differ from  obsessed with  at the end
 discuss about  pleased with  at large
 expel from  bad at  on a regular basis
 glance at  surprised at  on behalf of
 insist on  keen on  on good terms
 insure against  addicted to  on the market
 involved in  grateful to  on purpose
 pay (for)  kind to  on the verge of
 prefer (x) to  married to  beyond belief
 pride myself on  engaged to  by coincidence
 protest about  shocked by  by mistake
 protest against  surprised by  by the time
 react to  early for  by surprise
 refer to  eligible for  for life
 see to  famous for  for the time being
 specialize in  late for  out of breath
 succeed in  liable for  out of control
 suffer from  ready for  out of danger
 translate from->into  responsible for  out of doors
 write about  interested in  out of the ordinary
 is known as  absent from  out of practice
 is regarded as  different from  out of stock
 is described as  deprived of  under control
 room for  ban on  under pressure
 responsible for  comment on  under stress
 craving for  have an effect on  under suspicions
 cure for  influence on  without exception
 recipe for  access to  without a word
 an exception to  after all
 a solution to

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 Phrasal Verbs
 Break down- Her car broke down.
 Break off relations- Greece and
Turkey broke off relations.
 Carry out (orders)- You must carry
out the General’s orders.
 Come about- How did that come
about?
 Come out – His new book comes out
next month.
 Come up against- I’ve never come up
against such a situation before.
 Come up with- find an answer
 Drop in- visit on the spur of the
moment
 End up- He end up in prison for life.
 face up to life’s challenges
 fall for the wrong man
 Fall through- plans fell through
 Get across- He couldn’t get his ideas
across.
 Get at- What are you getting at?
 Get down to- Let’s get down to work.
 Get over- It took him a month to get
over the flu.
 Get round to- Be patient- I’ll get
round to it one of these days.
 Give away- He gave away all his
money.
 Give up- I give up- what’s the answer.
 Go off- The bomb went off
unexpectedly.
 Go on- He went on talking for hours.
 Have it in for- My new boss has it in
for me.
 Hit it off- We hit it off immediately
and became fast friends.
 Hold up- The robbers held up the
National Bank last night.
 Keep up- Keep up the good work!
 Let me down- Why do you always let
me down? I can never count on you.
 Look into- The police are looking into
the matter.
 Make out- I can’t make out his name
on the bell.
 Make up- He’s always making up
crazy stories.
 Pull off- Greece managed to pull of
the most successful Olympics ever!
 Put across- He is not able to put his
ideas across.
 Put off- They put off their wedding for
a month.
 Put me up – Can you put me up when
I’m in London next week?
 Put up with- I can’t put up with nosy
people.
 Rip off- That restaurant really ripped
us off- 200 euros for a hamburger and
fries!
 Run into- Yesterday I ran into Dimitri
in Kifissia.
 Run over- He ran over a cat.
 See (her) off- We’re going to see
grandma off to the airport tomorrow.
 Set out for- He set out for London on
foot.
 Stand for- The flag stands for Greece.
 Take in- Don’t tell me you were taken
in by the gypsies again!
 Take over- Vodafone is going to take
over OTE.
 Take up- He took up skiing when he
was 60 years old.
 Tell off- You shouldn’t tell your
teacher off.
 Turn down- He turned down the
offer.
 Turn up- Don’t worry your missing
ring will turn up somewhere.
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 Odds and Ends
Too/Enough
He is too short to play basketball.
He isn’t tall enough to play
basketball.
By/Until
The doctor will be in his office
until 6 o’clock.
The report is due by Monday the
16th. (the latest)
In spite of/despite
In spite of the snow, we drove
to school.
In spite of the pouring rain,
they played the football game.
Despite having a bad cold, she
took her math exam.
Despite a terrible headache,
she finished her homework.
Causitive- someone does something for
you (have/got + 3rd column verb)
I got my hair cut. I had my hair cut.
We had our house painted.
He had his car serviced.
Has gone to/has been to
Where’s your mom? She gone to
the supermarket.
My mother has been to Paris
many times.
Such a/Such/So
Such a thrilling sport- singular
and countables
Such awful food /such ugly
shoes- uncountable or plural
She’s so happy. He played so
well.
Although/even though
Even though he got lost on the
way, he had a good time at the
party.
(complete sentence after even
though)
Although she is the smartest
math student in the class, she
failed her first math test.
(complete sentence after although)