‫رﻗم اﻟﺑﺣث ‪ 1 :‬رﻗم اﺻدار اﻟﺑﺣث ‪ 1 :‬ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻻﻧﺗﮭﺎء ﻣن اﻟﺑﺣث ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 17‬ﯾوﻧﯾو ‪2022‬م‪.‬‬

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 ‫رﻗم اﻟﺻﻔﺣﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣوﺿوع ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘدﻣﺔ ﻻ ﺑد أن ﺗﻘرأھﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﻔﺎدة ﻣن ھذا اﻟﺑﺣث ‪3 ..................................... ...‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺷﮭﺎدات اﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء ‪:‬‬

‫‪5 ....................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺑروس ﻣﯾﺗزﺟر‪.‬‬
‫‪7 ......................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬داﻧﯾﺎل واﻻس‪.‬‬
‫دﯾﻔﯾد ﺑﻼك‪11 .......................................................................... .‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫ﻣورﯾس روﺑﻧﺳون‪12 .............................................................. .‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﯾﻛل ھوﻟﻣز‪14 ...................................................................... .‬‬ ‫‪-5‬‬
‫وﯾﺳﺗﻛوت و ھورت‪16 ............................................................ .‬‬ ‫‪-6‬‬
‫أرﺗﺷﯾﺑوﻟد روﺑرﺗﺳون‪19 ........................................................ .‬‬ ‫‪-7‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻛوب ﺟرﯾﻧﻠﻲ‪21 ................................................................. .‬‬ ‫‪-8‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﻋِ زرا أﺑوت‪25 ....................................................................... .‬‬
‫‪ِ -10‬ﺑﻧﯾﺎﻣﯾن وارﻓﯾﻠد‪27 .............................................................. .‬‬
‫‪ -11‬ﻓﯾﻠﯾب ﻛوﻣﻔورت‪30 ............................................................. .‬‬
‫‪ -12‬ﺑول ِوﯾﺟﻧر‪33 ..................................................................... .‬‬
‫‪ -13‬ﻧﯾﻛوﻻس ِﺑﯾرﯾن‪37 .............................................................. .‬‬
‫‪ -14‬ﺟﺎك ﻓِﯾﻧِﯾﺟن‪39 .................................................................. .‬‬
‫‪ -15‬آرﺛر ﺑﺎﺗزﯾﺎ‪41 .................................................................... .‬‬
‫‪ -16‬إِﻟﯾوت و ُﻣوار‪43 ............................................................... .‬‬
‫‪ -17‬ﻓِﯾرﯾدرﯾك ﻛﯾﻧﯾون‪45 .......................................................... .‬‬

‫‪ -‬اﻗﺗﺑﺎﺳﺎت أﺧري ‪49 .................................................................... ...‬‬

‫ﻠﺣق ‪1‬‬
‫‪ُ -‬ﻣ َ‬
‫اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ﺑﯾن اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت ‪50 ........................................................ ...‬‬

‫ﻠﺣق ‪2‬‬
‫‪ُ -‬ﻣ َ‬
‫ﺷﺑﮭﺎ َﺗﮭم اﻟ ُﻣﺗﻌﻠّﻘﺔ ﺑﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس و ﻋﻠم " اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ " ؟ ‪52 ...‬‬
‫ﻛﯾف َﯾﺻﯾﻎ اﻟﻣﺳﻠﻣون ُ‬

‫اﻟﺧﺎﺗﻣﺔ ‪53 .............................................................................. ...‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﻘدﻣﺔ ﻻ ﺑد أن ﺗﻘرأھﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﻔﺎدة ﻣن ھذا اﻟﺑﺣث ‪...‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ أھﻣﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬أو ﻣﺎ ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ھذا اﻟﺑﺣث ؟!‬
‫ﺷﺑﮭﺎت ﺗﻛراراً اﻟﺗﻲ ﻛﺛﯾراً ﻣﺎ ُﯾرددھﺎ اﻹﺧوة اﻷﺣ ﱠﺑﺎء ﻏﯾر‬
‫إن ﺗﺣرﯾف اﻻﻧﺟﯾل ھو واﺣدة ﻣن أﻛﺛر اﻟ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾﯾن )ﻣُﺳﻠﻣﯾن و ﻻ أدرﯾﯾن وﻏﯾرھم ‪ (...‬ﻋﻠﻲ اﻻﻧﺗرﻧت ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻣواﻗﻊ واﻟﻣﻧﺗدﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻐﯾر‬
‫ﺷﺑﮭﺔ ﻏﯾر‬ ‫ﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻲ ﻣواﻗﻊ اﻟﺗواﺻل اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ ك اﻟﻔﯾﺳﺑوك واﻟﯾوﺗﯾوب وﻏﯾرھﺎ ‪ ،‬و ﻷن ھذه اﻟ ُ‬
‫ﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ وﻏﯾر أﻣﯾﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣرة ‪ ،‬ﻓﻛﺎن ﻣن اﻟواﺟب ﻋﻣل ﺑﺣث ﺗﺟﻣﯾﻌﻲ ﺑﮫ ﺗﺟﻣﯾﻌﺔ ﻟﺷﮭﺎدات اﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء‬
‫اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺧﺻوص ﻣدي دﻗﺔ وﻣوﺛوﻗﯾﺔ ﻧص اﻻﻧﺟﯾل ‪ ،‬و ُﺑﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﺳﻼﻣﺗﮫ ﻣن اﻟﺗﺣرﯾف اﻟذي ﯾ ﱠدﻋﯾﮫ‬
‫اﻹﺧوة اﻷﺣﺑﱠﺎء ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾﯾن ‪،،،‬‬
‫وﻟﻛن ‪ ...‬ﻣن ھم اﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء اﻟذﯾن ﻣن اﻟﻣﻣﻛن أﺧذ رأﯾﮭم ﺑﺧﺻوص ھذا اﻷﻣر؟!‬
‫اﻧﮭم اﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء اﻟﻣُﺗﺧﺻﺻﯾن ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠم اﺳﻣﮫ ﻋﻠم "اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ"‬
‫واﺳم ھذا اﻟﻌﻠم ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‬
‫‪Textual Criticism‬‬
‫ھذا اﻟﻌﻠم ﺑﺎﺧﺗﺻﺎر وﺑﺑﺳﺎطﺔ ﺷدﯾدة ﻟﻛﻲ ﯾﻔﮭم ﻓﻛرﺗﮫ اﻟﺷﺧص اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣُﺗﺧﺻص ‪:‬‬
‫ھو اﻟﻌﻠم اﻟﻣُﺧﺗص ﺑدراﺳﺔ ﻣﺻﺎدر اﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺎت واﻷﻋﻣﺎل اﻷدﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻘدﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ُﻛﺗ َﺑت ﻗﺑل زﻣن اﻟطﺑﺎﻋﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻣﺛﻼً اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس أﺳﻔﺎره ﻛﺎﻧت ُﺗﻛ َﺗب و ُﺗﻧ َﺳﺦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺻﺎدر ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﻗدﯾﻣﺔ ﻣﺛل ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟرﻗوق اﻟﻣﺻﻧوﻋﺔ ﻣن ﺟﻠود اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت ‪ ،‬اﻟﺑردﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺻﻧوﻋﺔ ﻣن ورق اﻟﺑردي ‪ ...‬إﻟﺦ ‪،،،‬‬
‫ﻓﯾﺗم ﺟﻣﻊ ﻛل ﺟﻣﯾﻊ ھذه اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻣُﺧﺗﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس ‪ ...‬ﯾﺗم ﻓﺣﺻﮭﺎ ودراﺳﺗﮭﺎ ﺟﯾداً ﺑدﻗﺔ‬
‫وﻋﻠﻲ ﻧطﺎق واﺳﻊ ‪ ...‬وﯾﺗم ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺗﮭﺎ ﺑﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض ﻟﻠوﺻول اﻟﻲ أﻗرب وأدق ﻧص ﻷﺳﻔﺎر ﻟﻛﺗﺎب‬
‫اﻟﻣﻘدس ﯾُطﺎﺑق ﻣﺎ ﻛﺗﺑﮫ ُﻛ ﱠﺗﺎب اﻟوﺣﻲ اﻻﻟﮭﻲ ﺣﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﻛﺗﺑوا أﺳﻔﺎر اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس‪.‬‬
‫اذاً ‪ ...‬ﻣﺎ ﻓﺎﺋدة ھذا اﻟﻌﻠم ؟!‬
‫ھذا اﻟﻌﻠم ﯾُﻌطﯾﻧﺎ ﺷﮭﺎدة ﻋﻠﻣﯾﺔ ﻣُﺗﺧﺻﺻﺔ ﻣُﺣﺎﯾدة ﻣن ﻋﻠﻣﺎء ﻣُﺗﺧﺻﺻﯾن ﻣُﺣﺎﯾدﯾن ﺗدل ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ و‬
‫ﻣوﺛوﻗﯾﺔ ﻧص اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس رداً ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣن ﯾ ﱠدﻋﻲ ﺗﺣرﯾف اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس و إن ﻋدم وﺟود اﻷﺻل =‬
‫ﺿﯾﺎع اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس ‪ ...‬إﻟﺦ ‪ ،،،‬وھذا أﯾﺿﺎ ً ﯾُﻌطﯾﻧﺎ ﺛﻘﺔ أﻧﮫ اﻟذي ﺑﯾن أﯾدﯾﻧﺎ اﻟﯾوم ھو ﺣﻘﺎ ً اﻟﻛﻼم اﻟذي‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑوه ُﻛ ﱠﺗﺎب أﺳﻔﺎر اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻣُن أھﻣﯾﺔ ھذه اﻟﺷﮭﺎدة أﻧﮭﺎ ﺷﮭﺎدة ﻣُﺣﺎﯾدة )أي أﻧﮭﺎ ﺷﮭﺎدة ﻣن ﻋﻠم ﻣُﺣﺎﯾد ﺗﺟرﯾدي ﻏﯾر ﻣُﻧﺣﺎز‬
‫ﻟﻼﯾﻣﺎن اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺣﻲ ‪ ،‬ھﻲ ﺷﮭﺎدة ﻋﻠم أﻛﺎدﯾﻣﻲ ﻣﺑﻧﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟدراﺳﺎت اﻷﻛﺎدﯾﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻣُﺟرﱠ دة وﻟﯾس ﻟﮭﺎ أي‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﯾﻣﺎﻧﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾﺔ( ‪ ،‬وﺑﮭذا ﻓﮭﻲ ﺗﺻﻠﺢ أن ﺗﻛون ﺣــــــــﺎﻛﻣـــــﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻲ أي ﺷﺧص‬

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 ‫ﺳواء ﻛﺎن ﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾﺎ ً أو ﻏﯾر ﻣﺳﯾﺣﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﺷﮭﺎدة ﻋﻠﻣﯾﺔ أﻛﺎدﯾﻣﯾﺔ وﻟﯾﺳت ﺷﮭﺎدة اﯾﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ ‪،‬‬

‫ﻓﻣﺛﻼً ان ﻛﻧت أﻣﺗﻠك ﻗطﻌﺔ ذھب و ا ﱠدﻋﻲ أﺣدھم أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺷوﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﺷواﺋب وﻏﯾر ﻧﻘﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺳﺄذھب اﻟﻲ‬
‫وﺧﻠوه ﻣن‬
‫ﱡ‬ ‫اﻟﻣُﺗﺧﺻﺻﯾن ﻟﻔﺣص ھذا اﻟذھب وأﺧذ وﺗﺟﻣﯾﻊ اراﺋﮭم ﺑﺧﺻوص ﻣدي ﻧﻘﺎء ھذا اﻟذھب‬
‫أﺻر اﻟﻣُﺷﻛك ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﺑﻌد أﻧﮭﺎ ﺑﮭﺎ ﺷواﺋب وﻏﯾر ﻧﻘﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺳﺄﻋطﯾﮫ ﺷﮭﺎدات اﻟ ُﺧﺑراء‬ ‫ًّ‬ ‫اﻟﺷواﺋب ‪ ،‬ف إن‬
‫اﻟﻣُﺗﺧﺻﺻﯾن ﻓﻲ ﻓﺣص اﻟذھب وﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣدي ﻧﻘﺎﺋﮫ و ُﺧﻠوﱡ ه ﻣن اﻟﺷواﺋب ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎراﺋﮭم ﺳﺗﻛون‬
‫ﺣــــــــﺎﻛﻣـــــﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻲﱠ وﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﻷﻧﮭﺎ اراء ﺧﺑراء ﻣﺗﺧﺻﺻﯾن ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﻣﺟﺎل ‪ ،‬وﻟﯾﺳت اراء ﻣُﻧﺣﺎزة‬
‫ﻣﺑﻧﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ أﺳﺎس ﻣﻌﺗﻘدات ﻣُﻌﯾﱠﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اذاً ‪ ...‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺎذا ﯾﺣﺗوي ھذا اﻟﺑﺣث ؟!‬

‫ﯾﺣﺗوي ھذا اﻟﺑﺣث ﻋﻠﻲ ﺗﺟﻣﯾﻌﺔ ﻻراء وﺷﮭﺎدات ﻋﻠﻣﺎء ھذا اﻟﻌﻠم ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠم "اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ" ‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﮭد وﺑﻘوة وﺑوﺿوح ﺷدﯾد ﻟﻣدي دﻗﺔ وﻣوﺛوﻗﯾﺔ ﻧص اﻻﻧﺟﯾل ‪ ،‬وﺑُﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﺳﻼﻣﺗﮫ‬
‫ﻣن اﻟﺗﺣرﯾف ‪ ،‬وأن ﻣﺎ ﺑﯾن أﯾدﯾﻧﺎ اﻟﯾوم ھو ﺣﻘﺎ ً ﻣﺎ ﻛﺗﺑﮫ ُﻛ ﱠﺗﺎب أﺳﻔﺎر اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻌض ھذه اﻷﺳﻣﺎء ھﻰ أﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﻠﻣﺎء ﻣن أﻛﺑر ﻋﻠﻣﺎء اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم ‪ ،‬و‬
‫ﺷﮭﺎداﺗﮭم ﻟﮭﺎ وزﻧﮭﺎ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻣﻧﮭﺟﯾﺔ اﻟ ُﻣ ﱠﺗﺑﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﺑﺣث ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ أﺿﻊ اﻗﺗﺑﺎس ﺷﮭﺎدة ﻛل ﻋﺎﻟم ‪ ،‬ﺳﺄذﻛر اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ اﻟذي ﻣﻧﮫ ھذا اﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎس ﺑرﻗم‬
‫اﻟﺻﻔﺣﺔ اﻟﻣوﺟود ﺑﮭﺎ ان أﻣﻛن وذﻟك ﺣﺗﻲ ﯾﺳﮭل اﻟﻌودة اﻟﯾﮭﺎ وﻣراﺟﻌﺗﮭﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫وﺳﺄﺿﻊ اﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎس ﺑﻠﻐﺗﮫ اﻷﺻﻠﯾﺔ )اﻻﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ( ان أﻣﻛن ‪ ،‬وأﺳﻔﻠﮫ ﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬و ان‬
‫أﻣﻛن ﺳﺄﺿﻊ ﺻورة ﻏﻼف ھذا اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ اﻟذي ﻣﻧﮫ ھذا اﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎس‪ .‬ﺑﻌض اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ ﻗد ﯾﻛون ﻟﮭﺎ أﻛﺛر ﻣن ﺗرﺟﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟذﻟك ﺳﺄﺿﻊ اﻟﺗرﺟﻣﺎت اﻟﺑدﯾﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺑﯾن ﻗوﺳﯾن ﻣن ھذا اﻟﻧوع )‪ ، (...‬أو ﺑﻌد ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ‪./‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﺑﺣث ﻟن ﻧﻘوم ﺑﻌرض رأي أو اراء اﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء ﺑﺧﺻوص ﻛل ﻧص ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣدة ‪ ،‬واﻧﻣﺎ ﺳﻧﻘوم ﺑﻌرض اﻟ ُﺧﻼﺻﺔ واﻟﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ اﻟﻧﮭﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ وﺻل‬
‫اﻟﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء ﺑﺧﺻوص ﻧص اﻻﻧﺟﯾل ﻛﻛل ﺑﻌد دراﺳﺔ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﻣﺧطوطﺎﺗﮫ وﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺗﮭﺎ ﺑﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺑﻌض ﺑﻣﻧﮭﺟﯾﺎت وطرق ﻋﻠم "اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺑدأ ﺑﻧﻌﻣﺔ اﻟرب ‪:‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
 -1
‫ﺑروس ﻣﯾﺗزﺟر‬
Bruce Manning Metzger

: ‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ‬
، ‫اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺢ‬...‫اﻟﻘﺿﯾﺔ‬
‫ دار اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬،‫ ﺗرﺟﻣﺔ ﺳﻌد ﻣﻘﺎرى‬،‫ﻟﻰ ﺳﺗروﺑل‬
80 ‫ ص‬،2007

‫" ُﯾﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ أن ﻧﺛق ﺛﻘﺔ ﻋظﯾﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻹﺧﻼص اﻟذى‬

ً
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟو ﻗورﻧت‬ ،‫وﺻﻠت ﺑﮫ ھذه اﻟﻧﺻوص إﻟﯾﻧﺎ‬
."‫ﺑﺄى اﻋﻣﺎل أدﺑﯾﺔ ﻗدﯾﻣﺔ أﺧرى‬

: ‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ‬
The Text of the New Testament : Its
Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration
4th Edition ‫اﻻﺻدار اﻟراﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻟــ‬
Bart D. Ehrman ‫ و‬Bruce M. Metzger
271 ‫ص‬
“ … it ought to be noted that other evidence
points to the careful and painstaking work on
the part of many faithful copyists. There are,
for example, instances of difficult readings that
have been transmitted with scrupulous fidelity
… Even in incidental details one observes the
faithfulness of scribes.”

5
 ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫" ‪ ...‬اﻧﮫ ﯾﺟب ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ أن اﻷدﻟﺔ اﻷﺧري ﺗﺷﯾر اﻟﻲ اﻟﻌﻣل اﻟﺣرﯾص و‬
‫ﺳﺎخ اﻟ ُﻣﺧﻠﺻﯾن‪ .‬ھﻧﺎك ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل ‪،‬‬‫اﻟﻣﺟﺗﮭد‪/‬اﻟدﻗﯾق ﻣن ﺟﺎﻧب اﻟﻛﺛﯾر ﻣن اﻟ ُﻧ ﱠ‬
‫ﻧﻣﺎذج ﻣن اﻟﻘراءات اﻟﺻﻌﺑﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗم ﻧﻘﻠﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﺧﻼص دﻗﯾق ‪...‬‬
‫ﺣﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﻔﺎﺻﯾل اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ ﯾﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﻟﻔرد أن ﯾﻼﺣظ اﺧﻼص اﻟ ُﻧ ﱠ‬
‫ﺳﺎخ"‪.‬‬

‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪The Oxford Annotated Bible (RSV‬‬
‫‪by Herbert G. May and Bruce M.‬‬
‫‪Metzger,‬‬
‫‪Oxford University Press 1962‬‬
‫ص ‪1169‬‬

‫‪It should be added, however, that the‬‬

‫‪great majority of these variant readings‬‬
‫‪involve inconsequential details, such‬‬
‫‪as alternative spellings, differing‬‬
‫‪order of words, and interchange of‬‬
‫‪synonyms. Among the relatively few‬‬
‫‪variants which involve the essential‬‬
‫‪meaning of the text, modern scholars‬‬
‫‪are usually able to determine with‬‬
‫‪more or less probability what the‬‬
‫‪original text was.‬‬

‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫" وﻋﻠﻲ أﯾﺔ ﺣﺎل ‪ ،‬ف اﻧﮫ ﯾﺟب اﺿﺎﻓﺔ أن اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻌظﻣﻰ ﻣن ھذه اﻟﻘراءات اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺗﺿﻣن ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯾل ﻏﯾر ھﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛل اﻟﺗﮭﺟﺋﺎت اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬اﻻﺧﺗﻼف ﻓﻰ ﺗرﺗﯾب اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت‪ ،‬و‬
‫ﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟ ُﻣﺗرادﻓﺎت‪ .‬و ﻓﻰ اﻟﻘراءات اﻟﻘﻠﯾﻠﺔ ﻧﺳﺑﯾﺎ ً اﻟﻣﺗﺑﻘﯾﺔ و اﻟﺗﻰ ﺗﺗﺿﻣن اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ اﻟﺟوھري‬
‫ﻟﻠﻧص‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء اﻟﻣﻌﺎﺻرﯾن ﻋﺎد ًة ﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﺗطﯾﻌون ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣﺎ اﻟذى ﯾﻘوﻟﮫ اﻟﻧص اﻷﺻﻠﻰ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺈﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻗد ﺗﻘل أو ﺗزﯾد‪".‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
 -2
‫داﻧﯾﺎل واﻻس‬
Daniel Baird Wallace

: ‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ‬
Interpreting the New Testament Text : Introduction

to the Art and Science of Exegesis

Part 1 , Chapter 2 : Laying a Foundation

New testament textual criticism

By DANIEL B. WALLACE

34 ‫ص‬

“ On the other hand, the text of the NT has been surprisingly stable through the
centuries. This can be measured by the differences between the Greek text behind the KJV
(known as the Textus Receptus or TR) and the one behind modern translations of the NT. Although
the KJV is a four-hundred-year-old translation, it is based on significantly later MSS than modern
translations are. It represents a text that had grown over the centuries. Yet there are only about
five thousand differences between the TR and NA27. In other words, they agree more than
96 percent of the time. Another way to look at this is to consider the nature of textual
variants. All textual variants can be broken down into three groups: insignificant for the meaning
of the text, significant (or meaningful) but not viable, meaningful and viable. (By “viable” we mean
a variant that has a plausible claim on authenticity.). The vast majority of textual variants
belong to the first two categories.”

7
 ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻧص اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﻛﺎن ُﻣﺳﺗﻘر ﺑﺷﻛل ﻋﺟﯾب ﻋﺑر اﻟﻘرون‪ .‬ﻧﺳﺗطﯾﻊ ﻗﯾﺎس ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻹﺳﺗﻘرار ھذه‪ ،‬ﺑﺑﯾﺎن‬
‫اﻹﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ﺑﯾن اﻟﻧص اﻟﯾوﻧﺎﻧﻰ اﻟذى ﯾﻘف ﺧﻠف ﺗرﺟﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﺟﯾﻣس )اﻟﻣﻌروف ﺑﺈﺳم اﻟﻧص اﻟﻣُﺳﺗﻠم‬
‫‪ Textus Receptus‬و ُﯾﺧﺗﺻر إﻟﻲ‬
‫‪(TR‬‬
‫‪ ،‬و اﻟﻧص اﻟﯾوﻧﺎﻧﻰ اﻟذى ﯾﻘف وراء اﻟﺗرﺟﻣﺎت اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد‪ .‬ﻓرﻏم أن ﺗرﺟﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﺟﯾﻣس ﻋﻣرھﺎ ﯾﺗﺟﺎوز‬
‫اﻟرﺑﻌﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﺎم‪ ،‬ﻓﻘد اﺳﺗﻧدت إﻟﻰ ﻣﺧطوطﺎت ﻣﺗﺄﺧرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺣو ھﺎم‪ ،‬أﻛﺛر ﻣن اﻟﺗرﺟﻣﺎت اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ‪ .‬ﻟذﻟك ﻓﮭﻰ ُﺗﻣﺛل‬
‫ﻧص ﻗد ﻧﻣﺎ ﻋﺑر اﻟﻘرون‪ .‬و رﻏم ذﻟك‪ ،‬ﻓﮭﻧﺎك ﺧﻣﺳﺔ آﻻف إﺧﺗﻼف ﻓﻘط ﺑﯾن اﻟﻧص اﻟﻣُﺳﺗﻠم‪ ،‬و ﻧص اﻹﺻدار اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫و اﻟﻌﺷرﯾن ﻟـ "ﻧﯾﺳﺗل – آﻻﻧد"‪ .‬ﺑﻛﻠﻣﺎت أﺧرى‪ ،‬اﻹﺻداران ﯾﺗﻔﻘﺎن ﻣﻌﺎ ً ﻓﻰ أﻛﺛر ﻣن ‪ 96‬ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺋﺔ‪ .‬ھﻧﺎك‬
‫طرﯾﻘﺔ أﺧرى ﻟﻠﻧظر ﻓﻰ ھذا اﻷﻣر‪ ،‬إﺳﺗﻘرارﯾﺔ ﻧص اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد‪ ،‬و ھﻰ اﻟﻧظر ﻓﻰ طﺑﯾﻌﺔ اﻟﻘراءات اﻟﻧﺻﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛل اﻟﻘراءات اﻟﻧﺻﯾﺔ ﯾُﻣﻛن ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻔﮭﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺛﻼث ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺎت‪ :‬ﻗراءات ﻏﯾر ھﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ اﻟﻧص‪ ،‬ﻗراءات ھﺎﻣﺔ )أو ﻟﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻧﻰ( و ﻟﻛن ﻏﯾر ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﯾﺔ‪ ،‬و ﻗراءات ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻌﻧﻰ و ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﯾﺔ )ﻧﻘﺻد ﺑـ "ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﯾﺔ"‪ ،‬أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺣﺗﻣل إدﻋﺎء اﻷﺻﺎﻟﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻌظﻣﻰ ﻣن اﻟﻘراءات اﻟﻧﺻﯾﺔ ﺗﻧﺗﻣﻰ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺗﯾن اﻷوﻟﻰ و اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎل ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟم ﺗم ﻧﺷره ﻋﺎم ‪1991‬م ﻓﻲ ﺟرﯾدة ﻻھوﺗﯾﺔ اﺳﻣﮭﺎ‬

‫‪Bibliotheca Sacra‬‬
‫‪("The Majority Text and the Original Text : Are They Identical ?").‬‬

‫‪Bibliotheca Sacra, Volume 148 (April-June 1991): 151-169.‬‬

‫و ﻣوﺟود ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻻﻧﺗرﻧت ‪ ،‬ﺗﺳﺗطﯾﻊ أن ﺗﺿطﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻣن ﺧﻼل ھذا اﻟراﺑط ‪:‬‬

‫‪https://bible.org/article/majority-text-and-original-text-are-‬‬

‫‪they-identical‬‬

‫‪“The Majority Text differs from the Textus Receptus in almost 2,000 places. So the‬‬
‫‪agreement is better than 99 percent. But the Majority Text differs from the‬‬
‫‪modern critical text in only about 6,500 places. In other words the two texts‬‬
‫‪agree almost 98 percent of the time. Not only that, but the vast majority of‬‬
‫‪these differences are so minor that they neither show up in translation‬‬
‫‪nor affect exegesis. Consequently‬‬
‫‪the majority text and‬‬
‫‪modern critical texts are very much alike, in both‬‬
‫”‪quality and quantity.‬‬

‫‪8‬‬
 ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻧص اﻷﻏﻠﺑﯾﺔ ﯾﺧﺗﻠف ﻋن اﻟﻧص اﻟﻣُﺳ َﺗﻠم ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘرﯾﺑﺎ ً ‪ 2000‬ﻣوﺿﻊ‪ .‬وﺑﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﻓﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎق ﺑﯾﻧﮭﻣﺎ‬
‫أﻛﺛر ﻣن ‪ 99‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺋﺔ‪ .‬وﻟﻛن ﻧص اﻷﻏﻠﺑﯾﺔ ﯾﺧﺗﻠف ﻋن اﻟﻧص اﻟﻧﻘدي اﻟﺣدﯾث ﻓﻲ ‪6500‬‬
‫ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻲ اﺧر ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻧﺻﯾن ﯾﺗﻔﻘﺎن ﻣﻌﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ‪ 98‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻣن اﻟوﻗت‪ .‬ﻟﯾس‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﻣوﺿﻊ ﻓﻘط‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻘط ذﻟك ‪ ،‬وﻟﻛن اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻌظﻣﻲ ﻣن ھذه اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ﺛﺎﻧوي‪/‬ﺗﺎﻓﮫ ﺟداً ﺣﺗﻲ أﻧﮭﺎ ﻻ ﺗظﮭر ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺗرﺟﻣﺔ وﻻ ﺗؤﺛر ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺗﻔﺳﯾر‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺑﻌﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻧص اﻷﻏﻠﺑﯾﺔ واﻟﻧص اﻟﻧﻘدي‬
‫اﻟﺣدﯾث ﻣﺗﺷﺎﺑﮭﯾن ﺟداً ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ٍ‬
‫ﻛل ﻣن اﻟﻛم واﻟﻛﯾف‪.‬‬
‫‪Conclusion :‬‬
‫‪“Is the majority text identical with the original text ? … Does this mean that the‬‬
‫‪majority text is worthless? Not at all. For one thing, it agrees with the critical‬‬
‫”‪text 98 percent of the time.‬‬

‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫اﻻﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎج )ﺧﺎﺗﻣﺔ ھذا اﻟﻣﻘﺎل( ‪:‬‬
‫"ھل ﻧص اﻷﻏﻠﺑﯾﺔ ﻣﺗطﺎﺑق ﻣﻊ اﻟﻧص اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ؟ ‪ ...‬ھل ھذا ﻣﻌﻧﺎه أن ﻧص اﻷﻏﻠﺑﯾﺔ ﻟﯾس ﻟﮫ ﻗﯾﻣﺔ‬
‫؟ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻹطﻼق ‪ ،‬ﻟﺳﺑب ﺷﻲ ٍء واﺣد ‪ ،‬أﻧﮫ ﯾﺗواﻓق ﻣﻊ اﻟﻧص اﻟﻧﻘدي ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ ‪ 98‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻣن اﻟوﻗت‪".‬‬

‫‪9‬‬
 ‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Reinventing Jesus, How Contemporary Skeptics Miss‬‬
‫‪the Real Jesus and Mislead Popular Culture‬‬
‫وﻗد ﺻدرت ﺗرﺟﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻟﮭذا اﻟﻛﺗﺎب ﺗﺣت ﻋﻧوان ‪:‬‬
‫أ ُﯾﻌﯾدون اﺧﺗراع ﺷﺧﺻﯾﺔ ﯾﺳوع ؟! ‪ ،‬ﻛﯾف أﺳﺎء اﻟﻣﺗﺷﻛﻛون اﻟﻣﻌﺎﺻرون ﻓﮭم ﺷﺧﺻﯾﺔ‬
‫ﯾﺳوع اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ وأﺿﻠوا اﻟﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﺎھﯾرﯾﺔ‬
‫ص ‪77‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﺗﺎب "أﯾُﻌﯾدون اﺧﺗراع ﺷﺧﺻﯾﺔ ﯾﺳوع ؟!" ص‪: 77‬‬

‫"وﻗد أﺷرﻧﺎ أﯾﺿﺎ ً إﻟﻲ أن ﻧص اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ھو ﺛﺎﺑت ﺑﺻورة ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ ﻋﺑر‬
‫اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻘرون أﺛﻧﺎء ﻧﻘﻠﮫ‪ .‬وأﻧﮫ ﯾوﺟد ﻓﻘط ﺣواﻟﻲ ‪ %1‬ﻣن اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ذات‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻲ واﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗطﺑﯾق"‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ ‪ :‬ﻗم ﺗم ﺷرح ھذه اﻟﻧوﻋﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔس ھذا اﻟﻛﺗﺎب ص ‪-58‬‬
‫‪.61‬‬

‫وﻓﻲ ﺧﺎﺗﻣﺔ ھذا اﻟﻛﺗﺎب ص‪ 227‬ﺗﺣت ﻋﻧوان "ﯾﺳوع اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ" ﯾﻘول ‪:‬‬
‫"إن اﻟوﺛﺎﺋق اﻷﺻﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﻗد ﻓُﻘ َدت‪ ،‬وﻟﻛن ﻣﺣﺗواھﺎ ﺗم ﺣﻔظﮫ ﺑﺄﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻻف ﻣن اﻟﻧﺳﺦ‪ .‬وإﻧﻧﺎ اﻟﯾوم واﺛﻘون ﻣن ﺣواﻟﻲ ‪ %99‬ﻣن اﻟﺻﯾﺎﻏﺔ‬
‫اﻷﺻﻠﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻣﺎ أن أﻟوھﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺢ أو ﻗﯾﺎﻣﺗﮫ اﻟﺟﺳدﯾﺔ ﻟم ﯾﺗم اﻟﺷك ﻓﯾﮭﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﻛﺎن‬
‫ﻣن اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﺑﺳﺑب اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﻧﺻﯾﺔ‪ .‬وﻋﻠﻲ اﻟرﻏم ﻣن أن اﻟﻛﺛﯾر ﻣن ﺻﯾﺎﻏﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻧﺻوص ﻗد ﺗﻌرﱠ ض ﻟﻠﺗﻐﯾﯾرات ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣر اﻟﻘرون‪ ،‬إﻻ أن ﺟوھر اﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋق اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗ ﱠدﻋﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾﺔ ﻗد ظﻠت ﺳﻠﯾﻣﺔ‪".‬‬

‫‪10‬‬
 -3
‫دﯾﻔﯾد ﺑﻼك‬
David Alan Black

: ‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ‬
New Testament Textual Criticism: A Concise Guide

By David Alan Black

25 ‫ و ص‬24 ‫ص‬
“The sheer number of witnesses to the text of the New
Testament makes it virtually
certain that the
original text has been preserved
somewhere among the extant witnesses.” Page 24.

: 24 ‫ اﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎس ﻣن ص‬: ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ‬

‫"اﻟﻌدد اﻟﻛﺑﯾر ﻣن ﺷواھد ﻧص اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﯾﺟﻌل ﻣن‬

‫اﻟﯾﻘﯾن ﻓﻌﻠﯾﺎ ً أﻧﮫ ﺗم اﻟﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻧص اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
.".‫ﻣﻛﺎن ﻣﺎ ﺑﯾن اﻟﺷواھد اﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺗزال ﺑﺎﻗﯾﺔ‬

“No biblical doctrine would go unsupported if a favorable

reading was abandoned in favor of a more valid variant.
This does not mean, as is sometimes said, that no doctrine
of Scripture is affected by textual variation. Rather, a
doctrine that is affected by textual variation will always be
adequately supported by other passages.”. Page 25.

: 25 ‫ اﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎس ﻣن ص‬: ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ‬

‫"وﻻ ﯾوﺟد ﻋﻘﯾدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس ﯾﻣﻛن أن ُﺗﺻﺑﺢ ﻏﯾر ﻣدﻋوﻣﺔ إذا ﺣدث اﻟﺗﺧﻠﱢﻲ ﻋن‬
‫ ﻛﻣﺎ ُﯾﻘﺎل‬، ‫ وھذا ﻻ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ‬.(‫ﻔﺿﻠﺔ ﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ ﺑدﯾل ﺻﺎﻟﺢ أﻛﺛر )ﻗراءة أﺧري أدق أو أﺻﻠﺢ‬
‫ﻗراءة ُﻣ ﱠ‬
‫ أﻧﮫ ﻻ ﻋﻘﯾدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس ﱠ‬، ً ‫أﺣﯾﺎﻧﺎ‬
‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻌﻘﯾدة اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺄﺛر‬، ‫ ﺑﺎﻷﺣرى‬.‫ﺗﺗﺄﺛر ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺗﻼف اﻟﻧﺻﻲ‬
.".(‫ف ﻣن ﻣﻘﺎطﻊ أﺧرى )آﯾﺎت أﺧري ﻣن اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس‬ ٍ ‫ﺑدﻋم ﻛﺎ‬
ٍ ً ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺗﻼف اﻟﻧﺻﻲ ﺳﺗﺣظﻰ داﺋﻣﺎ‬

11
 -4
‫ﻣورﯾس روﺑﻧﺳون‬
Maurice Arthur Robinson

: ‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ‬
ً
"‫ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم "دﯾﻔﯾد ﺑﻼك‬ ‫ُﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم ﺳﺟﻠﱠﮭﺎ‬
David Alan Black
،‫ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ طﻠب "دﯾﻔﯾد" ﻣن ﺗﻼﻣﯾذه أن ﯾﻛﺗﺑوا اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾرﯾدون أن ﯾﺳﺄﻟوھﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟم‬
‫ ﺗﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﻻﺿطﻼع ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺟزء اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣن ھذه‬... ‫واﻟﻌﺎﻟم واﻓق ﻋﻠﻲ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ‬
ً
: ‫ﻣﻛﺗوﺑﺔ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ھذا اﻟراﺑط‬ ‫اﻟ ُﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬
http://www.daveblackonline.com/interview_with_mauri
ce_robinson2.htm
8. How would you defend your view that we now have the New Testament in the original Greek
against the agnostic position that we cannot get back to the original ?
I dealt with this issue in my ETS 2005 paper, “The Integrity of the Early New Testament Text: A
Collation-based Comparison”. In general, any claim that suggests absence of the physical autograph
equals absence of textual reliability or biblical authority is bogus. The manuscript copies we possess
remain substantially identical to the autographs. As demonstrated in my paper, the earliest extant
(non-Byzantine) papyri compared against the text of Byzantine minuscule mss copied a thousand
years later share a verbal identity approximating 92% — including orthographic and non-
translatable differences. With such a large percentage of common text, even over more than a
millennium of transmission, it is clear that the autograph text substantially has been preserved,
even among disparate copies representing quite different textual traditions. On the same principle,
dispute hardly should arise as to whether the autograph text similarly was preserved during the much
shorter period between autograph composition and the earliest extant mss. Transmissional
observations suggest an equally reliable transmissional history during the short period from which no
evidence exists. In addition, all doctrinal essentials are clearly present within the ca. 92% average
base text; no doctrine is established or negated within the remaining ca. 8% where differences
occur. Also, most variants are quite minor and generally stylistic in nature. If the orthographic, non-
translatable, and minor stylistic variants are excluded, the overall agreement among the earliest and
latest mss rises substantially. The existing documents accurately represent the autographs in
all essential points. The text we now possess is sufficient and substantial for establishing
and maintaining all doctrinal positions held within orthodox Christianity, skeptics and
postmodernists such as Ehrman, Epp, Parker, or the media to the contrary.

12
 ‫‪ -8‬ﻛﯾف ﺳ ُﺗداﻓﻊ ﻋن وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧظرك أﻧﻧﺎ ﻟدﯾﻧﺎ اﻻن اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﺑﺄﺻﻠﮫ اﻟﯾوﻧﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺿد اﻟﻣوﻗف اﻟﻼأدري اﻟذي ﯾ ﱠدﻋﻲ أﻧﻧﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﻟﻌودة إﻟﻲ اﻷﺻل ؟‬
‫)اﻟﺳؤال ﺑﺑﺳﺎطﺔ ﻣﻌﻧﺎه ‪ :‬ھل ﺗم ﺣﻔظ ﻧص اﻻﻧﺟﯾل ﺑدﻗﺔ ﺑﺣﯾث ﻧﺳﺗطﯾﻊ أن ﻧﻘول أﻧﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻟدﯾﻧﺎ اﻻن اﻷﺻل اﻟذي ﻛﺗﺑوه ُﻛ ﱠﺗﺎب اﻻﻧﺟﯾل وﻗت ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺗﮭم ﻷﺳﻔﺎر اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس ؟(‬
‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫"أى إدﻋﺎء ُﯾوﺣﻰ أن ﻏﯾﺎب اﻷﺻول اﻟﻣﺎدﯾﺔ ُﯾﺳﺎوى ﻏﯾﺎب اﻟﻣوﺛوﻗﯾﺔ اﻟﻧﺻﯾﺔ‬
‫او اﻟﺳﻠطﺔ اﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﯾﺔ ھو زاﺋف‪/‬ﻛﺎذب‪/‬وھﻣﻲ‪ُ .‬ﻧﺳﺦ اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﺗﻰ ﻧﻣﺗﻠﻛﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺑﻘﻰ ُﻣﺗطﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻷﺻول‪ ،‬ﺑﺷﻛل ﺟوھرى‪ .‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺑرھﻧت ﻓﻰ ﺑﺣﺛﻰ‪ ،‬أﻗدم ﺑردﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣوﺟودة )ﻟﯾﺳت ﺑﯾزﻧطﯾﺔ(‪ ،‬إذا ﻗُورﻧت ﻣﻊ ﻧص ﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﺣروف اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة‬
‫ﺳﺧت ﺑﻌدھﺎ ﺑﺄﻟف ﻋﺎم‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮭﻣﺎ ﯾﺣﺗوﯾﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗطﺎﺑق ﺣرﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾزﻧطﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻰ ُﻧ َ‬
‫ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ ‪ ،% 92‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﯾﮭم اﻷﺧطﺎء اﻟﻧﺳﺧﯾﺔ و اﻟﺧﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﺗﻰ ﻻ ُﯾﻣﻛن ﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑوﺟود ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺿﺧﻣﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻧص اﻟﻣُﺷ َﺗرك‪ ،‬ﺣﺗﻰ ﺑﻌد ﻣرور أﻟﻔﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻹﻧﺗﻘﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻧﺻﻰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻣن اﻟواﺿﺢ ان ﻧص اﻷﺻول ﻣﺣﻔوظ ﺟوھرﯾﺎ ً‪ ،‬ﺣﺗﻰ ﺑداﺧل اﻟ ُﻧﺳﺦ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﻔﺎوﺗﺔ اﻟﺗﻰ ُﺗﻣﺛل ﺗﻘﺎﻟﯾد ﻧﺻﯾﺔ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻗﻠﯾﻼً‪ .‬و ﺑﻧﻔس اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺷك ﯾﻧﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺑﺻﻌوﺑﺔ )ﺗرﺟﻣﺔ أﺧري ‪ :‬ﻣن اﻟﺻﻌب ﺟداً أن ﯾﻛون ھﻧﺎك ﺷك( ﺣول ھل ﻧص‬
‫اﻷﺻول ﻗد ﺣُﻔظ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣُﻣﺎﺛل ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺗرة اﻟﻘﺻﯾرة ﺟداً ﺑﯾن ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﺻول و‬
‫أﻗدم اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻣﺗوﻓرة‪ .‬اﻟﻣُﻼﺣظﺎت اﻟﺗﻧﺎﻗﻠﯾﺔ ُﺗوﺣﻰ ﺑﻣوﺛوﻗﯾﺔ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻹﻧﺗﻘﺎل‬
‫ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺗرة اﻟﻘﺻﯾرة اﻟﺗﻰ ﻻ ﯾﺗوﻓر ﺑﮭﺎ دﻟﯾل‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ذﻟك‪ ،‬ﻛل اﻟﻣﺑﺎدىء‬
‫اﻟﻌﻘﯾدﯾﺔ ﻣوﺟودة ﺑﺷﻛل واﺿﺢ ﻓﻰ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺗوﺳط اﻟﻧص اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻰ ‪ .% 92‬ﻻ‬
‫ُﯾوﺟد ﻋﻘﯾدة أُﺛﺑﺗت او أُﺑطﻠت ﻓﻰ اﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ اﻟ ُﻣﺗﺑﻘﯾﺔ ‪ ،% 8‬ﺣﯾث ُﺗوﺟد‬
‫اﻹﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت‪ .‬اﯾﺿﺎً‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻟﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻘراءات ھﻰ ﺻﻐرى‪/‬ﺛﺎﻧوﯾﺔ‪/‬ﺗﺎﻓﮭﺔ و ﺑﺷﻛل ﻋﺎم ھﻰ‬
‫إﺳﻠوﺑﯾﺔ ﻓﻰ طﺑﯾﻌﺗﮭﺎ‪ .‬اذا أﺳﺗﺑﻌدﻧﺎ اﻷﺧطﺎء اﻟﻧﺳﺧﯾﺔ اﻟﻐﯾر اﻟﻣُﺗرﺟﻣﺔ‪ ،‬و اﻹﺳﻠوﺑﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧوﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻹﺗﻔﺎق اﻟﻛﺎﻣل ﺑﯾن أﻗدم اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت و أﻛﺛرھﺎ ﺗﺄﺧراً ﺳﯾﺗﺿﺢ‬
‫ﺟوھرﯾﺎ ً‪ .‬اﻟوﺛﺎﺋق اﻟﻣﺗوﻓرة ُﺗﻣﺛل اﻷﺻول ﻓﻰ ﻛل اﻟﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻣﺑدﺋﯾﺔ ﺑدﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﻧص اﻟذى ﻧﻣﺗﻠﻛﮫ اﻵن ﻛﺎﻓﻰ و واﻗﻌﻰ ﻹﺛﺑﺎت و ﺗﺄﻛﯾد ﻛل اﻟﻣواﻗف‬
‫اﻟﻌﻘﯾدﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻰ ﻗﺎﻣت ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾﺔ اﻟ ُﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾﻣﺔ‪".‬‬

‫‪13‬‬
 -5
‫ﻣﺎﯾﻛل ھوﻟﻣز‬
Michael William Holmes

: ‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ‬
New Testament Criticism and
Interpretation –

By David Alan Black & David S.

Dockery
Chapter Four : Textual Criticism ,
Notes , Note Number 21

By Michael William Holmes

128 ‫ و‬127 ‫ص‬

21 : Indeed, in view of the attention that is rightly focused on the places where the evidence differs, it is
worth noting just how much of the New Testament is well established. A survey by the Alands reveals
that of the 7,947 verses in the Greek New Testament, seven major editions are in complete agreement
regarding 4,999, or 62.9% (Aland,Text, 28-29). If one were to leave aside certain idiosyncracies and minor
differences between these editions, it may be estimated that the number of verses about which there is
substantial agreement approaches 90% of the total. To be sure, the remaining differences can be substantial
and important, and fully merit the attention given to them over the centuries by textual critics. One should not
neglect, however, to keep them in perspective, especially as people unacquainted with textual matters are
sometimes shocked to encounter statements to the effect that "there are over 30,000 errors in the New
Testament." The intended implication is that the New Testament is unreliable. Such statements are
uninformed and inaccurate. If one defines "error" broadly enough, to include, e.g., spelling mistakes or
differences, then it is true that there are tens if not hundreds of thousands of "errors" among the 5000 +
manuscripts of the New Testament. But this hardly affects the reliability of the New Testament itself,
since wherever some MSS are in error, others have accurately preserved the original text.

14
 ‫"ﻓﻌﻠﯾﺎً‪ ،‬و ﺑﺎﻟﻧظر إﻟﻰ اﻹھﺗﻣﺎم‪ ،‬اﻟذى ﯾﺟب ﻓﻌﻼً أن ﯾﻛون‪ ،‬ﺣول اﻷﻣﺎﻛن‬
‫اﻟﺗﻰ ﯾﺧﺗﻠف ﻓﯾﮭﺎ اﻟدﻟﯾل‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻣن اﻟﺟدﯾر ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺗﺑﺎه ُﻣﻼﺣظﺔ اﻟﺣﺟم‬
‫اﻟﻛﺑﯾر اﻟﺛﺎﺑت ﻧﺻﯾﺎ ً ﻓﻰ اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ ً‪ .‬ﻗﺎم ِﻛرت و ﺑرﺑﺎرا آﻻﻧد‬
‫ﺑﻌﻣل ﻣﺳﺢ ﺷﺎﻣل‪ ،‬و ﻛﺷف ﻋن أﻧﮫ ﻣن ﺑﯾن ‪ 7947‬ﻧص ﻓﻰ اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد‬
‫اﻟﯾوﻧﺎﻧﻰ‪ ،‬ﻓﮭﻧﺎك ﺳﺑﻌﺔ إﺻدارات رﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد اﻟﯾوﻧﺎﻧﻰ ﻓﻰ إﺗﻔﺎق‬
‫ﺗﺎم ﻓﻰ ‪ 4999‬ﻧص‪ ،‬أى ‪) % 62.9‬آﻻﻧد‪ ،‬ﻧص اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد‪ ،‬ص ‪- 28‬‬
‫‪ .(29‬و إذا ﻗﺎم اﻟﻔرد ﺑﺗﻧﺣﯾﺔ اﻹﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﺛﺎﻧوﯾﺔ ﺑﯾن ھذه اﻹﺻدارات‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻧﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﻟﻘول ﺑﺄن ﻋدد اﻟﻧﺻوص اﻟﺗﻰ ﺗﺗﻔق ﺟوھرﯾﺎً‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺗرب ﻣن ‪90‬‬
‫‪ %‬ﻣن ﻣﺟﻣوع اﻟﻧص‪ .‬ﻟﻛن ﻟﻧﻛن ﻣﺗﺄﻛدﯾن‪ ،‬اﻹﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﻣﺗﺑﻘﯾﺔ ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻣﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون ﺟوھرﯾﺔ و ﻋﺎﻣﺔ و إﺳﺗﺣﻘوا اﻹﻧﺗﺑﺎه ﻟﮭم ﻋﺑر اﻟﻘرون‬
‫ﺑواﺳطﺔ ُﻧﻘﺎد اﻟﻧص‪ .‬ﻟﻛن ﯾﺟب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔرد أﻻ ﯾﮭﻣل وﺿﻊ ھذه‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ و أن اﻟﻧﺎس اﻟﻐﯾر ﻣﺗدرﺑﯾن ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ﻓﻰ وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧظر‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﻣوﺿوﻋﺎت اﻟﻧﺻﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾُﺻدﻣون ﻓﻰ ﺑﻌض اﻷﺣﯾﺎن ﺣﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﯾُﻘﺎﺑﻠون‬
‫ﻋﺑﺎرات ﻣﺛل‪":‬ھﻧﺎك أﻛﺛر ﻣن ‪ 30000‬ﺧطﺄ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد"‪ .‬و‬
‫اﻟﻣﻘﺻود ﻣن ھذه اﻟﻌﺑﺎرات أن اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﻏﯾر ﻣوﺛوق‪ .‬ھذه‬
‫اﻟﺗﺻرﯾﺣﺎت ﻏﯾر دﻗﯾﻘﺔ و ﻏﯾر ﻋﺎﻟﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻰ‪ .‬ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻔرد أن ﯾﺟﻌل ﻣﻔﮭوم "اﻟﺧطﺄ" واﺳﻊ ﻟﻛﻰ ﯾﺷﺗﻣل اﺧطﺎء و إﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺗﮭﺟﺋﺔ‪ ،‬إذن ﻓﮭﻧﺎك ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌل ﻋﺷرات إن ﻟم ﯾﻛن ﻣﺋﺎت اﻵﻻف ﻣن‬
‫"اﻷﺧطﺎء" ﺑﯾن أﻛﺛر ﻣن ‪ 5000‬ﻣﺧطوطﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد‪ .‬وﻟﻛن ھذا ﻻ‬
‫ﯾؤﺛر ﻓﻰ ﻣوﺛوﻗﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ذاﺗﮫ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﮫ ﺣﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﺗﻛون ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣن اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت ﺗﺣﺗوى ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧطﺄ‪ ،‬ﻓﮭﻧﺎك ﻣﺧطوطﺎت أﺧرى‬
‫اﺣﺗﻔظت ﺑﺎﻟﻧص اﻷﺻﻠﻰ‪.".‬‬

‫‪15‬‬
 -6
‫وﯾﺳﺗﻛوت و ھورت‬
Brooke Foss Westcott,
Fenton John Anthony Hort

‫وﯾﺳﺗﻛوت‬ ‫ھورت‬
Brooke Fenton John
Foss Anthony
Westcott Hort

: ‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ‬
The New Testament in the Original Greek Introduction and Appendix

By Brooke Foss Westcott and Fenton John Anthony Hort,

Introduction : 3 ‫ و‬2 ‫ص‬

“With regard to the great bulk of the

words of the New Testament, as of most
other ancient writings, there is no
variation or other ground of doubt, and
therefore no room for textual criticism;
and here therefore an editor is merely a transcriber.

The proportion of words virtually

accepted on all hands as raised above
doubt is very great, not less, on a rough
computation, than seven eighths of the whole. The
remaining eighth therefore, formed in great part by
changes of order and other comparative
trivialities, constitutes the whole area of criticism.

16
‫‪Recognising to the full the duty of abstinence from peremptory decision in cases where the evidence leaves‬‬
‫‪the judgement in suspense between two or more readings, we find that, setting aside differences of‬‬
‫‪orthography, the words in our opinion still subject to doubt only make up about one sixtieth of the whole‬‬
‫‪New Testament. In this Second estimate, the proportion of comparatively trivial variations is beyond‬‬
‫‪measure larger than in the former; so that the amount of what can in any sense be called substantial‬‬
‫‪and can hardly form more‬‬
‫‪variation is but a small fraction of the whole residuary variation,‬‬

‫‪than a thousandth part of the entire text.‬‬

‫‪Since there is reason to suspect that an exaggerated impression prevails as to the extent of possible textual‬‬
‫‪corruption in the New Testament, which might seem to be confirmed by language used here and there in the‬‬
‫‪following pages, we‬‬
‫‪desire to make it clearly understood beforehand how much‬‬
‫‪of the New Testament stands in no need of a textual critic's labours.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧظر إﻟﻲ اﻟﺣﺟم اﻷﻋظم ﻣن ﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻣﻌظم اﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻌﺗﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻷﺧري‪ ،‬ﻻ ﯾوﺟد اﺧﺗﻼف‪/‬ﺗﻐﯾﯾر أو أي أرﺿﯾﺔ أﺧري ﻟﻠﺷك ‪ ،‬و ُﺑﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﻻ ﯾوﺟد ﻣﺟﺎل‬
‫ﻋﻣل ل "اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ" ‪ ،‬وﻣن ﺛ ﱠم ھﻧﺎ ﯾﻛون اﻟﻣُﺣرﱢ ر‪/‬ﻛﺎﺗب اﻟﻌﻣود ھو ﻣُﺟرﱠ د ﻧﺎﺳﺦ‪ .‬ﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺎس ‪،‬‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﻣﻘﺑوﻟﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﯾﺎ ً ﺑﺈﺟﻣﺎع اﻟﻛل ﻋظﯾﻣﺔ ﺟداً ﺑﻣﺎ ﻻ ﯾدع ﻣﺟﺎﻻً ﻟﻠﺷك ‪ ،‬ﻓﺑﺣِﺳﺎ ٍ‬
‫ب‬
‫ھذه اﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ُﺗﻣ ّﺛل ﺳﺑﻌﺔ أﺛﻣﺎن )‪ (8/7‬ﻣن اﻟﻛل‪ .‬وﺑُﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﯾﮫ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ُ‬
‫اﻟﺛﻣن اﻟﺑﺎﻗﻲ )‪ (8/1‬اﻟذي ﯾﺗﻛون‬
‫ﺑﺷﻛل ﻛﺑﯾر ﻣن ﺗﻐﯾﯾرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗرﺗﯾب وأﻣور أﺧري ﺗﺎﻓﮭﺔ ﻧﺳﺑﯾﺎ ً ‪ ،‬ﯾُﺷ ّﻛل ﻛل ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ "اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ"‪.‬‬

‫إﻧﮫ ﺑﺎﻹدراك اﻟﻛﺎﻣل ﻟﻼﻧﻘطﺎع ﻋن ﺗﻘدﯾم ﻗرار ﺣﺎﺳم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗرك اﻟدﻟﯾل اﻟﺣُﻛم ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷك‬
‫ﺑﯾن ﻗراﺋﺗﯾن أو أﻛﺛر‪ ،‬ﻧﺟد أﻧﮫ‪ ،‬ﺑوﺿﻊ اﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﺗﮭﺟﺋﺔ وطرﯾﻘﺔ رﺳم اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﺟﺎﻧﺑﺎ ً‪ ،‬اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ رأﯾﻧﺎ ﻣﺎزاﻟت ُﻋرﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺷك ُﺗﻣ ّﺛل ﻓﻘط واﺣد ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﺗﺔ ﻋﺷر )‪ (16/1‬ﻣن ﻛل اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد‪ .‬وﻓﻲ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺗﺎﻓﮭﺔ ﻋﻧد ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺗﮭﺎ ﺑﻐﯾرھﺎ أﻋﻠﻲ ﻣن اﻟﺳﺎﺑق ﺑﻣﺎ ﯾﻔوق‬ ‫ھذا اﻟﺗﻘدﯾر اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺳﺑﺔ اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑدو‬
‫اﻟﻘﯾﺎس‪ ،‬و ُﺑﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﻣﺎ ُﯾﻣﻛن أن ُﯾﺳ ﱠﻣﻲ ﺑﺄي ﻣﻌﻧﻲ اﺧﺗﻼف ﺟوھري ھﻲ ﻓﻘط ﻛﺳر ﺻﻐﯾر ﻣن‬
‫ﻛل اﻻﺧﺗﻼف اﻟ ُﻣﺗﺑﻘﻲ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎد ُﺗﻣ ّﺛل أﻛﺛر ﻣن واﺣد ﻋﻠﻲ أﻟف ﻣن اﻟﻧص‬
‫ﺑﺄﻛﻣﻠﮫ‪ .‬ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ ﻣن اﻟ ُﻣﺗرﺟم ‪ :‬اﻟﺟزء اﻟ ُﻣظﻠﱠل ﺑﺎﻟﻠون اﻷﺻﻔر ﻣﻌﻧﺎه ﺑﺑﺳﺎطﺔ أن اﻻﺧﺗﻼف اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ ھو ﺑﺷﺄن‬
‫واﺣد ﻋﻠﻲ أﻟف ﻣن اﻟﻧص ﺑﺄﻛﻣﻠﮫ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ أن ‪ %99.9‬ﻣن اﻟﻧص ﻣوﺛوق ﺑﮫ وﻣﺣﻔوظ ﺳﻠﯾﻣﺎ ً‬
‫ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ ً !!!‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻣﺎ إﻧﮫ ﯾوﺟد ﺳﺑب ﻟﻠﺷك أن اﻧطﺑﺎع ﻣُﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻓﯾﮫ ﯾﺳود ﺑﺧﺻوص ﻣدي اﻟﻔﺳﺎد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ‪،‬‬
‫واﻟذي ﻗد ﯾﺑدو أن ﺗؤﻛده اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟ ُﻣﺳﺗﺧدَﻣﺔ ھﻧﺎ وﻓﻲ اﻟﺻﻔﺣﺎت اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻧﺣن ﻧرﻏب أن ﻧﺟﻌل‬
‫اﻷﻣر ﻣﻔﮭوﻣﺎ ً ﺑوﺿوح ُﻣﺳ َﺑﻘﺎ ً أﻧﮫ إﻟﻲ أي ﻣدي ﯾﻘف اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﺑدون ﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬
‫إﻟﻲ ﻣﺟﮭودات اﻟﻧﺎﻗد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪17‬‬
 : ‫وﻓﻲ ﻧﻔس اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ‬
The New Testament in the Original Greek Introduction and Appendix

By Brooke Foss Westcott and Fenton John Anthony Hort,

CHAPTER IV : SUBSTANTIAL INTEGRITY OF THE PUREST TRANSMITTED TEXT ,

B : Approximate sufficiency of existing documents for the recovery of the genuine

text, notwithstanding the existence of some primitive corruptions
، 278 ‫ص‬
363 ‫ﻓﻘرة رﻗم‬

363 : Absence of any contrary presumption arising from the

complexity of attestation in the N.T., which is in fact due to
unique advantages in the antiquity, variety, and excellence of the
evidence
363. The question however needs more careful consideration on account of the apparent ease and
simplicity with which many ancient texts are edited, which might be thought, on a hasty view, to
imply that the New Testament cannot be restored with equal certainty. But this ease and simplicity is
in fact the mark of evidence too scanty to be tested ; whereas
in the variety and fullness
of the evidence on which it rests the text of the New Testament stands
absolutely and unapproachably alone among prose writings.

: ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ‬

‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺳؤال ﯾﺣﺗﺎج أن ﻧﺄﺧذ اﻋﺗﺑﺎراً ﺣرﯾﺻﺄ ﺑﺧﺻوص ﻣدي اﻟﺳﮭوﻟﺔ واﻟﺑﺳﺎطﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ‬، ‫ﻋﻠﻲ أي ﺣﺎل‬
، ‫ إذا ﻧظرﻧﺎ إﻟﻲ اﻷﻣر ﺑﻧظرة ُﻣﺗﺳرﻋﺔ‬، ‫ واﻟذي ﻗد ﯾُﻌ َﺗﻘد‬، ‫ﯾﺗم ﺑﮭﺎ ﺗﺣرﯾر اﻟﻛﺛﯾر ﻣن اﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻘدﯾﻣﺔ‬
‫ وﻟﻛن ھذه اﻟﺳﮭوﻟﺔ واﻟﺑﺳﺎطﺔ ھﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﺔ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ‬.‫أن اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗرﺟﺎﻋﮫ ﺑدﻗﺔ ﻣُﻛﺎﻓﺋﺔ‬
‫ ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟدﻟﯾل اﻟ ُﻣﺗﻧوع واﻟﻛﺎﻣل اﻟذي‬،ً‫ﻋﻠﻲ أن اﻟدﻟﯾل اﻟذي ﯾُﻣﻛن اﺧﺗﺑﺎره ﻗﻠﯾل ﺟدا‬
‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﯾﻘف وﺣده ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ ً ﺑﺻورة ُﻣطﻠﻘﺔ وﻻ ﯾﻘﺗرب‬، ‫ﯾﺳﺗﻧد ﻋﻠﯾﮫ اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد‬
.‫ ﻻ ُﯾﺿﺎھﯾﮫ أيٍ ﻣن اﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺎت اﻷدﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻘدﯾﻣﺔ‬/ ‫ﻣﻧﮫ‬

18
 -7
‫أرﺗﺷﯾﺑوﻟد روﺑرﺗﺳون‬
Archibald Thomas Robertson

: ‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ‬
An Introduction to the Textual
Criticism of the New Testament
CHAPTER I : THE TEXTUS RECEPTUS

22 ‫ و‬21 ‫ص‬

"It should be stated at once that the Textus

Receptus is not a bad text. It is not a
heretical text. It is substantially correct. Hort
has put the matter well: “With regard to the great
bulk of the words of the New Testament,...” …
It is clear, therefore, that the Textus
Receptus has preserved for us a
substantially accurate text in spite of the
long centuries preceding the age of printing
when copying by hand was the only method
of reproducing the New Testament. But the
case is even better than this presentation, for Hort
concludes: ‘Recognizing to the full ...”

The real conflict in the textual criticism of

the New Testament is concerning this
“thousandth part of the entire text.” …
No amount of toil is too great if only we can
be sure that we possess the original text of
the New Testament.”

19
 ‫ﻧﺻﺎ ً ھرطوﻗﯾﺎً‪ .‬ھو‬ ‫إﻧﮫ ﯾﺟب ﻓوراً ﺗﻘرﯾر أن اﻟﻧص اﻟ ُﻣﺳ َﺗﻠم ﻟﯾس ﱠ‬
‫ﻧﺻﺎ ً ﺳﯾﺋﺎً‪ .‬ھو ﻟﯾس ﱠ‬
‫ﺟوھرﯾﺎ ً ﺻﺣﯾﺢ‪ .‬اﻟﻌﺎﻟم ھورت ﻗ ﱠدم اﻷﻣر ﺑطرﯾﻘﺔ ﺟﯾدة ‪" :‬ﺑﺎﻟﻧظر إﻟﻲ اﻟﺣﺟم اﻷﻋظم ﻣن ﻛﻠﻣﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ‪... "...‬‬
‫وﺑﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻣن اﻟواﺿﺢ أن اﻟﻧص اﻟ ُﻣﺳ َﺗﻠم ﻗد ﺣﻔظ ﻟﻧﺎ ﻧص دﻗﯾق ﺟوھرﯾﺎً‪/‬ﺑﺷﻛل‬
‫أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﻟرﻏم ﻣن اﻟﻘرون اﻟطوﯾﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﺑﻘت ﻋﺻر اﻟطﺑﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻧﺳﺦ ﺑﺎﻟﯾد‬
‫ھو اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟوﺣﯾدة ﻟﻧﺳﺦ‪/‬إﻋﺎدة إﻧﺗﺎج اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد‪ .‬وﻟﻛن اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ أﻓﺿل ﺣﺗﻲ ﻣن ھذا‬
‫اﻟﻣظﮭر‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث أن اﻟﻌﺎﻟم ھورت ﯾﺳﺗﻧﺗﺞ أﻧﮫ ‪ " :‬إﻧﮫ ﺑﺎﻹدراك اﻟﻛﺎﻣل ‪... "...‬‬
‫إن اﻟﺧﻼف اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ھو ﺑﺷﺄن ھذا "اﻟواﺣد ﻣن‬
‫اﻷﻟف ﻣن اﻟﻧص ﺑﺄﻛﻣﻠﮫ" ‪...‬‬
‫ﻻ ﯾوﺟد ﻣﻘدار ﻛﺑﯾر ﻣن اﻟﻣﺟﮭود ﻟو أﻧﻧﺎ ﻓﻘط اﺳﺗطﻌﻧﺎ أن ﻧﻛون ﻣﺗﺄﻛدﯾن ﻣن‬
‫أﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﻣﺗﻠك اﻟﻧص اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ ﻣن اﻟ ُﻣﺗرﺟم ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺟزء اﻟ ُﻣظﻠﱠل ﺑﺎﻟﻠون اﻷﺻﻔر ﻣﻌﻧﺎه ﺑﺑﺳﺎطﺔ أن اﻻﺧﺗﻼف اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ ھو ﺑﺷﺄن واﺣد ﻋﻠﻲ أﻟف ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻧص ﺑﺄﻛﻣﻠﮫ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ أن ‪ %99.9‬ﻣن اﻟﻧص ﻣوﺛوق ﺑﮫ وﻣﺣﻔوظ ﺳﻠﯾﻣﺎ ً ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ ً !!!‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ ﻣن اﻟ ُﻣﺗرﺟم ‪:‬‬

‫اﻗﺗﺑﺎﺳﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟم ھورت اﻟﻠذان ذﻛرھﻣﺎ ھُﻧﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم أرﺗﺷﯾﺑوﻟد روﺑرﺗﺳون ﻣوﺟودان ﻛﺎﻣﻼن‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‪ ،‬و ُﻣ َﺗ َ‬
‫رﺟﻣﺎن إﻟﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﮭﺎدة رﻗم ‪ 6‬ﻣن ﺷﮭﺎدة اﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﺑﺣث ‪ ،‬ﺗﺣت‬
‫ﻋﻧوان ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -6‬وﯾﺳﺗﻛوت و ھورت‪.‬‬

‫‪20‬‬
 -8
‫ﺟﺎﻛوب ﺟرﯾﻧﻠﻲ‬
Jacob Harold Greenlee

: ‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ‬
Introduction to New Testament Textual
Criticism (Revised Edition)

By Jacob Harold Greenlee

1. Introduction ;
C : The Place of the New Testament in
Textual Criticism
and D : The Area of Textual Criticism
6‫و‬5‫ص‬

21
 ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫" ب ‪ :‬وﺿﻊ اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻌﻠم اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟرﻏم ﻣن أن ﻋﻠم "اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ" ﻣﻔﯾد ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ أي ﻗطﻌﺔ ﻣن اﻷدب اﻟﻘدﯾم ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن أھم ﻓرع ﻣن ﻋﻠم "اﻟﻧﻘد‬
‫اﻟﻧﺻﻲ" ھو ذاك اﻟذي ﯾﺗﻌﻠﱠق ﺑﺎﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد‪ .‬ھذا ﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ ﺑﺳﺑب ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﺳﺑﺎب ﻣُﺗﺷﺎﺑﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ اﻟﻣﻘﺎم اﻷول ‪ :‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻌﮭد‬
‫اﻟﺟدﯾد ھو أھم ﻗطﻌﺔ ﻣن اﻷدب اﻟﻘدﯾم‪ .‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻘﺎم اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻓﺈن ﻋدد اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻣﺗواﻓرة ﻟﻠﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد‬
‫أﻛﺑر ﺑﺎﻛﺗﺳﺎح‪/‬ﺑﻛﺛﯾر ﺟداً ﻣن ﺗﻠك اﻟﺗﻲ ﻷي ﻋﻣل آﺧر ﻣن اﻷدب اﻟﻘدﯾم‪ .‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻘﺎم اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ‪ :‬أﻛﺛر‬
‫ﻣﺧطوطﺎت ُﻣﺑﻛرة ﻟﻠﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﻣﺎزاﻟت ﺑﺎﻗﯾﺔ إﻟﻲ اﻻن ﺗﻣت ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ أﻗرب ﺑﻛﺛﯾر إﻟﻲ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ‬
‫اﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﯾﺔ ﻣن ﺗﻘرﯾﺑﺎ ً أي ﻗطﻌﺔ أﺧري ﻣن اﻷدب اﻟﻘدﯾم‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺷﻛل ﻋﺎم ﻋﻠﻲ أن ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺎت اﻷﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﻛﻼﺳﯾﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﻘدﯾﻣﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺣق اﻟﺛﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻟرﻏم ﻣن أن‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺑﻣﺎ أن اﻟدارﺳﯾن ﯾواﻓﻘون‬
‫أﻛﺛر اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻣُﺑﻛرة ﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﻣت ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺗﮭﺎ ﺑﻌد زﻣن طوﯾل ﺟداً ﻣن اﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟرﻏم ﻣن أن ﻋدد‬
‫ﻣﺧطوطﺎﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺗزال ﺑﺎﻗﯾﺔ ﺻﻐﯾر ﺟداً ﻓﻲ اﻟﻛﺛﯾر ﻣن اﻷﺣوال‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻣن اﻟواﺿﺢ أن ﻣوﺛوﻗﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻧص اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ھﻲ ﺑﻧﻔس اﻟﻘﯾﺎس ﻣؤﻛدة‪".‬‬

‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫" د ‪ :‬ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻠم "اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ" ‪:‬‬
‫ﯾوﺟد ﺗﺳﺎؤل ﺑﺧﺻوص ﻗراءة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد واﯾﺿﺎ ً ﻓﻲ اﻷدب اﻟﻘدﯾم‪ ،‬ﻻ‬
‫ﻣﻌظم اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت‪ .‬ﻋﻠم "اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ" ﯾﺣﺗﺎج أن ﯾﻌﻣل ﻓﻘط ﻓﻲ ﺟزء ﻣﺣدود ﻣن اﻟﻧص‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾرﺗﺑط اﻟﻔرد ﺑﮭذه اﻟدراﺳﺔ‪ ،‬وﯾﺗم اﻋﺗﺑﺎرﻋدد وأھﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻧوﱡ ﻋﺎت ]ﯾﻘﺻد ﺗﻧوﱡ ﻋﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻘراءات[ ﻣرﻛز اﻻھﺗﻣﺎم‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻣن اﻟﺟﯾد أن ﻧﺗذﻛر أن اﻟﻘوام اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻧص‬
‫َﻣﺳﺎس‪ ،‬وأن ﻋﻠم "اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ" ﯾرﺗﺑط ﺑﺄن ﯾﺿﻊ ﻋدﺳﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﻌﻧﺎه اﻟﻌﺎم ُﺗ ِرﻛوا دون‬
‫ﻣُﻛﺑّرة ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻌض اﻟﺗﻔﺎﺻﯾل‪" .‬‬

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 ‫وﻓﻲ ﻧﻔس اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism (Revised Edition‬‬

‫‪By Jacob Harold Greenlee‬‬

‫‪3. The Sources of The New Testament Text ; B : Versions‬‬

‫ص ‪ 36‬و ‪37‬‬

‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻛﺎن ﻣن اﻟﻧﺎدر أن ﯾﺗم ﺗرﺟﻣﺔ اﻷدب اﻟﻘدﯾم إﻟﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ أﺧري‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻻت اﻻﺳﺗﺛﻧﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻛﺎن ﯾﺗم ﻓﯾﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻌل ھذا‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺗرﺟﻣﺔ اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻧت ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌظم اﻟﺣﺎﻻت ذات اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺻﻐﯾر ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣدﯾد اﻟﻧص اﻟدﻗﯾق‬
‫ﻟﻸﺻل‪ .‬وﺑُﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗم ﺗرﺟﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﻘدﯾم اﻟﻌﺑري إﻟﻲ اﻟﯾوﻧﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘرن اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﺑل اﻟﻣﯾﻼد‬
‫ﺗﻘرﯾﺑﺎ ً‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ وﻗف ﻣُﻣﯾزا ﺣﻘﺎ ً ﻓﻲ اﻷدب‪.‬‬

‫إن اﻹﯾﻣﺎن اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺣﻲ ﻓﻲ طﺑﯾﻌﺗﮫ ﺣﻘﺎ ً ھو دﯾن ﺗﺑﺷﯾري‪ .‬ﻓﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾﺔ ﯾﺗم ﺣﻣﻠﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻛل اﻟﺑﻼد‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن أﺳﻔﺎر اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﻟم ﯾﺗم ﻓﻘط اﺻطﺣﺎﺑﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑل أﯾﺿﺎ ً ﻛﺎﻧت ﺗﺗم ﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮭﺎ إﻟﻲ ﻟﻐﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺷﻌوب اﻟذﯾن ﻛﺎﻧت ُﺗﻌطﻲ ﻟﮭم ھذه اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻘﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن أﺳﻔﺎر اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﺗم ﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮭﺎ ﻷول ﻣرة ﺑﻌد‬
‫ﻛل ﻣن ﻋدد‬ ‫ﻓﺗرة ﻗﺻﯾرة ﻣن ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺗﮭﺎ‪ .‬اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﻻ ﻣﺛﯾل ﻟﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻷدب ﻣن ﻧﺎﺣﯾﺔ ٍ‬
‫اﻟﻧص‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺟﻣﺎت اﻟﻘدﯾﻣﺔ أو اﻟ ُﻧﺳﺦ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗم ﻋﻣﻠﮭﺎ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ أھﻣﯾﺗﮭم ﻟدراﺳﺔ‬

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‫أﻟف ﻗراءة‪ ،‬و ھو اﻟﻌدد اﻷﻛﺑر ﻣن ﻋدد ﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﻌﮭد‬
‫ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ ﻣن اﻟ ُﻣﺗرﺟم ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﺻد اﻟﻌﺎﻟم ﺟﺎﻛوب ﺟرﯾﻧﻠﻲ أن‬
‫ﯾﻘوﻟﮫ ھﻧﺎ ﺑﺑﺳﺎطﺔ أن ادﻋﺎء ﻓﺳﺎد ﻧص‬
‫اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد )ادﻋﺎء ﺗﺣرﯾﻔﮫ أو‬
‫ﺗﻐﯾﯾره( ھو ادﻋﺎء ﺧﺎطﻲء ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ ً‬
‫و ُﻣﻧﺗﻔﺦ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻓﺎدح‪ ،‬وأن ﻋﻠﻣﺎء ﻋﻠم‬
‫"اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ" اﻟﯾوم ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺳﺗوي‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟم ُﻣﻘﺗﻧﻌﯾن أن رﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣؤﻟﻔﯾن‬
‫ﺣرف ﺑﺟدﯾﺔ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣؤﻟﻔﯾن‬ ‫ﺣدﺛت‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ ﻟم ُﺗ ﱢ‬
‫اﻷﺻﻠﯾﯾن ) ُﻛ ﱠﺗﺎب أﺳﻔﺎر اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد(‬
‫ﺣرﻓﺔ‪ ،‬وﻧﺳﺗطﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺎزاﻟت ﺳﻠﯾﻣﺔ ﻏﯾر ُﻣ ﱠ‬
‫أن ﻧﺻل إﻟﻲ اﻟﻘراءات اﻷﺻﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻌظﻣﻲ ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﺣﺎﻻت‪.‬‬
‫‪24‬‬
‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫‪The Text of The New Testament :‬‬
‫‪From Manuscript to Modern Edition‬‬
‫‪By Jacob Harold Greenlee‬‬
‫ص ‪75‬‬
‫" ﻓﻰ اﻟﺳﻧوات اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ‪ ،‬أﺻﺑﺢ ﻣن اﻟﺷﺎﺋﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﺗزاﯾد‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺑﻌض اﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء اﻟﻣﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣدى اﻟذى إﻟﯾﮫ ﻏﯾر‬
‫ُﻧﺳﺎخ ﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد اﻟﻘُداﻣﻰ‪ ،‬اﻟﻧص‬
‫اﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﻰ ﺑﺗﻌﻣد‪ ،‬ﻟﯾﺗواﻓق ﻣﻊ ﺗﺣﯾزاﺗﮭم اﻟﻼھوﺗﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻌض ھؤﻻء اﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء ﯾُدﻟﻠوا ان ھذه‬
‫اﻹﻓﺳﺎدات اﻟﻣُﺗﻌﻣدة او اﻟﻼھوﺗﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗد ﺣرّﻓت ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻧﺣو ھﺎم‪ ،‬رﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣؤﻟﻔﯾن اﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﯾﯾن اﻷﺻﻠﯾﯾن‪ .‬أﻣﺛﺎل‬
‫ھؤﻻء اﻟ ُﻧﻘﺎد ﯾُدﻋﻣون إﺣﺗﺟﺎﺟﮭم ﺑذﻛر اﻟﻌدد اﻟﻌﺎم‬
‫ﻟﻺﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ﺑﯾن ﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌروﻓﺔ‪ .‬اﻟﺗﻘدﯾرات ﺗﺻل ﻋﻠﯾﺎً‪ ،‬اﻟﻰ ﺣد رﺑﻌﻣﺎﺋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺟدﯾد ﻛﺎﻣﻼً‪ .‬ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ إﻧﮫ ﻣن اﻟﻣُﻣﻛن اﻹﺣﺗﺟﺎج ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﻣواﺿﻊ ﻧﺎدرة ﺗﻣت ﺗﻌدﯾﻼت ﻣُﺗﻌﻣدة ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ھﻧﺎك اﺳﺑﺎب ﻋدﯾدة‬
‫ﻟﻺﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎج ﺑﺄن ھذه اﻹدﻋﺎءات ﺑﻔﺳﺎد ﻧﺻﻰ‬
‫ھﺎدف‪ ،‬ﻗد إﻧﺗﻔﺧت ﺑﺷﻛل ﻓﺎدح‪ .‬أﻛﺛر ﻣن ذﻟك‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺳﺑب اﻟﻌدد اﻟﺿﺧم ﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد‬
‫اﻟﻣوﺟودة اﻟﯾوم‪ ،‬اﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء اﻟﻧﺻﯾﯾن ﻣﻘﺗﻧﻌﯾن ﺷﺑﮫ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻣﯾﺎ ً‪ ،‬ان ھذه اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾرات اﻟﻣُﺗﻌﻣدة‪ ،‬ﻷى ﻣدى ﻗد‬
‫اﻷﺻﻠﯾﯾن‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻗد أﻋﺎﻗت ﻗدرﺗﻧﺎ ﻹﻛﺗﺷﺎف‬
‫اﻟﻘراءات اﻷﺻﻠﯾﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻌظﻣﻰ ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﺣﺎﻻت "‪.‬‬
 -9
‫ﻋِ زرا أﺑوت‬
Ezra Abbot

: ‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ‬
The Authorship of the Fourth Gospel,
and other Critical Essays : Selected
from the published papers of the late
Ezra Abbot,
X. The New Testament Greek Text,
209 ‫ و‬208 ‫ص‬
I have sufficiently illustrated the nature of the differences
in the text of the New Testament MSS : we will now
consider their extent and importance. The number of the
"various readings" frightens some innocent people, and
figures largely in the writings of the more ignorant
disbelievers in Christianity. " One hundred and fifty
thousand various readings"! Must not these render the
text of the New Testament wholly uncertain, and thus
destroy the foundation of our faith ?

The true state of the case is something like this. Of the one
hundred and fifty thousand various readings, more or less,
of the text of the Greek New Testament, we may, as Mr.
Norton has remarked, dismiss nineteen twentieths from
consideration at once, as being obviously of such a
character, or supported by so little authority, that no
critic would regard them as having any claim to
reception. This leaves, we will say, seven thousand five
hundred. But of these, again, it will appear, on
examination, that nineteen out of twenty are of no sort
of consequence as affecting the sense ; they relate to
questions of orthography, or grammatical construction,
or the order of words, or such other matters as have
been mentioned above, in speaking of unimportant
variations. They concern only the form of expression, not
the essential meaning.

This reduces the number to perhaps four hundred which involve a difference of meaning, often very slight, or
the omission or addition of a few words, sufficient to render them objects of some curiosity and interest,
while a few exceptional cases among them may relatively be called important.

25
‫‪But our critical helps are now so abundant that in a very large majority of these more important‬‬
‫‪questions of reading we are able to determine the true text with a good degree of‬‬
‫… ‪confidence.‬‬
‫‪But it may be safely said that no Christian doctrine or duty rests on those portions of‬‬
‫‪the text which are affected by differences in the MSS. ; still less is anything essential‬‬
‫‪in Christianity touched by the various readings.‬‬

‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ُ‬
‫وﺳﻧﻧظر اﻵن‬ ‫ﻟﻘد أوﺿﺣت◌ُ ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﯾﮫ اﻟﻛﻔﺎﯾﺔ طﺑﯾﻌﺔ اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻧص ﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣدى ھذه اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر وأھﻣﯾﺗﮭﺎ‪ .‬إن ﻋدد "اﻟﻘراءات اﻟ ُﻣﺗﻧوﻋﺔ" ُﯾﺧﯾف ﺑﻌض اﻟﻧﺎس‬
‫اﻷﺑرﯾﺎء‪ ،‬وﯾظﮭر إﻟﻰ ﺣد ﻛﺑﯾر ﻓﻲ ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻐﯾر ﻣؤﻣﻧﯾن اﻷﻛﺛر ﺟﮭﻼً ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾﺔ‪" .‬ﻣﺎﺋﺔ وﺧﻣﺳون أﻟف ﻗراءة ﻣﺗﻧوﻋﺔ !" أﻻ ﯾﺟب أن ﺗﺟﻌل ھذه ﻧص اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﻏﯾر‬
‫ﻣؤﻛد ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ ً ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ُﺗدﻣّر أﺳﺎس إﯾﻣﺎﻧﻧﺎ ؟‬
‫اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺿﯾﺔ ھﻲ ﺷﻲ ٌء ﻛﮭذا ‪ :‬ﻣن ﺑﯾن ﻣﺎﺋﺔ وﺧﻣﺳﯾن أﻟف ﻗراءة ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ٍ‬
‫ﻧﺣو أو‬
‫آﺧر‪ ،‬ﻟﻧص اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد اﻟﯾوﻧﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺳﺗطﯾﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻻﺣظ اﻟﺳﯾد ﻧورﺗون‪ ،‬أن ﻧﺻرف‪/‬ﻧﺳﺗﺑﻌد‬
‫‪ 20/19‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﺣظﺔ واﺣدة‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺗﺑﺎرھﺎ ﻣن اﻟواﺿﺢ أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺑﻣﺛل ھذه اﻟﺻﻔﺔ‪،‬‬
‫أو ﻣدﻋوﻣﺔ ﺑﻘدر ﺿﺋﯾل ﻣن اﻟﻘوة اﻟ ُﻣﻘﻧﻌﺔ‪ ،‬إﻟﻰ اﻟﺣد اﻟذي ﯾﺟﻌل أي ﻧﺎﻗد ﻧﺻﻲ‬
‫ﻻ ﯾﻌﺗﺑرھﺎ ﺗدﻋو إﻟﻲ اﻷﺧذ ﺑﮭﺎ‪ .‬ھذا ﯾﺗرك‪ ،‬ﺳوف ﻧﻘول‪ ،‬ﺳﺑﻌﺔ آﻻف وﺧﻣﺳﻣﺎﺋﺔ‪ .‬وﻟﻛن ﻣن‬
‫ھذه ‪ ،‬ﻣرة أﺧرى ‪ ،‬ﺳوف ﯾظﮭر ‪ ،‬ﻋﻧد اﻟﻔﺣص ‪ ،‬أن ﺗﺳﻌﺔ ﻋﺷر ﻣن أﺻل ﻋﺷرﯾن ﻟﯾس ﻟﮭﺎ أي‬
‫ﻧوع ﻣن اﻟﻌواﻗب ﻛﺎﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ ؛ ﻓﮭﻲ ﺗﺗﻌ ًﻠّق ﺑﻣﺳﺎﺋل ﺗﺗﻌ ًﻠّق ﺑﺗﻘوﯾم اﻟﺣروف‪ ،‬أو اﻟﺗرﻛﯾب‬
‫اﻟ َﻧﺣوي‪ ،‬أو ﺗرﺗﯾب اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت‪ ،‬أو ﻣﺳﺎﺋل أﺧرى ُذﻛ َِرت ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎً‪ ،‬ﻋﻧد اﻟﺗﻛﻠم ﻋن إﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ﻏﯾر‬
‫ﻣﮭﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﮭﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺗﻌ ﱠﻠق إﻻ ﺑﺷﻛل اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر‪ ،‬وﻟﯾس اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وھذا ﯾُﺧ ّﻔض اﻟﻌدد إﻟﻰ رﺑﻣﺎ أرﺑﻌﻣﺎﺋﺔ‪ ،‬وھو ﻣﺎ ﯾﻧطوي ﻋﻠﻰ اﺧﺗﻼف ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ‪ ،‬وﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ً ﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون طﻔﯾﻔﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ‪ ،‬أو‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻛﺎﻓﯾﺔ ﻟﺟﻌﻠﮭﺎ َﻣﺛﺎر ﻓﺿول واھﺗﻣﺎم‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﯾن أن ﺣﺎﻻت اﺳﺗﺛﻧﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻗﻠﯾﻠﺔ ﻣﻧﮭﺎ ﯾﻣﻛن أن‬ ‫إﻏﻔﺎل أو إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺿﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺎت‪،‬‬
‫ُﺗد َﻋﻰ ﻧﺳﺑﯾﺎ ً ﻣﮭﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻛن اﻟﻣُﺳﺎﻋدات اﻟﻧﻘدﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﮭﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻧﻘدﻣﮭﺎ ﻛﺛﯾرة ﺟداً ﺑﺣﯾث أﻧﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻌظﻣﻰ ﻣن ھذه‬
‫اﻟﺗﺳﺎؤﻻت اﻟﻣﮭﻣﺔ ﺣول اﻟﻘراءة ُﯾﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ أن ُﻧﺣدد اﻟﻧص اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ ﺑدرﺟﺔ ﺟﯾدة‬
‫ﻣن اﻟﺛﻘﺔ‪... .‬‬
‫وﻟﻛن ُﯾﻣﻛن اﻟﻘول ﺑﺄﻣﺎن أﻧﮫ ﻻ ﯾوﺟد أي ﻋﻘﯾدة أو ﻓرﯾﺿﺔ ﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﻧد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺟزاء‬
‫ﻣن اﻟﻧص اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺄﺛر ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت‪ .‬؛ وﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﺄ ﱠﺛر أﯾﺿﺎ ً ﺑدرﺟﺔ أﻗل‬
‫ھو أي ﺷﻲء أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾﺔ ﯾﺗﺄﺛر ﺑﺎﻟﻘراءات اﻟﻣﺗﻧوﻋﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪26‬‬
 -10
‫ِﺑﻧﯾﺎﻣﯾن وارﻓﯾﻠد‬
Benjamin Breckinridge Warfield

: ‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ‬
An Introduction to the Textual Criticism
of the New Testament,

Fifth Edition ‫اﻹﺻدار اﻟﺧﺎﻣس‬

By Benjamin Breckinridge Warfield

Introductory : 15 ‫ و‬14 ‫ و‬12 ‫ص‬

On the other hand, if we compare the present state of the

New Testament text with that of any other ancient writing,
we must render the opposite verdict, and declare it to
be marvellously correct. Such has been the care with
which the New Testament has been copied, a care which
has doubtless grown out of true reverence for its holy
words, such has been the providence of God in preserving
for His Church in each and every age a competently exact
text of the Scriptures, that not only is the New Testament
unrivaled among ancient writings in the purity of its text as
actually transmitted and kept in use, but also in the
abundance of testimony which has come down to us for
castigating its comparatively infrequent blemishes. The
divergence of its current text from the autograph may shock
a modern printer of modern books ; its wonderful
approximation to its autograph is the undisguised envy of
every modern reader of ancient books.

Dr. Ezra Abbot was accustomed to say that about nineteen-twentieths of them have so little support that,
although they are various readings, no one would think of them as rival readings; and nineteen-twentieths
of the remainder are of so little importance that their adoption or rejection would cause no appreciable
difference in the sense of the passages where they occur.

Dr. Hort’s way of stating it is that upon about one word in every eight various readings exist supported by
sufficient evidence to bid us pause and look at it ; that about one word in sixty has various readings upon it
supported by such evidence as to render our decision nice and difficult ; but that so many of these variations
are trivial that only about one word in every thousand has upon it substantial variation supported by such
evidence as to call out the efforts of the critic in deciding between the readings.

27
 ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫وﻣن ﻧﺎﺣﯾ ٍﺔ أﺧرى‪ ،‬إذا ﻗﺎر ﱠﻧﺎ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﺿرة ﻟﻧص اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﺑﺗﻠك اﻟﺗﻲ ﻷﯾﺔ ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﻗدﯾﻣﺔ أﺧرى‪،‬‬
‫ﯾﺟب أن ُﻧﺻدر اﻟﺣﻛم اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻛس‪ ،‬وﻧﻌﻠن أﻧﮫ ﺻﺣﯾﺢ ﺑﺷﻛل ُﻣدھش‪ .‬ﻛﺎن ھذا ھو اﻻھﺗﻣﺎم اﻟذي‬
‫ﺑﮫ ُﻧﺳِ َﺦ اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد‪ ،‬اﻟﻌﻧﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻧﻣت دون ﺷك ﻣن اﻟﺗوﻗﯾر اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ ﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎﺗﮫ اﻟﻣﻘدﺳﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ أن ھذه‬
‫ھﻲ اﻟﻌﻧﺎﯾﺔ اﻹﻟﮭﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻔظ ﷲ ﻟﻛﻧﯾﺳﺗﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻛل ﻋﺻر ﻧص دﻗﯾق ﻛﻔﺎﯾﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﻔﺎر اﻟﻣﻘدﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﯾس‬
‫ﺻﮫ ﻛﻣﺎ ُﻧﻘِل ﻓﻌﻼً واﺳﺗﻣر ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻓﻘط ان اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﻻ ُﯾﻧﺎ َﻓس ﺑﯾن اﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻘدﯾﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﺎوة ﻧ ّ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل‪ ،‬ﺑل أﯾﺿﺎ ً ﻓﻲ وﻓرة اﻟﺷﮭﺎدة اﻟﺗﻲ أﺗت إﻟﯾﻧﺎ ﻟﻧﻘض ﺷواﺋﺑﮫ ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺗﻛررة ﻧﺳﺑﯾﺎ ً‪ .‬إن‬
‫ﺻﮭﺎ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻋن اﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﯾﺔ ﻗد ﯾﺻدم طﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺣدﯾﺛﺔ ﺗطﺑﻊ اﻟﻛﺗب اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ ؛ إن‬ ‫اﺧﺗﻼف ﻧ ﱠ‬
‫ُﻣﻘﺎرﺑﺗﮭﺎ اﻟراﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺎﺗﮭﺎ اﻷﺻﻠﯾﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﺣﺳد اﻟﻣﻛﺷوف ﻟﻛل ﻗﺎرئ ﻋﺻري ﻟﻠﻛﺗب‬
‫اﻟﻘدﯾﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺎن اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ِﻋﺰرا أﺑﻮت ُﻣﻌﺘﺎداً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻮل إن ﻧﺤﻮ )‪ (20/19‬ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ]ﯾﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮاءات اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ[‬
‫ﺗﻨﻮع ﻗﺮاﺋﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ أﻧﮫ ﻻ أﺣﺪ ﺳﯿﻨﻈﺮ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺤﻈﻰ إﻻ ﺑﻘﺪر ﺿﺌﯿﻞ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺄﯾﯿﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﱡ‬
‫إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرھﺎ ﻗﺮاءات ُﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ؛ و )‪ (20/19‬ﻣﻦ ال )‪ (20/1‬اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻟﮭﺎ أھﻤﯿﺔ ﺿﺌﯿﻠﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﯾﺠﻌﻞ اﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﮭﺎ أو رﻓﻀﮭﺎ ﻻ ﯾﺘﺴﺒﱠﺐ ﻓﻲ إﺣﺪاث ﻓﺮق ﻣﻠﻤﻮس ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪث‬
‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‪.‬‬

‫طﺮﯾﻘﺔ د‪ .‬ھﻮرت ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ذﻟﻚ أن ھﻨﺎك ﻛﻠﻤﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﺮاءات ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺄدﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﺗﺠﻌﻠﮭﺎ ﺟﺪﯾﺮة ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﻗﱡﻒ واﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ؛ ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻓﻲ ﺳﺘﯿﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻗﺮاءات ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ھﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺪﻟﯿﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮارﻧﺎ ﺣﻠﻮ وﺻﻌﺐ؛ وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﺗﺎﻓﮭﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ‬
‫أن ﻛﻠﻤﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ أﻟﻒ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﺟﻮھﺮﯾﺔ ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺄدﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﯿﺮة ﺗﺘﻄﻠﱠﺐ‬
‫ﺟﮭﻮد اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺪ اﻟﻨﺼّﻲ ﻓﻲ إﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮار ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻘﺮاءات اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ]ﯾﻘﺼﺪ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ أي ﻗﺮاءة ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ھﻲ‬
‫اﻷﻗﺮب ﻟﻠﻨﺺ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ[‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ ﻣن اﻟ ُﻣﺗرﺟم ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺷﮭﺎدة اﻟﻌﺎﻟم ﻋِ زرا أﺑوت اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗﻛﻠم ﻋﻧﮭﺎ ھﻧﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم ِﺑﻧﯾﺎﻣﯾن وارﻓﯾﻠد ﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺷﮭﺎدة رﻗم ‪ 9‬ﻣن ﺷﮭﺎدة ﻋﻠﻣﺎء "اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ" ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﺑﺣث ﺗﺣت ﻋﻧوان ‪-9 :‬‬
‫ﻋِزرا أﺑوت‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺷﮭﺎدة اﻟﻌﺎﻟم ھورت اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗﻛﻠم ﻋﻧﮭﺎ ھﻧﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم ِﺑﻧﯾﺎﻣﯾن وارﻓﯾﻠد ﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﮭﺎدة‬
‫رﻗم ‪ 6‬ﻣن ﺷﮭﺎدة ﻋﻠﻣﺎء "اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ" ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﺑﺣث ﺗﺣت ﻋﻧوان ‪ -6 :‬وﯾﺳﺗﻛوت و‬
‫ھورت‪.‬‬

‫‪28‬‬
The great mass of the New Testament, in other words, has been transmitted to us
with no, or next to no, variation ; and even in the most corrupt form in which it
has ever appeared, to use the oft-quoted words of Richard Bentley, "the real text of
the sacred writers is competently exact ; . . . nor is one article of faith or
moral precept either perverted or lost . . . choose as awkwardly as you will,
choose the worst by design, out of the whole lump of readings." If, then, we undertake
the textual criticism of the New Testament under a sense of duty, we may bring it to a
conclusion under the inspiration of hope. The autographic text of the New
Testament is distinctly within the reach of criticism in so immensely the
greater part of the volume, that we cannot despair of restoring to
ourselves and the Church of God, His Book, word for word, as He gave it
by inspiration to men.

: ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ‬

‫ ﻗد ﺗم ﻧﻘﻠﮭﺎ إﻟﯾﻧﺎ ﺑدون‬، ‫ ﺑﻌﺑﺎر ٍة أﺧرى‬، ‫إن اﻟ ُﻛﺗﻠﺔ اﻟﻌظﻣﻰ ﻣن اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد‬
‫ أو ﻻ ﯾوﺟد أي اﺧﺗﻼف ؛ وﺣﺗﻰ ﻓﻲ أﻛﺛر اﻷﺷﻛﺎل ﻓﺳﺎداً اﻟﺗﻲ‬، ‫أي اﺧﺗﻼف‬
‫ ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﻛﺛﯾراً ﻣﺎ ﯾﺗم اﻗﺗﺑﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬، ‫ظﮭر ﺑﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹطﻼق‬
ٌ
. . . ‫دﻗﯾق ﺑﻛﻔﺎءة ؛‬ ‫ " اﻟﻧص اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس‬: ‫ﻟرﯾﺗﺷﺎرد ِﺑﻧﺗﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻣﺎ أﻧﮫ ﻻ ﯾوﺟد واﺣدة ﻣن ﻣواد اﻹﯾﻣﺎن أو اﻟﻣﺑﺎدئ اﻷﺧﻼﻗﯾﺔ اﻧﺣرﻓت‬
‫ ﻣن ﺑﯾن ﻛل‬، ً ‫ ﻣﮭﻣﺎ اﺧﺗرت اﻟﻘراءة اﻷﻏرب أو اﻷﺳوأ ﺗﺻﻣﯾﻣﺎ‬. . . ‫أو ﺿﺎﻋت‬
، ".‫ﻛﺗﻠﺔ اﻟﻘراءات‬
‫ ﻓﻘد ﻧﺻ ُل ﺑﮫ‬، ‫ إذا ﻗُﻣﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﻓﻲ ظل ﺷﻌور ﺑﺎﻟواﺟب‬،ً‫إذا‬
.‫إﻟﻰ ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﺑوﺣﻲٍ ﻣن اﻟرﺟﺎء‬
‫إن اﻟﻧص اﻷوﺗوﻏراﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ]اﻟﻧص اﻷﺻﻠﻲ اﻟﻣﻛﺗوب ﺑﯾد ُﻛ ﱠﺗﺎب‬
‫أﺳﻔﺎر اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد[ ھو ﻓﻲ ﻣﺗﻧﺎول ﻋﻠم "اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟزء‬
‫ ﺑﺣﯾث ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ أن ﻧﯾﺄس ﻣن أن ﻧﺳﺗرد‬، ً‫اﻷﻋظم ﻣﻧﮫ إﻟﻰ ﺣد ﺑﻌﯾد ﺟدا‬
‫ ﻛﻣﺎ أﻋطﺎه‬... ‫ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬، ‫ ﻛﺗﺎﺑﮫ‬، ‫ إﻟﻰ أﻧﻔﺳﻧﺎ و إﻟﻲ ﻛﻧﯾﺳﺔ ﷲ‬،
.‫ﺑﺎﻟوﺣﻲ ﻟرﺟﺎﻟﮫ‬.

29
 -11
‫ﻓﯾﻠﯾب ﻛوﻣﻔورت‬
Philip Wesley Comfort

: ‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ‬
Encountering the Manuscripts : An
Introduction to New Testament
Paleography and Textual Criticism,

By Philip Wesley Comfort

290 ‫ و ص‬289 ‫ و ص‬263 ‫ص‬

Quotation from Page 263 :

What we do know, from the manuscript evidence, is
that several of the earliest Christian scribes
were well-trained scribes who applied their
training to making reliable texts, both of
the Old Testament and the New Testament.
We know that they were conscientious to make a
reliable text in the process of transcription (as can
been seen in manuscripts like P4+64+67 and P75),
and we know that others worked to rid the
manuscript of textual corruption.

: 263 ‫ اﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎس ﻣن ص‬: ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ‬

‫ﺳﺎخ اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾﯾن اﻷواﺋل ﻛﺎﻧوا ُﻧ ﱠ‬
‫ﺳﺎخ‬ ‫إن ﻣﺎ ﻧﻌرﻓﮫ ﻣن دﻟﯾل ﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد أن اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟ ُﻧ ﱠ‬
ٍ ‫درﺑﯾن ﺟﯾداً ط ﱠﺑﻘوا ﻣﮭﺎراﺗﮭم ﻓﻲ إﻧﺗﺎج ﻧﺻوص ُﯾﻣﻛن اﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎد ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻛل ﻣن اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﻘدﯾم و اﻟﻌﮭد‬ ‫ُﻣ ﱠ‬
.‫اﻟﺟدﯾد‬
‫ﺳﺎخ ﻛﺎﻧوا ذوي ﺿﻣﯾر ﺣﻲ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺗﺎج ﻧص ُﯾﻣﻛن اﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎد ﻋﻠﯾﮫ أﺛﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﺣن ﻧﻌرف أن ھؤﻻء اﻟ ُﻧ ﱠ‬
: ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻧﺳﺦ )ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾُﻣﻛن رؤﯾﺔ ھذا ﻓﻲ ﻣﺧطوطﺎت ﻣﺛل‬
(P4+64+67 and P75
.‫ﻛﻣﺎ ﻧﻌرف ان ھﻧﺎك آﺧرﯾن ﻋﻣﻠوا ﻋﻠﻰ أن ُﯾﺧﻠّﺻوا اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت ﻣن اﻟﻌطب اﻟﻧﺻﻲ‬

30
Quotation from Page 289 :
By contrast, New Testament textual critics dedicated to the task of textual
criticism should be enthusiastic and optimistic about recovering
the original wording of the Greek New Testament because we
have so many early and reliable manuscripts. The time gap between
the autographs and the extant copies is quite close—no more than one
hundred years for most of the books of the New Testament.
Thus, we are in a good position to recover most of the
original wording of the Greek New Testament. This was the
attitude of the well-known textual critics of the nineteenth century.

: 289 ‫ اﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎس ﻣن ص‬: ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ‬

‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻧﺎﻗدﯾن اﻟﻧﺻّﯾﯾن ﻟﻠﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد اﻟﻣُﻛرﱠ ﺳﯾن ﻟﻣﮭﻣﺔ اﻟﻧﻘد‬، ‫ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻧﻘﯾض‬
‫اﻟﻧﺻﻲ ﯾﺟب أن ﯾﻛوﻧوا ُﻣﺗﺣﻣﺳﯾن وﻣﺗﻔﺎﺋﻠﯾن ﺑﺷﺄن اﺳﺗﻌﺎدة‬
ً‫اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد اﻟﯾوﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﻷﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﻣﺗﻠك ﻋدد ﻛﺑﯾر ﺟدا‬
‫ﻣن اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟ ُﻣﺑﻛرة واﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن اﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎد ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ )اﻟوﺛوق‬
‫ اﻟﻔﺟوة اﻟزﻣﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﯾن اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﯾﺔ واﻟﻧﺳﺦ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺗزال‬.(‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬
‫ ﺳﻧﺔ ﻟﻣﻌظم أﺳﻔﺎر اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد‬100 ‫ ﻻ ﺗزﯾد ﻋن‬- ً ‫ﺑﺎﻗﯾﺔ ﻗرﯾﺑﺔ ﺣﻘﺎ‬
‫ و ُﺑﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﻓﺈﻧﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ وﺿﻊ ﺟﯾد ﻻﺳﺗﻌﺎدة ﻣﻌظم اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت‬،
‫ ﻛﺎن ھذا ﺳﻠوك اﻟ ُﻧﻘﺎد اﻟﻧﺻّﯾﯾن‬.‫اﻷﺻﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد اﻟﯾوﻧﺎﻧﻲ‬
.‫اﻟﻣﻌروﻓﯾن ﺟداً ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘرن اﻟﺗﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺷر‬

31
Quotation from Page 290 :
In one sentence in 1979 Kurt Aland says of the Nestle-Aland Greek text:

The desired goal now appears to have been attained, to offer the writings of the New Testament
in the form of the text that comes nearest to that which . . . [the New Testament authors and
redactors] set out on their journey in the church of the first and second centuries.

: 290 ‫ اﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎس ﻣن ص‬: ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ‬

: ‫أﻻﻧد‬-‫ ﯾﻘول ِﻛرت أﻻﻧد ﻋن اﻟﻧص اﻟﯾوﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺳﻠﮫ‬.‫م‬1979 ‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﻣﻠﺔ واﺣدة ﻓﻲ ﺳﻧﺔ‬
‫ أﻻ وھو ﺗﻘدﯾم ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﻓﻲ ﺷﻛل اﻟﻧص‬، ‫وﯾﺑدو أن اﻟﮭدف اﻟﻣﻧﺷود ﻗد ﺗﺣ ﱠﻘق اﻵن‬
‫ وﺿﻌوه ]ﻣؤﻟﻔو اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد و ُﻣﻧﻘﺣوه[ ﻓﻲ رﺣﻠﺗﮭم ﻓﻲ ﻛﻧﯾﺳﺔ اﻟﻘرﻧﯾن‬. . . ‫اﻻﻗرب إﻟﻰ اﻟذي‬
.‫اﻷول و اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻣﯾﻼدﯾﯾن‬

: ‫ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ ﻣن اﻟ ُﻣﺗرﺟم‬
.ً‫ ھو أﺣد ﻋﻠﻣﺎء اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ أﯾﺿﺎ‬: ‫ِﻛرت أﻻﻧد‬
.‫ ھو ﺑﺑﺳﺎطﺔ اﻟﻧص اﻟﻣُﺣ ﱠﻘق ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﻋﻠﻣﺎء اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ‬: ‫أﻻﻧد‬-‫اﻟﻧص اﻟﯾوﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺳﻠﮫ‬

: ‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ‬
The Quest for the Original Text of the
New Testament,
By Philip Wesley Comfort

20 ‫ص‬

I am optimistic because we have many early

manuscripts of excellent quality and because our view
of the early period has been getting clearer and
clearer. I believe it is possible to recover the original
text of the Greek New Testament.

‫وأﻧﺎ ُﻣﺗﻔﺎﺋل ﻷن ﻟدﯾﻧﺎ ﻣﺧطوطﺎت ُﻣﺑﻛرة ﻛﺛﯾرة ذات‬

‫ وﻷن ﻧظرﺗﻧﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﺗرة‬، ‫ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ )ﺟودة( ﻣﻣﺗﺎزة‬
‫ أﻧﺎ أﻋﺗﻘد أﻧﮫ ﻣن‬.‫اﻟ ُﻣﺑﻛرة ﺻﺎرت أوﺿﺢ وأوﺿﺢ‬
‫اﻟﻣﻣﻛن إﺳﺗرﺟﺎع اﻟﻧص اﻻﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد‬
.‫اﻟﯾوﻧﺎﻧﻲ‬

32
 -12
‫ﺑول ِوﯾﺟﻧر‬
Paul D. Wegner

: ‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ‬
A Student’s Guide to Textual
Criticism of the Bible :
Its History, Methods and Results ,

By Paul D. Wegner

301 ‫ و ص‬39 ‫ و ص‬25 ‫ و ص‬24 ‫ص‬

Quotation from Page 24 :

1.2 Importance of Textual Criticism :
… It can, in fact, actually lead to
increased confidence in the reliability
of the biblical texts.

: 24 ‫ اﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎس ﻣن ص‬: ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ‬

: ‫ أھﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ‬2.1
‫ إﻧﮫ ﯾﺳﺗطﯾﻊ أن ُﯾزﯾد اﻟﺛﻘﺔ‬، ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﺔ‬...
.‫ﻓﻲ ﻣوﺛوﻗﯾﺔ اﻟﻧﺻوص اﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﯾﺔ‬

Quotation from Page 25 :

1.2 Importance of Textual Criticism :
… To help put this into perspective it is commonly said that no theological doctrine
or issue hinges on a textual variant. [8]
[8] Waltke, “Textual Criticism of the Old Testament,” p. 65;
Bruce M. Metzger, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration, 3rd ed.
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 112.

33
 ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ ‪ :‬اﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎس ﻣن ص ‪: 25‬‬
‫‪ 2.1‬أھﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ...‬وﻟﻠﻣﺳﺎﻋدة ﻓﻲ وﺿﻊ ھذا ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧظوره اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻋﺎد ًة ﻣﺎ ُﯾﻘﺎل إﻧﮫ ﻻ ﺗوﺟد‬
‫ﻋﻘﯾدة ﻻھوﺗﯾﺔ أو ﻣﺳﺄﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻰ ُﻣﺗﻐ ﱢﯾر ﻧﺻﻲ‪[8] .‬‬
‫]‪ [8‬ﻛﺗﺎب ووﻟﺗك ‪:‬‬
‫ص ‪“Textual Criticism of the Old Testament,” 65‬‬
‫و ﻛﺗﺎب ﺑروس ﻣِﯾﺗزﺟر )اﻹﺻدار اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻣﻧﮫ( ‪:‬‬
‫ص ‪The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration 112‬‬

‫‪Quotation from Page 39 :‬‬

‫‪While questions as to the original text surface in some places, a substantial‬‬
‫‪amount of the New Testament text remains unquestioned and most‬‬
‫‪likely represents the text of the original autographs or very close to it.‬‬
‫‪While the writers of New Testament Scriptures were still alive it is unlikely that‬‬
‫‪people could have changed their writings without their authors pointing‬‬
‫‪out such discrepancies. Paul sometimes requested that his letters be circulated to‬‬
‫‪other churches (Col 4:16), and thus the autographs must have been copied almost‬‬
‫‪immediately; this would make it unlikely that others could modify the text‬‬
‫‪without some traces of the originals existing.‬‬

‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ ‪ :‬اﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎس ﻣن ص ‪: 39‬‬

‫ﺑﺎاﻟرﻏم ﻣن وﺟود ﺗﺳﺎؤﻻت ﺑﺧﺻوص اﻟﻧص اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌض اﻟﻣواﺿﻊ‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻧﮫ ﺗﺑﻘﻰ ﻛﻣﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺟوھرﯾﺔ )ﻛﺑﯾرة( ﻣن ﻧص اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﻟﯾﺳت َﻣﺣل ﺗﺳﺎؤل )ﻏﯾر ﻣﺷﻛوك ﻓﯾﮭﺎ(‬
‫و ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرﺟﺢ ُﺗﻣﺛل ﻧص اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﯾﺔ ]اﻟﻣﻛﺗوﺑﺔ ﺑواﺳطﺔ ُﻛ ﱠﺗﺎب أﺳﻔﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس أﻧﻔﺳﮭم[ أو ﻗرﯾﺑﺔ ﺟداً ﻣﻧﮭﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﯾن ﻛﺎن ﻛﺗﺑﺔ اﻷﺳﻔﺎر اﻟ ُﻣﻘدﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﮭد‬
‫رﺟﺢ أن ﯾﻛون اﻟﻧﺎس ﻗد ﻏ ﱠﯾروا ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺎﺗﮭم‬ ‫اﻟﺟدﯾد ﻻ ﯾزاﻟون ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯾد اﻟﺣﯾﺎة‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن ﻣن ﻏﯾر اﻟ ُﻣ ﱠ‬
‫وزع رﺳﺎﺋﻠﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫دون أن ُﯾﺷﯾر ﻣؤﻟﻔوھﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺛل ھذه اﻟﻔروﻗﺎت‪ .‬ﻓﻘد طﻠب ﺑوﻟس أﺣﯾﺎﻧﺎ ً أن ُﺗ ﱠ‬
‫ﻛﻧﺎﺋس أﺧرى )ﻛوﻟوﺳﻲ ‪ ، *(16 : 4‬وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﺑد أن اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﯾﺔ ﻗد ُﻧﺳِ َﺧت ﻓوراً ﺗﻘرﯾﺑﺎ ً‬
‫؛ وھذا ﻣن ﺷﺄﻧﮫ أن ﯾﺟﻌل ﻣن ﻏﯾر اﻟ ُﻣﺣ َﺗﻣل أن ﯾﺗﻣ ﱠﻛن آﺧرون ﻣن ﺗﻌدﯾل اﻟﻧص دون‬
‫وﺟود ﺑﻌض اﻻﺛﺎر ﻟﻸﺻول‪.‬‬
‫*رﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺑوﻟس اﻟرﺳول إﻟﻰ أھل ﻛوﻟوﺳﻲ اﺻﺣﺎح ‪ ، 4‬ﻋدد ‪) 16‬ﺗرﺟﻣﺔ ﻓﺎﻧداﯾك( ‪:‬‬
‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﱢﯾن‪َ ،‬واﻟﱠﺗِﻲ ﻣِنْ ﻻوُ ِد ِﻛ ﱠﯾﺔ َﺗﻘ َرأو َﻧ َﮭﺎ أﻧﺗ ْم أ ْﯾﺿًﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ت ﻋِ ْﻧ َد ُﻛ ْم ھ ِذ ِه اﻟرﱢ َﺳﺎﻟَ ُﺔ َﻓﺎﺟْ َﻌﻠُو َھﺎ ُﺗ ْﻘ َرأ ُ أَ ْﯾ ً‬
‫ﺿﺎ ﻓِﻲ َﻛﻧِﯾ َﺳ ِﺔ اﻟّﻼَوُ ِد ِﻛﯾ َ‬ ‫َو َﻣ َﺗﻰ ﻗُ ِر َﺋ ْ‬

‫‪34‬‬
Quotation from Page 301 :
It is humbling and reassuring to realize that the Old and New
Testaments have been handed down through many generations
as accurately and as completely as they have. Many scribes and
copyists spent countless hours copying and checking their work to ensure
an accurate text for later generations. All of this effort was expended
because they realized just how important the Word of God is and how
crucial it is to maintain an accurate record of God’s revelation. Early
copyists and scribes would no doubt be surprised to know that scholars in
our time would uncover some of the very manuscripts they had written.
But in fact, texts up to two thousand years old have been discovered.
Careful examination of these manuscripts has served to
strengthen our assurance that our modern Greek and Hebrew
critical texts are very close to the original autographs, even
though we do not have those autographs. There is no better way to
end this look at textual criticism than as we began, with the quote from Sir
Frederic G. Kenyon:
It is reassuring at the end to find that the general result of all
these discoveries and all this study is to strengthen the proof of
the authenticity of the Scriptures, and our conviction that we
have in our hands, in substantial integrity, the veritable Word of
God. [6]

[6] Frederic G. Kenyon, The Story of the Bible, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans, 1967), p. 113.

35
 ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ ‪ :‬اﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎس ﻣن ص ‪: 301‬‬
‫واﻟطﻣﺄﻧﯾﻧﺔ أن ﻧدرك أن اﻟﻌﮭدﯾن اﻟﻘدﯾم‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫وإﻧﮫ ﻷﻣ ٌر ﯾدﻋو إﻟﻰ اﻟﺗواﺿﻊ‬
‫أﺟﯾﺎل ﻋدﯾدة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔس اﻟﻘدر ﻣن اﻟدﻗﺔ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫واﻟﺟدﯾد ﻗد اﻧﺗﻘﻼ ﻋﺑر‬
‫ﺿﻰ ﻛﺛﯾرون ﻣن اﻟﻛﺗﺑﺔ واﻟ ُﻧ ﱠﺳﺎخ ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻻ ُﺗ َﻌد‬‫واﻟﺗﻣﺎم اﻟذي ﺑﻠﻐوه‪ .‬ﻗ ﱠ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﺳﺦ ﻋﻣﻠﮭم واﻟﺗﺣ ﱡﻘق ﻣﻧﮫ ﻟﯾﺿﻣﻧوا ﻧﺻﺎ ً دﻗﯾﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻸﺟﯾﺎل اﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻛل‬
‫ھذا اﻟﺟﮭد أ ُﻧ ِﻔ َق ﻷﻧﮭم ﻓﻘط أدرﻛوا ﻣدى أھﻣﯾﺔ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﷲ وﻣدى أھﻣﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺟل دﻗﯾق ﻹﻋﻼن ﷲ‪ .‬وﻻ ﺷك أن اﻟ ُﻧ ﱠﺳﺎخ واﻟﻛﺗﺑﺔ اﻷواﺋل‬
‫ﺳﯾﻧدھﺷون ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻌرﻓون أن اﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء ﻓﻲ زﻣﻧﻧﺎ ﺳﯾﻛﺗﺷﻔون ﺑﻌض‬
‫اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت ﻋﯾﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻛﺗﺑوھﺎ‪ .‬وﻟﻛن ﻓﻲ اﻟواﻗﻊ ‪ ،‬ﺗم اﻛﺗﺷﺎف ﻧﺻوص‬
‫ﯾﺻل ﻋﻣرھﺎ إﻟﻰ أﻟﻔﻲ ﺳﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫إن اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟدﻗﯾق ﻟﮭذه اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت ﺳﺎھم ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘوﯾﺔ ﺗﺄﻛﯾدﻧﺎ أن‬
‫ﻧﺻوﺻﻧﺎ اﻟﻧﻘدﯾﺔ اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ اﻟﯾوﻧﺎﻧﯾﺔ واﻟﻌﺑرﯾﺔ ﻗرﯾﺑﺔ ﺟداً ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﯾﺔ ]اﻟﻣﻛﺗوﺑﺔ ﺑواﺳطﺔ ُﻛ ﱠﺗﺎب أﺳﻔﺎر اﻟﻛﺗﺎب‬
‫اﻟﻣﻘدس أﻧﻔﺳﮭم[ ‪ ،‬رﻏم إﻧﻧﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻣﻠك ھذه اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻻ ﺗوﺟد وﺳﯾﻠﺔ أﻓﺿل ﻹﻧﮭﺎء ھذه اﻟﻧظرة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ إﻻ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺑدأﻧﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎس اﻟذي ﻣن اﻟﺳﯾر ﻓرﯾدرﯾك ج‪ .‬ﻛﯾﻧﯾون ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣن اﻟ ُﻣطﻣﺋن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ أن ﻧﺟد أن اﻟﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻛل ھذه‬
‫اﻻﻛﺗﺷﺎﻓﺎت وﻛل ھذه اﻟدراﺳﺔ ھﻲ ﺗﻘوﯾﺔ اﻟ ُﺑرھﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺣﺔ‬
‫)أﺻﺎﻟﺔ( اﻷﺳﻔﺎر اﻟ ُﻣﻘدﺳﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻗﺗﻧﺎﻋﻧﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﻣﻠك ﻓﻲ أﯾدﯾﻧﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺷﻛل ﺳﻠﯾم ﺣﻘﺎ ً ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﷲ اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺣﺔ‪[6] .‬‬

‫]‪: [6‬‬
‫ﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﺳﯾر ﻓرﯾدرﯾك ج‪ .‬ﻛﯾﻧﯾون )اﻹﺻدار اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻧﮫ( ‪:‬‬
‫ص ‪The Story of the Bible 113‬‬

‫‪36‬‬
 -13
‫ﻧﯾﻛوﻻس ِﺑﯾرﯾن‬
Nicholas Perrin

: ‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ‬
Lost in Transmission ? What We Can
Know About the Words of Jesus ,
By Nicholas Perrin

145 ‫ص‬

“The Jesus whom the first-century

Christians met in the four gospels two
thousand years ago is the very same Jesus
we meet in our Bibles today. If there are
minor discrepancies between the wordings
of the gospel manuscripts, this does not
invalidate Christian faith. On the contrary, it
reminds us that perfect truth and perfect
beauty, that which demands our worship, is
not to be equated with the Bible, but with
the one to whom the Bible witnesses. Over
the centuries the church has received God
incarnate through the sometimes faltering
hands of the scribes, and Jesus has been
successfully passed along without being lost
in transmission. This transmission is not
perfect, but it is adequate. Ehrman and the
Enlightenment demand what is perfect, but
the God of perfect gifts demands a response
from what is adequate.”.

37
 ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫" ﯾﺳوع اﻟذى ﻋرﻓﮫ ﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾو اﻟﻘرن اﻷول ﻓﻰ اﻷﻧﺎﺟﯾل‬

‫اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ ﻗﺑل أﻟﻔﻰ ﻋﺎم ‪ ،‬ھو ھو ﻧﻔﺳﮫ ﯾﺳوع اﻟذى ﻧﺟده‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﻛﺗﺑﻧﺎ اﻟﻣﻘدﺳﺔ اﻟﯾوم‪ .‬ﻟو أن ھﻧﺎك ﺧﻼﻓﺎت ﺛﺎﻧوﯾﺔ ﻓﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺻﯾﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﯾن ﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻷﻧﺎﺟﯾل‪ ،‬ﻓﮭذا ﻻ ُﯾﺑطِ ل اﻹﯾﻣﺎن‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺣﻰ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻛس‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾُذ ّﻛرﻧﺎ ﺑﺄن اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻣُطﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫و اﻟﺟﻣﺎل اﻟﻣُطﻠق ‪ ،‬اﻟذى ﯾرﯾد ﻋﺑﺎدﺗﻧﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﯾﺟب ﻣﺳﺎواﺗﮫ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس ‪ ،‬ﺑل ﺑذاك اﻟذى ﯾﺷﮭد ﻟﮫ اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس‪.‬‬
‫و ﻋﺑر اﻟﻘرون‪ ،‬ﺗﺳﻠﱠﻣت اﻟﻛﻧﯾﺳﺔ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﷲ اﻟﻣُﺗﺟﺳد ﻋن‬
‫طرﯾق أﯾﺎدى اﻟ ُﻧﺳﱠﺎخ ‪ ،‬اﻟﻣُﺗﻠﻌﺛﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺑﻌض اﻷﺣﯾﺎن ‪ ،‬و‬
‫ﻗد ﻧﺟﺢ ﯾﺳوع ﻓﻰ ﻋﺑور ھذه اﻟﻘرون دون أن ُﯾﻔ َﻘد ﻓﻰ‬
‫اﻧﺗﻘﺎل اﻟﻧص‪ .‬اﻧﺗﻘﺎل اﻟﻧص ﻟﯾس ﻣُط َﻠﻘﺎ ً ‪ ،‬و ﻟﻛﻧﮫ ﻛﺎ ٍ‬
‫ف ﻟﻧﺎ‪.‬‬
‫إﯾرﻣﺎن و اﻟﺗﻧوﯾر ﯾُطﺎﻟﺑون ﺑﻣﺎ ھو ﻛﺎﻣل ‪ ،‬وﻟﻛن إﻟﮫ‬
‫اﻟﻌطﺎﯾﺎ اﻟﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﯾُطﺎﻟب ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ِﻣ ﱠﻣﺎ ھو ﻛﺎ ٍ‬
‫ف "‪.‬‬

‫‪38‬‬
 -14
‫ﺟﺎك ﻓِﯾﻧِﯾﺟن‬
Jack Finegan

: ‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ‬
Encountering New Testament
Manuscripts : A Working Introduction
to Textual Criticism ,

By Jack Finegan

55 ‫ص‬
“Nevertheless, in spite of the very real
possibilities for corruption of the text in the
course of its transmission, and the actual
existence of many differences among the various
manuscripts of the NT, the work of the
copyists of the NT was, on the whole, done
with great care and fidelity. It has, in fact, been
seriously estimated that there are substantial
variations in hardly more than a thousandth
part of the entire text (an estimate by Fenton
J. A. Hort).”.

: ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ‬

‫ واﻟوﺟود‬، ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟرُﻏم ﻣن اﻻﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﯾﺎت اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ ﺟداً ﻟﻔﺳﺎد اﻟﻧص ﻓﻲ أﺛﻧﺎء ﻧﻘﻠﮫ‬، ‫وﻣﻊ ذﻟك‬
‫ﺳﺎخ اﻟﻌﮭد‬‫ ﻓﺈن ﻋﻣل ُﻧ ﱠ‬، ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ﻛﺛﯾرة ﺑﯾن ﻣُﺧ َﺗﻠف ﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد‬
‫ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﺗم اﻟﺗﻘدﯾر ﻋﻠﻲ‬، ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟواﻗﻊ‬.‫ﻧﺟز ﺑﻌﻧﺎﯾﺔ وﺑﺈﺧﻼص ﻛﺑﯾرﯾن‬ َ ‫ ﻛﺎن ُﯾ‬، ً ‫ ﻋﻣوﻣﺎ‬، ‫اﻟﺟدﯾد‬
‫ أن اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﺟوھرﯾﺔ ﻣوﺟودة ﺑﻘدر ﯾﻛﺎد ﯾزﯾد ﻋﻠﻲ واﺣد ﻋﻠﻲ أﻟف ﻣن‬، ‫ﻧﺣو ﺟﺎد‬ ٍ
ُ
.(‫ ھورت‬.‫ِأ‬.‫اﻟﻧص ﺑﺄﻛﻣﻠﮫ )ﺗﻘدﯾر ﻗدﱢر ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﻓِﻧﺗون ج‬
: ‫ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ ﻣن اﻟ ُﻣﺗرﺟم‬

، ‫اﻟﺟزء اﻟ ُﻣظﻠﱠل ﺑﺎﻟﻠون اﻷﺻﻔر ﻣﻌﻧﺎه ﺑﺑﺳﺎطﺔ أن اﻻﺧﺗﻼف اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ ھو ﺑﺷﺄن واﺣد ﻋﻠﻲ أﻟف ﻣن اﻟﻧص ﺑﺄﻛﻣﻠﮫ‬
.!!! ً ‫ ﻣن اﻟﻧص ﻣوﺛوق ﺑﮫ وﻣﺣﻔوظ ﺳﻠﯾﻣﺎ ً ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ‬%99.9 ‫ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ أن‬

39
 ‫ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ ﻣن اﻟ ُﻣﺗرﺟم ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻘدﯾر اﻟﻌﺎﻟم ھورت اﻟذي ذﻛره ھُﻧﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم ﺟﺎك ﻓِﯾﻧِﯾﺟن ﻣوﺟود ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‬
‫‪ ،‬و ُﻣ َﺗ َ‬
‫رﺟم إﻟﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﮭﺎدة رﻗم ‪ 6‬ﻣن ﺷﮭﺎدة اﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﺑﺣث ‪ ،‬ﺗﺣت ﻋﻧوان ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -6‬وﯾﺳﺗﻛوت و ھورت‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ ﻣن اﻟ ُﻣﺗرﺟم ‪:‬‬

‫اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﺑﯾن ﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد اﻟﺗﻲ َﯾذ ُﻛرھﺎ ھﻧﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم ﺟﺎك‬
‫درس ﺑﻣﻧﮭﺟﯾﺎت و طرق ﻋﻠم "اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ" ﻟﻠوﺻول إﻟﻲ أﻗرب ﻧص‬ ‫ﻓِﯾﻧِﯾﺟن ُﺗ َ‬
‫ُﻣطﺎﺑق ﻟﻠﻧص اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ‪ ،‬و ﺑﻌد دراﺳﺗﮭﺎ ﻛﻠﮭﺎ ُﻣﺟﺗﻣ ً‬
‫ﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺗوﺻل اﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء إﻟﻲ ﺣﻘﯾﻘﺔ أن ﻧص اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ‪ ،‬ﺑل و ﻧص اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﻘدﯾم أﯾﺿﺎ ً ‪ ،‬ﻣوﺛوق‬‫ﱠ‬
‫ﺑﮫ ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ ً ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ ھو واﺿ ٌﺢ ﻣن ﺷﮭﺎدات اﻟ ُﻌﻠﻣﺎء ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﺑﺣث ‪ ،‬و ﺳﺄﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ُﻣﻠﺣق ‪1‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﺧر ھذا اﻟﺑﺣث رواﺑط ﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ ﺳﺑب وﺟود ھذه اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ‪ ،‬و أﻧواﻋﮭﺎ ‪ ،‬و طﺑﯾﻌﺗﮭﺎ‬
‫‪ ،‬و ھل ھﻲ ﻣؤﺛرة ﻓﻲ ﻧص اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس و اﻟﻌﻘﺎﺋد اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾﺔ أم ﻻ ؟ وھذا ﻟﻣن ھو‬
‫ُﻣﮭﺗم و ُﯾرﯾد أن ﯾﺄﺧذ ﻓﻛر ًة ﻋن ھذا اﻟﻣوﺿوع و ﯾﻌرف ﻋﻧﮫ ﺑﻌض اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪40‬‬
 -15
‫آرﺛر ﺑﺎﺗزﯾﺎ‬
Arthur G. Patzia

: ‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ‬
The Making of the New Testament :
Origin, Collection, Text & Canon ,

By Arthur G. Patzia

137 ‫ و ص‬136 ‫ص‬

Quotation from Page 136 :

“The marvel— or should one say
miracle—in all of this is that after
twenty centuries of textual studies, we
possess a text that has to be
amazingly close in wording to the
original manuscripts. The information in
the next section is an attempt to confirm
this observation.”.

: ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ‬

: 136 ‫اﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎس ﻣن ص‬
‫اﻷﻋﺟوﺑﺔ – أو رﺑﻣﺎ ﯾﻧﺑﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﻣرء أن‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﻛل ھذا ھو أﻧﮫ ﺑﻌد‬- ‫ﯾﻘول ﻣﻌﺟزة‬
، ‫ﻋﺷرﯾن ﻗرﻧﺎ ً ﻣن اﻟدراﺳﺎت اﻟﻧﺻﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺻﺎ ً ﻗرﯾﺑﺎ ً ﺑﺷﻛل ُﻣﺛﯾر ﻟﻠدھﺷﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺣن ﻧﻣﺗﻠك ﻧ ﱠ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺻﯾﺎﻏﺗﮫ )ﻛﻠﻣﺎﺗﮫ( ﻣن اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت‬
‫ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺳم اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ھﻲ‬.‫اﻷﺻﻠﯾﺔ‬
.‫ﻣﺣﺎوﻟﺔ ﻟﺗﺄﻛﯾد ھذه اﻟﻣُﻼﺣظﺔ‬

41
‫‪Quotation from Page 137 :‬‬
‫"‪“We rightly assume that what we are reading is the true "Word of God‬‬
‫‪and thus reliable for faith and practice.”.‬‬

‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫اﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎس ﻣن ص ‪: 137‬‬
‫ﻧﺣن ﻧﻔﺗرض ﺑﺣق أن ﻣﺎ ﻧﻘرأه ھو "ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﷲ" اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬و ُﺑﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﻓﮭﻲ‬
‫ُﯾﻣﻛن اﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎد ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ )اﻟوﺛوق ﺑﮭﺎ( ﻷﺟل اﻹﯾﻣﺎن و اﻟ ُﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪42‬‬
 ‫‪-16‬‬
‫إِﻟﯾوت و ُﻣوار‬
‫‪Keith Elliott and Ian Moir‬‬

‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Manuscripts and the Text of the New‬‬
‫‪Testament : An Introduction for‬‬
‫‪English Readers ,‬‬

‫‪By Keith Elliott and Ian Moir‬‬

‫ص ‪ 7‬و ص ‪ 8‬و ص ‪94‬‬

‫‪Quotation from Page 7 :‬‬

‫‪But it is worth stating now that unless a foolproof case‬‬
‫‪can be made that all of the many surviving manuscripts‬‬
‫‪have failed to preserve the original text, then it should‬‬
‫‪not be necessary to resort to guesswork which can lead‬‬
‫‪to a modern rewriting of the NT text.‬‬

‫اﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎس ﻣن ص‬ ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪:7‬‬
‫وﻟﻛن ﻣن اﻟﺟدﯾر ﺑﺎﻟذﻛر اﻵن أﻧﮫ ﻣﺎ ﻟم ﯾﻛن ُﻣﻣﻛﻧﺎ ً‬
‫ﺗﻘدﯾم ﻗﺿﯾﺔ ) ُﺣﺟﱠ ﺔ( ﻏﯾر ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﻘض أن ﻛل‬
‫اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻛﺛﯾرة اﻟﺑﺎﻗﯾﺔ ﻓﺷﻠت ﻓﻲ ﺣﻔظ اﻟﻧص‬
‫اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﯾﺟب ﻋﻧدﺋ ٍذ أن ﯾﻛون ﺿرورﯾﺎ ً‬
‫اﻟﻠﺟوء إﻟﻰ اﻟﺗﺧﻣﯾن اﻟذي ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﻘود إﻟﻰ إﻋﺎدة‬
‫ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺣدﯾﺛﺔ ﻟﻧص اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ ﻣن اﻟ ُﻣﺗرﺟم ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﻣﻘﺻود ﻗوﻟﮫ ھﻧﺎ أن ﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد اﻟﺑﺎﻗﯾﺔ ﻛﺛﯾرة ‪ ،‬و أﻧﮭﺎ ﺣﻔظت اﻟﻧص اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻧﺣن ﻻ ﻧﺣﺗﺎج‬
‫إﻟﻲ اﻟﺗﺧﻣﯾن ﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ ﻧص اﻵﯾﺎت ‪ ،‬و ُﺑﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﯾﮫ إن ﻟم ﯾﻛن ھﻧﺎك ُﺣ ﱠﺟﺔ ﻗوﯾﺔ ﺗدﻋم ﻓﻛرة أن اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت ﻓﺷﻠت ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻔظ اﻟﻧص اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ‪ ،‬إذاً ﻓﻧﺣن ﻻ ﻧﺣﺗﺎج إﻟﻲ إﻋﺎدة ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ أو ﺗﻧﻘﯾﺢ ﻧص اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد اﻟﯾوﻧﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪43‬‬
Quotation from Page 8 :
Most modern textual critics agree on the bulk of the text (some 95 per cent, perhaps). It is the
remaining 5 per cent or so where disputes occur and differing conclusions may be found.

There are a few textual critics who are skeptical of our ever getting behind the text groupings that can be
detected in the second and third centuries, but most textual critics are relatively optimistic
that one can reach back to the texts of the first century.

: 8 ‫ اﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎس ﻣن ص‬: ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ‬

.(ً ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﺗﻘرﯾﺑﺎ‬95 ‫وﯾﺗﻔق ﻣﻌظم اﻟ ُﻧ ﱠﻘﺎد اﻟﻧﺻﯾﯾن اﻟ ُﻣﺣدﺛﯾن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺟزء اﻷﻛﺑر ﻣن اﻟﻧص )رﺑﻣﺎ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺋﺔ أو ﻧﺣو ذﻟك ﻓﮭﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣدث ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ُﻣﻧﺎزﻋﺎت وﯾﻣﻛن‬5 ‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ اﻟ ُﻣﺗﺑﻘﯾﺔ وھﻲ‬
.‫ﺻل ﻓﯾﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ اﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎﺟﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗو ﱡ‬

‫ھﻧﺎك ﺑﻌض اﻟ ُﻧ ﱠﻘﺎد اﻟﻧﺻﯾﯾن اﻟذﯾن ُﯾﺷﻛﻛون ﻓﻲ أﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﺳﺗطﯾﻊ أن ﻧﺻل إﻟﻲ ﻣﺎ وراء ﺗﺟﻣﯾﻌﺎت اﻟﻧص اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن‬
‫ ﻟﻛن ﻣﻌظم اﻟ ُﻧ ﱠﻘﺎد اﻟﻧﺻﯾﯾن ُﻣﺗﻔﺎﺋﻠون ﻧﺳﺑﯾﺎ ً ﺑﺄﻧﮫ‬، ‫إدراﻛﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘرﻧﯾن اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ واﻟﺛﺎﻟث اﻟﻣﯾﻼدﯾﯾن‬
.‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﻟﻠﻣرء اﻟرﺟوع إﻟﻰ ﻧﺻوص اﻟﻘرن اﻷول اﻟﻣﯾﻼدي‬

Quotation from Page 94 :

Not only do we have many manuscripts and many manuscripts of an early date but recent
scholarly attempts to edit the New Testament text is done with the confidence that the original
text is there to be discovered in the manuscripts. Sometimes editors reach different
conclusions, sometimes an editorial judgment is questionable, but behind the debate the
assumption is that the manuscripts, supported or supplemented by the version and by quotations
in the writings of the [Church] Fathers, will yield the original text.

: 94 ‫ اﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎس ﻣن ص‬: ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ‬

ً ‫ ﺑل أﯾﺿﺎ‬، ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ُﻣﺑﻛر‬
ٍ ‫ﻟﯾس ﻓﺣﺳب ﻟدﯾﻧﺎ ﻣﺧطوطﺎت ﻛﺛﯾرة و ﻣﺧطوطﺎت ﻛﺛﯾرة ﻣن‬
‫ﺟري ﺑﺛﻘﺔ ﺑﺄن اﻟﻧص‬ َ ‫اﻟﻣؤﺧرة ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻣﺎء ﻟﺗﺣرﯾر ﻧص اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ُﺗ‬
‫ﱠ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎوﻻت‬
‫ أﺣﯾﺎﻧﺎ ً ﯾﺻل اﻟ ُﻣﺣررون إﻟﻰ‬.‫ﺷف ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت‬ َ ‫اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻣوﺟود ھﻧﺎك ﻟ ُﯾﻛ َﺗ‬
‫ وﻟﻛن ﻣﺎ‬، ‫ وأﺣﯾﺎﻧﺎ ﯾﻛون اﻟ ُﺣﻛم ﺑﺗﺣرﯾر ﻧص ُﻣﻌﯾن ﻣوﺿﻊ ﺷك‬، ‫اﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎﺟﺎت ُﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ اﻟﻣدﻋوﻣﺔ أو اﻟ ُﻣﻛ ﱠﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺧﺔ‬، ‫ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ُﯾﻔ َﺗرض أن اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت‬، ‫وراء اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻗﺷﺔ‬
‫ ﺳ ُﺗﻧ ِﺗﺞ اﻟﻧص‬،[‫وﺑﺎﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺎت اﻵﺑﺎء ]آﺑﺎء اﻟﻛﻧﯾﺳﺔ‬
.‫اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬

44
 -17
‫ﻓِﯾرﯾدرﯾك ﻛﯾﻧﯾون‬
Frederic George Kenyon

: ‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ‬
Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts

4th Edition ‫ اﻹﺻدار اﻟراﺑﻊ‬,

By Sir : Frederic G. Kenyon

23 ‫ص‬
Textual Errors do not Endanger Doctrine :

One word of warning, already referred to, must be emphasized in conclusion. No fundamental
doctrine of the Christian faith rests on a disputed reading.
… The number of manuscripts of the New Testament, of early translations from it, and of quotations from it
in the oldest writers of the Church, is so large that it is practically certain that the true reading
of every doubtful passage is preserved in some one or other of these ancient
authorities. This can be said of no other ancient book in the world.
… The Christian can take the whole Bible in his hand and say without fear or
hesitation that he holds in it the true Word of God, handed down without essential
loss from generation to generation throughout the centuries.

: ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ‬

: ‫ﺻﯾﺔ ﻻ ُﺗﮭدد اﻟﻌﻘﯾدة‬
َ ‫اﻷﺧطﺎء اﻟﻧ‬
‫ ﻻ ﺗﺳﺗﻧد أي ﻋﻘﯾدة أﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻺﯾﻣﺎن‬.‫ ﯾﺟب اﻟﺗﺷدﯾد ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﺗﺎم‬، ‫ ﺳﺑق اﻻﺷﺎرة إﻟﯾﮭﺎ‬،‫و ھﻧﺎك ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺗﺣذﯾر‬
، ‫ واﻟﺗرﺟﻣﺎت اﻟﻣُﺑﻛرة ﻣﻧﮫ‬، ‫ إن ﻋدد ﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد‬... .‫اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗراءة ُﻣﺗﻧﺎزع ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ‬
‫ ﻛﺑﯾر ﺟداً ﺑﺣﯾث أﻧﮫ ﻣن اﻟﻣؤﻛد ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎ ً أن اﻟﻘراءة اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ ﻟﻛل‬، ‫واﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎﺳﺎت ﻣﻧﮫ ﻋﻧد أﻗدم ُﻛ ﱠﺗﺎب اﻟﻛﻧﯾﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻠطﺎت ]ﯾﻘﺻد اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت واﻟﺗرﺟﻣﺎت‬ ُ ‫ﻣﻘطﻊ ﻣﺷﻛوك ﻓﯾﮫ ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻓﻲ واﺣدة أو أﺧرى ﻣن ھذه اﻟ‬
‫ وﯾﻣﻛن ﻟﻠﻣﺳﯾﺣﻲ أن‬... .‫ ﻻ ُﯾﻣﻛن أن ُﯾﻘﺎل ذﻟك ﻋن أي ﻛﺗﺎب ﻗدﯾم آﺧر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬.‫و اﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎﺳﺎت[ اﻟﻘدﯾﻣﺔ‬
‫ﯾﺄﺧذ اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس ﺑﻛﺎﻣﻠﮫ ﻓﻲ ﯾده وﯾﻘول دون ﺧوف أو ﺗردد أﻧﮫ ﯾﺣﻣل ﻓﻲ ﯾده ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﷲ اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺟﯾل إﻟﻰ ﺟﯾل ﻋﺑر‬ ٍ ‫ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗم ﺗﺳﻠﯾﻣﮭﺎ دون ُﺧﺳﺎرة ﺟوھرﯾﺔ ]أي دون ﻓﻘد أي ﺟزء ﻣﻧﮭﺎ[ ﻣن‬،
.‫اﻟﻘرون‬

45
 : ‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ‬
THE STORY OF THE BIBLE : A Popular Account on How it Came to Us,

By Sir : Frederic G. Kenyon

144 ‫ص‬

… and itis reassuring at the end to find that the general result of all these
discoveries and all this Study is to Strengthen the proof of the
authenticity of the Scriptures, and our conviction that we have in our
hands, in substantial integrity, the veritable Word of God.

: ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ‬

‫ﻣن اﻟ ُﻣطﻣﺋن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ أن ﻧﺟد أن اﻟﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻛل ھذه‬

‫اﻻﻛﺗﺷﺎﻓﺎت وﻛل ھذه اﻟدراﺳﺔ ھﻲ ﺗﻘوﯾﺔ اﻟ ُﺑرھﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ واﻗﺗﻧﺎﻋﻧﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﻣﻠك ﻓﻲ‬، ‫ﺻﺣﺔ )أﺻﺎﻟﺔ( اﻷﺳﻔﺎر اﻟ ُﻣﻘدﺳﺔ‬
.‫ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﷲ اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺣﺔ‬، ً ‫ ﺑﺷﻛل ﺳﻠﯾم ﺣﻘﺎ‬، ‫أﯾدﯾﻧﺎ‬

46
 : ‫اﺳم اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ‬
The Bible and Archaeology,

By Sir : Frederic G. Kenyon

289 ‫ و ص‬288 ‫ص‬

But besides confirming the traditional dating, and thereby also the authenticity of the
canonical books, the new evidence tends to confirm the general integrity of the
text as it has come down to us. Until a few years ago the earliest evidence for the text of
the New Testament, apart from a few quotations in early writers, was that of the great vellum
codices of the fourth century. The recent discoveries of papyrus fragments, notably that of the
Chester Beatty papyri in 1931, carries the evidence back by about a century, and by implication
for a generation or two more. The interval
then between the dates of original
composition and the earliest extant evidence becomes so small as to be
in fact negligible, and the last foundation for any doubt that the
Scriptures have come down to us substantially as they were written has
now been removed. Both the authenticity and the general integrity of
the books of the New Testament may be regarded as finally established.

: ‫وﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ‬

‫ ﻓﺈن‬، ‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ أﯾﺿﺎ ً أﺻﺎﻟﺔ اﻷﺳﻔﺎر اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬، ‫وﻟﻛن ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﻛﯾد اﻟﺗﺄرﯾﺦ اﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾدي‬
ٍ ‫ ﺣﺗﻰ ﺳﻧوا‬.‫اﻟدﻟﯾل اﻟﺟدﯾد ﯾﻣﯾل إﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﻛﯾد اﻟﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻧص ﻛﻣﺎ وﺻل إﻟﯾﻧﺎ‬
‫ت ﻗﻠﯾﻠﺔ‬
‫ ﻋﻼو ًة ﻋﻠﻲ اﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻘﻠﯾﻠﺔ ﻣن اﻟ ُﻛ ﱠﺗﺎب‬، ‫ﻣﺿت ﻛﺎﻧت أﺑﻛر اﻷدﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧص اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد‬
‫ إن اﻻﻛﺗﺷﺎﻓﺎت اﻷﺧﯾرة‬.‫ ﺗﻠك اﻟﺗﻲ ﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻘرن اﻟراﺑﻊ اﻟﻣﻛﺗوﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻔﯾﻠﯾم‬، ‫اﻷواﺋل‬
‫ ﺗﺣﻣل‬، .‫م‬1931 ‫ وﺧﺻوﺻﺎ ً ﺗﻠك اﻟﺗﻲ ﻟورق ﺑردﯾﺎت ﺗﺷﯾﺳﺗر ِﺑ ﱠﯾﺗﻲ ﺳﻧﺔ‬، ‫ﻟﻘُﺻﺎﺻﺎت اﻟﺑردي‬
‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻔﺗرة‬، ‫ وﺑُﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﯾﮫ‬.‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺑﻌﯾﺔ ﻟﺟﯾل أو إﺛﻧﯾن آﺧرﯾن‬، ‫اﻟدﻟﯾل إﻟﻰ اﻟوراء ﺑﻧﺣو ﻗرن‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﯾن ﺗوارﯾﺦ اﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﯾﺔ وأﺑﻛر دﻟﯾل ﻻ زال ﺑﺎﻗﯾﺎ ً ﺗﺻﯾر ﺻﻐﯾرة‬
‫ واﻷﺳﺎس اﻷﺧﯾر ﻷي ﺷك ﻓﻲ أن اﻷﺳﻔﺎر اﻟ ُﻣﻘدﺳﺔ‬، ‫ﺟداً ﺑﺣﯾث ُﯾﻣﻛن إھﻣﺎﻟﮭﺎ‬
‫ ﯾﻣﻛن إﻋﺗﺑﺎر أﺻﺎﻟﺔ أﺳﻔﺎر‬.‫وﺻﻠت إﻟﯾﻧﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺣد ﻛﺑﯾر ﻛﻣﺎ ُﻛ ِﺗ َﺑت ﻗد أ ُزﯾل َ اﻵن‬
.ً‫اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد وﺳﻼﻣﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻛﻠﺗﯾﮭﻣﺎ راﺳﺧﯾن أﺧﯾرا‬

47
‫اﻗﺗﺑﺎﺳﺎت أﺧري و ﻣﻼﺣق ‪...‬‬

‫‪48‬‬
 ‫اﻗﺗﺑﺎﺳﺎت أﺧري‬
‫ھذه اﻗﺗﺑﺎﺳﺎت أُﺧري ‪ ،‬ﻟﯾﺳت ﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء ﻧﻘد ﻧﺻﻲ ‪ ،‬وإﻧﻣﺎ ﻣن اﺛﻧﺗﯾن ﻣن اﻟﺗرﺟﻣﺎت اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺷﮭورة ﻟﻠﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس‬
‫‪ ،‬أﻻ و ھﻣﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -2‬اﻟﺗرﺟﻣﺔ اﻟﯾﺳوﻋﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬اﻟﺗرﺟﻣﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺷﺗرﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس ‪.‬‬
‫ھذه اﻻﻗﺗﺑﺎﺳﺎت ﺗوﺿّﺢ أن اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾﯾن اﻟﻌرب ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻠم ودراﯾﺔ ﺑﻌﻠم "اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ" ‪ ،‬و اﺳﺗﻌﻣﻠوا أﺣدث ﺻور‬
‫اﻟﻧص اﻟﻧﻘدي "اﻟﻧص اﻟﻣُﺣ ﱠﻘق ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﻋﻠﻣﺎء اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ" ﻓﻲ ﺗرﺟﻣﺎﺗﮭم اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬اﻟﺗرﺟﻣﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺷﺗرﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻘدﯾم اﻟﺗرﺟﻣﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -2‬اﻟﺗرﺟﻣﺔ اﻟﯾﺳوﻋﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد – ﻣدﺧل إﻟﻲ اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد – ص ‪) 15‬ﺗﺣت ﻋﻧوان "ﻧص اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد"( ‪:‬‬

‫‪49‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻣن ﯾُرﯾد أن ﯾﻌرف أﻛﺛر ﻋن اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ﺑﯾن ﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس ﻣن ﺣﯾث ‪:‬‬
‫طﺑﯾﻌﺗﮭﺎ وأﻧواﻋﮭﺎ – ﻋددھﺎ – أﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ – ﻣدي ﺗﺄﺛﯾرھﺎ ‪ ...‬إﻟﺦ ‪ ،‬ﻓﯾﻣﻛﻧﮫ أن ﯾﻘرأ ﻋﻧﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ أي ﻛﺗﺎب أﺟﻧﺑﻲ ﯾﺷرح ﻋﻠم "اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ" ‪ ،‬وﻣن أﻣﺛﻠﺔ ھذه اﻟﻛﺗب اﻟﻛﺗب واﻟﻣراﺟﻊ‬
‫اﻷﺟﻧﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻣذﻛورة ھﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﺑﺣث ﻓﻲ ﻛل اﻗﺗﺑﺎس ‪ ،‬و أﯾﺿﺎ ً ﺑﻌض اﻟﻛﺗب اﻟﻣُﺗرﺟﻣﺔ‬
‫إﻟﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ك ﻛﺗﺎب "أﯾُﻌﯾدون اﺧﺗراع ﺷﺧﺻﯾﺔ ﯾﺳوع ؟!" ص ‪، .61-58‬‬
‫و أﯾﺿﺎ ً ﺑﻌض اﻟﻛﺗب اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷرح ﻋﻠم "اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ" ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛل ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬اﻟﻣدﺧل إﻟﻲ ﻋﻠم اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد – ل ﻓﺎدي أﻟﯾﻛﺳﺎﻧدر‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬اﻟﻣدﺧل إﻟﻲ اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد – أﻣﯾر ﯾﻌﻘوب‪.‬‬

‫و أﯾﺿﺎ ً ‪ ،‬ﯾوﺟد أﺑﺣﺎث ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻣواﻗﻊ اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﺳواء اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ أو اﻷﺟﻧﺑﯾﺔ ﺗﺷرح‬
‫ھذه اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ﻣﺛل ﺑﻌض اﻷﺑﺣﺎث اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣوﻗﻊ "ﻓرﯾق اﻟﻼھوت اﻟدﻓﺎﻋﻲ" ‪ ،‬و‬
‫ﻏﯾره ﻣن اﻟﻣواﻗﻊ اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬اﻷﺧطﺎء اﻟﻧﺳﺧﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد – ﺑﯾﺷوي ﻧﺷﺄت ‪:‬‬
‫‪https://www.difa3iat.com/64658.html/‬‬
‫‪ -2‬اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﻧﺻﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ﻣﺎ أﻧواﻋﮭﺎ ؟ وھل ﺗؤﺛر ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣوﺛوﻗﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ؟ ‪:‬‬
‫‪https://www.difa3iat.com/10886.html/‬‬
‫‪ -3‬اﻷﺧطﺎء اﻟﻧﺳﺧﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت ھل ﺗؤﺛر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺣﺔ اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ؟ – ﺗرﺟﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺗوﻣﺎس ﻧﺑﯾل ‪:‬‬
‫‪https://www.difa3iat.com/38012.html/‬‬
‫ھﻲ طرﯾﻘﺔ اﺣﺗﺳﺎﺑﮭﺎ ‪ ،‬وھل ﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﯾر‬
‫ھﻲ اﻟﻘراءات اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ أو اﻟﻣﺗﻧوﻋﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ َ‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻣﺎ َ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻘﺎﺋد اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾﺔ ؟‬
‫‪https://st-takla.org/books/helmy-elkommos/biblical-‬‬
‫‪criticism/new-testament/465.html‬‬

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 ‫وأﯾﺿﺎ ً ‪ ،‬ﯾوﺟد ﻓﯾدﯾوھﺎت ﻋﻠﻲ اﻻﻧﺗرﻧت ﻗﺻﯾرة و ﻣُﺑﺳﱠطﺔ ﺗﺷرح ھذه اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ﺑﯾن ُﻧﺳﺦ اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس وﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ ‪ -‬ﻣش ﻓﺗﺎوي ‪ - ٦۷ -‬إﯾﮭﺎب ﺻﺎدق ‪:‬‬
‫‪https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=te2FI8dylyA‬‬

‫‪ -2‬اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ﺑﯾن اﻟﻧص اﻟﻌﺑري واﻟﺳﺎﻣري واﻟﻧص اﻟﯾوﻧﺎﻧﻲ )اﻟﺗرﺟﻣﺔ اﻟﺳﺑﻌﯾﻧﯾﺔ( ‪ -‬ﻣش ﻓﺗﺎوي ‪-‬‬
‫‪ - ٦۹‬إﯾﮭﺎب ﺻﺎدق ‪:‬‬
‫‪https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5oujZsO14aY‬‬

‫‪ -3‬اﺧﺗﻼف أﻋﻣﺎر اﻵﺑﺎء ﺑﯾن اﻟﻧﺳﺦ اﻟﻘدﯾﻣﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣش ﻓﺗﺎوي ‪ - ۷۰ -‬إﯾﮭﺎب ﺻﺎدق ‪:‬‬
‫‪https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ciK75Z2RCxg‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﻣﺎ ھﻲ أﺳﺑﺎب اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ﺑﯾن ﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ‪ -‬ﻣش ﻓﺗﺎوي ‪ - ۹۰ -‬ﻓﺎدي ﻋﺎطف ‪:‬‬
‫‪https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFWjyM308-g‬‬

‫‪ -5‬أﺳﺑﺎب اﺧﺗﻼف ﺗرﺟﻣﺎت اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس ‪ -‬ﻣش ﻓﺗﺎوي ‪ - ۹۱ -‬ﻓﺎدي ﻋﺎطف ‪:‬‬
‫‪https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3SL6rsUpzo‬‬

‫‪ -6‬ﻣﺎ ھﻲ ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ ال ‪ ٤۰۰‬أﻟف اﺧﺗﻼف ﺑﯾن ﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد ‪ -‬ﻣش ﻓﺗﺎوي ‪ - ۹٤ -‬إﯾﮭﺎب‬
‫ﺻﺎدق ‪:‬‬
‫‪https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHODAXST7jc‬‬

‫‪ -7‬ﻣﺎ ھﻲ ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ ال ‪ ٤۰۰‬أﻟف اﺧﺗﻼف ﺑﯾن ﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻌﮭد اﻟﺟدﯾد )‪ - (۲‬ﻣش ﻓﺗﺎوي ‪- ۹٥ -‬‬
‫إﯾﮭﺎب ﺻﺎدق ‪:‬‬
‫‪https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MRTJEFifeu4‬‬

‫‪ -8‬ﻣﻘدﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ ‪ -‬اﻟﺟزء اﻟﻌﺎﺷر أﻧواع اﻷﺧطﺎء – د‪.‬ﻏﺎﻟﻲ )د‪.‬ھوﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﯾﺑل( ‪:‬‬
‫‪https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki2eRFq614k‬‬

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 ‫ﻋزﯾزي ﻗﺎريء اﻟﺑﺣث ‪ ،‬داﺋﻣﺎ ً ﻣﺎ ﺗﺟد اﻟﻛﺛﯾر ﻣن اﻟﻣﻘﺎﻻت و اﻟﻔﯾدﯾوھﺎت اﻟﺗﺷﻛﯾﻛﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
‫اﻻﻧﺗرﻧت ‪ ،‬ﺗطﻌن ﻓﻲ ﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس ‪ ،‬وﺗﺣﺎول إﺛﺑﺎت ﺗﺣرﯾﻔﮫ ‪ ،‬وﺗﮭﺎﺟم اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس‬
‫ﺑﻛل ﺷدة و ﻋُﻧف ‪ ،‬ﻓﻛﺛﯾراً ﻣﺎ ﺗﺟد ﺷﺧص ﻣﺳﻠم ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻻﻧﺗرﻧت ﯾﻘول ‪" :‬اﻧظر أﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﻧﺻراﻧﻲ ‪،‬‬
‫ھﻧﺎك اﺧﺗﻼف ﺑﯾن ﺗرﺟﻣﺎت اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻵﯾﺔ ﻛذا ﺗوﺟد ھﻧﺎ وﻻ ﺗوﺟد ھﻧﺎ ‪ ،‬واﻵﯾﺔ ﻛذا ﺗوﺟد‬
‫ﺑﻧص ﻣﺧﺗﻠف ‪ ،‬وھﻛذا ‪ ...‬إﻟﺦ" ‪ ،‬اﻟﻔﻛرة ھﻧﺎ أﻧﮭم ﯾﻌﺗﻣدون ﻋﻠﻲ ﺟﮭل اﻟﻘﺎريء اﻟﺑﺳﯾط )ﺳواء‬ ‫ھﻧﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﻛﺎن ﻣُﺳﻠﻣﺎ ً أو ﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾﺎً( و ﻋدم ﻣﻌرﻓﺗﮫ ﺑﻌﻠم "اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ" ﻷﻧﮫ ﻟم ﯾدرﺳﮫ ‪ ،‬ﺛم ﯾﻘوﻣون ﺑﺧداﻋﮫ ﻋن‬
‫طرﯾق ﻋرض ﺑﻌض ھذه اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻲ ﯾوھﻣوه أن اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس ﻣُﺣرﱠ ف ! ‪،‬‬
‫ﺷﺑﮭﺎت "اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ" ھذه ‪ ،‬ﻗ ّدم ﻟﮭم ﺷﮭﺎدات اﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء اﻟوارد ذﻛرھﺎ ﻓﻲ ھذا‬ ‫و ﻛرد ﻋﺎم ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛل ُ‬
‫اﻟﺑﺣث ‪ ،‬و ُﻗل ﻟﮭم ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ھؤﻻء اﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء ھم اﻟﻣُﺗﺧﺻﺻون ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ ھذا اﻟﻌﻠم ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ھم ﻣن ﯾﺣق ﻟﮭم أن ﯾﻘوﻟوا‬
‫اﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎﺟﮭم ﺑﺧﺻوص ﻣدي دﻗﺔ وﺳﻼﻣﺔ وﻣوﺛوﻗﯾﺔ ﻧﺻوص اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس وﻟﯾس أﻧﺗم ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻛم‬
‫ﺑﺑﺳﺎطﺔ ﻏﯾر ﻣُﺗﺧﺻﺻﯾن وﻟﺳﺗم ﻋﻠﻣﺎء ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﻌﻠم‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬إﻟﻲ ﺟﺎﻧب أن أﺑﺣﺎﺛﻛم ﻏﯾر ﻣُﺣﺎﯾدة ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺄﻛﯾد وإﻧﻣﺎ ﻣُﻧﺣﺎزة ﻹﺛﺑﺎت ﺻﺣﺔ ﻣﺎ ﯾ ﱠدﻋﯾﮫ دﯾﻧﻛم ﺑﺄن‬
‫اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس ﻣُﺣرﱠ ف ‪ ،‬وﻟﮭذا ﻻ ﻧﺟد ﻓﻲ أي ﺑﺣث ﻣن أﺑﺣﺎﺛﻛم ﺷﮭﺎدة أي ﻋﺎﻟم ﻣن اﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء اﻟذﯾن ﺗم‬
‫ذﻛر ﺷﮭﺎداﺗﮭم ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﺑﺣث‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻛل ﻣﺎ ﺗﻔﻌﻠوه ھو ﻣﺟرد ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ آﯾﺔ ﺑﺂﯾﺔ ﺑﯾن ﻣﺧطوطﺗﯾن أو ﺗرﺟﻣﺗﯾن ﻟﻠﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس ‪ ،‬ﺛم‬
‫اﻟوﺻول إﻟﻲ ﺗﻌﻣﯾم أن اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس ﻣُﺣرﱠ ف وﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟﺛﻘﺔ ﺑﮫ ! ﻣُﻌﺗﻣدﯾن ﻋﻠﻲ ﺟﮭل اﻟﻘﺎريء‬
‫اﻟﺑﺳﯾط )ﺳواء ﻛﺎن ﻣُﺳﻠﻣﺎ ً أو ﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾﺎً( و ﻋدم ﻣﻌرﻓﺗﮫ ﺑﻌﻠم "اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ" ﻷﻧﮫ ﻟم ﯾدرﺳﮫ ‪ ،‬ﺿﺎرﺑﯾن‬
‫ﺑﻌرض اﻟﺣﺎﺋط ﻛل ﺷﮭﺎدات اﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﮭد ﻟدﻗﺔ و ﺳﻼﻣﺔ وﻣوﺛوﻗﯾﺔ ﻧص اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس ‪ ،‬اﻟذﯾن‬
‫ھم ﻣُﺗﺧﺻﺻون ودارﺳون ﻟﯾس ﻓﻘط ﻟﮭذه اﻵﯾﺔ أو ﻏﯾرھﺎ ‪ ،‬و إﻧﻣﺎ ﻟﻛل آﯾﺎت اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس ‪،‬‬
‫وﻗﺎرﻧوھﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛل اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻣُﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻣن ﻛل اﻟﻣﺻﺎدر اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻣﻧﮭﺟﯾﺎت وطرق‬
‫ُﻣﻧظﻣﺔ أﻻ وھﻲ ﻣﻧﮭﺟﯾﺎت ﻋﻠم "اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ" ‪ ،‬ﺛم أﺗوا ﻟﻧﺎ وﻗ ﱠدﻣوا ﻟﻧﺎ اﻟﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ اﻟﻧﮭﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻟﮭذا اﻟﻔﺣص‬
‫وﻟﺗطﺑﯾق ھذا اﻟﻌﻠم ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس أﻻ وھﻲ ﺷﮭﺎداﺗﮭم اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﺑﺣث ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓرﺟﺎ ًء ﺗوﻗﻔوا ﻋن ﺗﺿﻠﯾل اﻟﻧﺎس واﺳﺗﻐﻼل ﻋدم ﻣﻌرﻓﺗﮭم ﺑﮭذا اﻟﻌﻠم اﻟراﺋﻊ ﻟﻛﻲ ُﺗﺛﺑﺗوا وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧظرﻛم‬
‫اﻟﻣُﻧﺣﺎزة ‪ ،‬واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻣون أﻧﮭﺎ ﺳﺗﺟد ﻗﺑوﻻً ﻛﺑﯾراً ﺟداً ﻋﻧد اﻟﺷﺧص اﻟﻣﺳﻠم اﻟﺑﺳﯾط )ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﺗؤﯾد ﻓﻛره‬
‫اﻟﻣُﺳ َﺑق ﺑﺗﺣرﯾف اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﻣﻘدس( ‪ ،‬و ﺳ ُﺗﺷﻛك اﻟﺷﺧص اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺣﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط )ﻷﻧﮫ ﻟﯾس ﻟﮫ ﻋﻠم أو‬
‫دراﺳﺔ ﻟﻌﻠم "اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟﻧﺻﻲ"(‪.‬‬

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 ‫اﻟﺧﺎﺗﻣﺔ‬
‫أﺗﻣﻧﻲ أن ﯾﻛون ھذا اﻟﺑﺣث اﻟﺗﺟﻣﯾﻌﻲ ﺳﺑب ﺑرﻛﺔ واﺳﺗﻔﺎدة و ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺟﻣﯾﻊ ‪،‬‬
‫وذا ‪ ،‬ا ْﻟ ُﻣ ﱠذ َﺧ ِر ﻓِﯾ ِﮫ َﺟﻣِﯾ ُﻊ ُﻛ ُﻧ ِ‬
‫وز ا ْﻟﺣ ِْﻛ َﻣ ِﺔ‬ ‫ﺳ ُد اﻟﱠذِي ﻣِنْ ﺳِ ْﺑطِ َﯾ ُﮭ َ‬‫أھدي ھذا اﻟﺑﺣث إﻟﻲ اﻷَ َ‬
‫َوا ْﻟ ِﻌ ْﻠ ِم ‪ ،‬اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺢ ‪ ،‬ﻗُ ﱠو ِة ِ‬
‫ﷲ َوﺣ ِْﻛ َﻣ ِﺔ ِ‬
‫ﷲ‪.‬‬

‫»إِ َﻟﻰ ُھ َﻧﺎ أَ َﻋﺎ َﻧ َﻧﺎ اﻟرﱠ بﱡ «‬

‫ﺑﺣث ﺑﻘﻠم ﺧﺎدم اﻟرب ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﯾﻛل ﻣوﺳﻲ اﻗﻼدﯾوس‬

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