Flood

Abstract
The flood caused range of destruction in district Chitral Khyber pukhtunkhwa
(KPK) specially the hilly areas like Kalash and Garam-chashma valley.
Thousands of people were deprived from their homes and properties. The
cause behind the flood was the irregular increase in melting of glaciers due to
rise in temperature day by day. The climatic changes that includes rising
temperature and intense rainfall, results in increased frequency of extreme
weather events such as flood and droughts. The researcher conducted a
survey in the Booni valley of district Chitral. The researcher took a sample
size of two hundred (200) Respondents and collected the data on the basis of
interview schedule. The impact of flood on economic activities has been
discussed in a theory “relative deprivation”. This study found that a great
destruction occurred due to the flood in Chitral. Flood has affected the
cultivation process of the area indicated much decline in the production. This
study also revealed that flood very badly affected the irrigation system,
destroyed the crops, irrigated land, livestock, and ruined the houses, blocked
the roads, electricity, washed away buildings and lands. It was hypothesized
that the flood has the great impact on the economic activities of people in
Chitral. The data was significant and supported the hypotheses of the study.
Table of Contents
Chapter No.1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................9
1.1Statement of the problem........................................................................14
1.2 Objectives...............................................................................................14
1.3Significance of the study.........................................................................15
Chapter No.2 LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................16
2.1 Natural hazards......................................................................................17
2.2 Global warming a causative factor of flood...........................................17
2.3 Climate change leads to flood................................................................18
2.4 Intense rainfall cause flood....................................................................18
2.5 High summer temperature is major factor of flood................................19
2.6 River outflow leads to flood...................................................................20
2.7 Glacier melting and snow fall main factor of flood...............................20
2.8 Rapid Deforestation leads to flood.........................................................20
2.9Flood influence Economic activities and result in the economic loss....21
2.10 Floods in Pakistan................................................................................22
2.11Floods affect the economic activities....................................................23
2.2 Indicators................................................................................................25
Chapter 3 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK...................................................27
3.1 Theory of relative deprivation................................................................28
3.2Application of the theory........................................................................28
3.3 propositions............................................................................................31
3.4 Assumptions...........................................................................................31
3.5 Hypothesis..............................................................................................31
3.5. Alternative Hypothesis..........................................................................31
3.5.2 Null Hypothesis...................................................................................31
Chapter No.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..............................................32
4.1 Universe.................................................................................................33
4.2 Target population...................................................................................33
4.3 Sampling frame......................................................................................33
4.5 Sample size............................................................................................33
4.6 Tools for data collection........................................................................34
4.7 Techniques for data collection...............................................................34
4.8 Pretesting................................................................................................34
4.9 Data Analysis.........................................................................................34
4.10 Opportunities and limitations...............................................................35
4.11 Ethical concerns...................................................................................35
Chapter no 5 CONCEPTUALIZATIO AND OPERATIONALIZATION.....36
4.1 Conceptualization...................................................................................36
4.1.1 Flood:..................................................................................................37
4.1.2 Economic............................................................................................37
4.1.3: Activities............................................................................................38
4.2 Oprationalization....................................................................................39
4.2.1Flood....................................................................................................39
4.2.2 Economic............................................................................................39
4.2.2 Activities.............................................................................................39
Chapter no 6 RESULTS...................................................................................41
6.1 Descriptive analysis...............................................................................42
6.2 Inferential statistics................................................................................79
Chapter no 7 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSSION.....................................90
7.1 Discussion..............................................................................................91
7.2 Conclusion.............................................................................................94
REFERENCES................................................................................................95
List of table
Table 1 Gender of the respondents..................................................................44

Table 2 Age of the respondents.......................................................................45
Table 3f Amily type of the respondents..........................................................46
Table 4 Number of family members of the respondents.................................47
Table 5 Marital status of respondents..............................................................48
Table 6 Monthly family income of the respondents........................................49
Table 7 Academic qualifications of the respondents.......................................50
Table 8 Occupation of the respondents...........................................................51
Table 9 Respondents opinion regarding flood most frequently occur in the
area...................................................................................................................52
Table 10 Respondents opinion regarding flood as disastrous hazard..............53
Table 11Respondents views regarding heavy rainfall a factor of flood..........54
Table 12 Respondents views regarding heavy rainfall a factor of flood.........55
Table 13 Respondents opinion regarding occurrence of flood due to
mountainous structure......................................................................................56
Table 14 Respondents opinion regarding deforestation a cause of flood in the
region...............................................................................................................57
Table 15 Respondents perception regarding flood as a natural phenomenon. 58
Table 16 Respondents perception about flood happens as result of misdeed of
people...............................................................................................................59
Table 17 Respondents opinion regarding flood occurs only in summer season
.........................................................................................................................60
Table 18 Respondents opinion regarding overgrazing is a factor of flood......61
Table 19 Respondents opinion regarding flood affect the cultivation process62
Table 20 Respondents opinion regarding time consumption in rehabilitation of
flood affected land...........................................................................................63
Table 21 Respondents opinion regarding flood affects the irrigation system. 64
Table 22 Respondents opinion regarding flood destroys the crops.................65
Table 23 Respondents opinion regarding flood destroy the fruit trees and
affect the dry fruit business..............................................................................66
Table 24 Respondents opinion regarding flood affected the cultivated..........67
Table 25 Respondents opinion about flood destroyed the livestock in the
village..............................................................................................................68
Table 26 Respondents opinion regarding the breakage of roads disturbs the
economic activities..........................................................................................69
Table 27 Respondents response about the flood ruined the houses of people in
the area.............................................................................................................70
Table 28 Respondents opinion regarding flood affected the government
building............................................................................................................71
Table 29 Respondents opinion regarding business losses are outcomes of
flood in the region............................................................................................72
Table 30 Respondents opinion regarding breakdown of electricity suffer
economic activities during flood.....................................................................73
Table 31Respondents opinion regarding the shutdown of business during
flood causes the economic activities decline...................................................74
Table 32 Respondents opinions about the effect of flood on self employed
business and private job...................................................................................75
Table 33 Respondents opinions about due to flood disruption employees do
not get their salaries.........................................................................................76
Table 34 Respondents opinion regarding flood increases land fertility..........77
Table 35 Respondents opinion regarding most of the money and time spent for
rehabilitation of drinking water supply after flood..........................................78
Table 36 Respondents opinion regarding flood gave advantage to plant and
animals.............................................................................................................79
Table 37 Respondents opinion regarding flood cleans the environment.........80
Chapter No.1
INTRODUCTION
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that global
warming refers to the increasing temperature of earth surface, including land,
water and near surface air.
Over the last decades, the scientist have studied the green house effects, which
is caused by the accumulation of carbon dioxide and other green house gasses,
that leads to global warming and other climatic change over the next century
(Mendelssohn et al. 1994).
Below (2006) defines disaster as a situation or event, which overwhelms local
capacity, necessitate a request to national or international level for external
assistance. Hoyois et al. (2005) study reveals that the economic impact of
disasters includes of direct and indirect affect on the local economy. The
direct affect of disaster consists of damage to infrastructure, crops and
housing. The indirect consequences include the loss of revenue,
unemployment, market destabilization. Natural disasters are divided into two
groups: Hydrometer logical disasters and geophysical disasters. The
hydrometerolgical disasters consist of Landslide, drought, extreme
temperature, floods, and forest fire and windstorm. Geophysical disasters
include earthquakes, Tsunami and volcanic eruption. Mwape (2009) the
frequency of natural disasters has been increasing over the years, causes loss
of life, highly damage the property and destruction of Environment. Each year
the number of people at risk has been increasing and in developing countries
with high poverty level, making them more vulnerable to disasters.
Flood can occur in almost in any river of valley at any time, they are
unpredicTable. Floods are sudden failure of dams and other structures offer
the greatest threat to life (Sturgis 1957). There are six main types of flood.
The coastal flood; Flash flood: River flood, drainage problems, Tsunamis and
Tidal wave. Coastal flood are those occurring along the coast of seas and big
lakes, flash flood occur after the intensive rainfall that leads to sudden raise of
water level and caused threat to lives. The River flood happens due to the flow
of river outside of its regular boundaries. Drainage problem is occurring due
to high rainfall that cannot be controlled by regular drainage system.
Tsunamis are the series of sea waves produced by rapid dislocation of sea
water capable of transmission over large distance and causing a destructive
flow on reaching land. Tidal wave occurs due to the sudden rise of tidal water
caused by atmospheric activities moving rapidly inland from the coast
(Jonkman 2004). Risk is the probability and other physical characteristic of
the hazard. Exposure is the measure of the population or land uses at risk.
Those directly at risk from fluvial flooding are the properties, activities and
people located on flood plains. Those who are beyond the flood plains may
also be affected by the flood indirectly if their activities are linked within the
flood plains (Parker 1978).
Abaya et al. (2009) concludes that floods are the most shocking type of
natural disasters in the world. These cause extraordinary deaths, destruction
and decease, property loss and infrastructures. Flooding has the negative
impact on the developing countries because the lack of disaster management
policies. There is a lack of opportunities and economic resources in the
developing countries. When these countries face disasters, become more
vulnerable. They have no more resources for the future policy or the chronic
condition. They are dependent on the developed countries and get loan for the
development or for the better condition.
Flood causes much destruction in the society. It badly affects the economy; by
destructing the land, crops, infrastructure, ruined the houses and causes big
economic loss. China is the calamitous country. Even an average year, natural
disasters causes 10 millions of deaths, topple down about 3 million houses,
cover more than 50 millions of farmlands and cause a loss of grain output of
20 million tones. The total directs loses usually amount about RMB50. On
average loses due to calamities amount to 2% of the total output each year
much higher than developed countries (Shing 1992).
Mustafa and Wescoat (1997) wrote that Pakistan is underdeveloped country. It
contains large portion of Indus main stem and five major rivers Sutlej, Ravi,
Jhelum, Chenab and Kabul. Each river is cause of flood and challenge for the
Pakistan. In 1947 flood occur; it was the cause of loss of life more than 7000,
and other loss like agriculture, economic, infrastructure and household
damaged due the flood. Some major flood like in 1992 cost the country about
3 percent of the total gross domestic products (GDP). In Pakistan 70 percent
population lives in rural areas and directly or indirectly depends upon
irrigation agriculture. Many villages live near the rivers because they belong
to agriculture. When the level of water increase in the rivers they faced a lot of
damaged. It became very difficult to control the water and cause of
destruction. Rehman and khan (2011) study reveals that Pakistan is exposing
too many natural hazards and the current flood has been causing many losses
to lives and other properties; the Swat valley is no exception to it. The study
revealed that mostly flood occur in these areas during summer season.
According to Pakistan ministry of food, agriculture and live stock 2010 flood
causes much economic losses due to the crop damage which include PKR52
billion to over 80,000 hectares of sugarcane,PKR21.3 billion of rice, PKR22.4
billion of maize, PKR17.3 billion of wheat stock and PKR45 billion to food,
fodder and vegetables. Khyber Pokhtunkhua is also prone to flood because of
its physiographic and climate, a four days wet spell was occurred in the region
of major flowing river in the province. The heavy rainfall caused 2010 flood
in the province.
The floods causes range of destruction in district Chitral Khyber Pukhtunkhaw
(KPK) specially the hilly areas like Kalash and Garam-Chashma valley, and
above thousands of people are deprived from their homes and properties. The
cause behind the flood is the irregular increase in melting of glaciers due to
rise in temperature day by day. Many villages are suffered by the flood like
Green lasht,Reshun, Junalkoch, Avilasht, Sarghuz, Chunj, Arkari, Karim
abad, Lotkoh and Kallash valley (Zahiruddin 2014).
Chitral is the district of northern Pakistan located in the eastern Hindu Kush
range. The population in this mountainous territory is restricted to tributary-
junction fans in the Chitral valley. Closeness to vertical valley slope makes
these fans prone to hydrological hazards, including landslides, floods and
debris flow (Khan et al. 2013).
1.1Statement of the problem
The aim of the study is to identify the impact of flood on the economic
activities of people of Booni valley of district Chitral. The main purpose of the
study is to provide a thorough understanding about the impact of flood on
economic activities of region. The research will provide 1st step to further
studies on this issue.
1.2 Objectives
1. To highlight the major factors of flood in Booni Chitrall.
2. To find out the impact of flood on the economic activities of people
living in Booni Chitral.
3. To find out the relationship between the flood and economic activities
in Booni Chitral.
1.3 Significance of the study
Chitral is the district of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa (KPK) which is surrounded by
mountains covered with snow and glaciers. Due to its mountainous
appearance it is highly exposed to natural hazards. Flood is the mostly
occurring natural hazard in this region and causes a lot of destruction. It badly
affects the economy of the area. No proper studies have been conducted on
this issue because of its isolated location from other areas of Pakistan.
Through this study the researcher will be able to find out the impact of flood
on the area. The study can provide information about the causes, consequence
and even certain policies which have been made globally for controlling flood.
The study also highlights the causes of flood and provides guidelines to
improve the negative impact of the flood and promote the community
mobilization toward the issue. The research also contributes to the body of
literature on impact of flood on economic activities because the present data
are limited.
Chapter No.2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Natural hazards
Natural hazards refers to those events which cannot be prevented from
occurring but by taking effective measures the impact can be reduced by
reducing their severity, frequency and possible size. The river bank erosion
are natural processes and are continuous which have badly impact on the
livelihood, destroyed the homes, wiped out cultivable land and reduced the
employment opportunities. Assam is a land of river and river has the strong
threat to human population and property through flood, drought and erosion
and has the social, physical and economic significance. Flood is the most
frequently occurring disastrous natural hazard of Aasam. Every year this area
is adversely affected by the flood and river bank erosion and considers the
biggest cause of loss of property and life in Aasam (Mili, Acharjiee and
Konwar 2013).
2.2 Global warming a causative factor of flood
The study conducted by Jonkman (2004) revealed that the world wide risks of
flooding increasing due to the future development. The main cause is
associated with the global warming, such arise of sea level, intense rainfall
and higher river release increased the degree of flooding in the world. The
impact of flood increased due to the growth of global population, urbanization
in flood prone areas and inadequate flood control policy. The impact of flood
is depending upon the characteristics of the area and the flood itself. The rapid
rising flood can caused more destruction then the small inundation due to
drainage problems. The characteristic of area include the density, magnitude,
warning system, and land use.
2.3 Climate change leads to flood
Opondo (2013) argued that the climatic changes that includes rising
temperature and intense rainfall, results in increased frequency of extreme
weather events such as flood and droughts. The six years with warmest
temperature have recorded last two decades. In sub Saharan Africa the rainfall
variability has been observed with decreases recorded in the Sahel region and
increases in the east and central African region. Within the last quarter century
the climate related disasters like flood and drought have doubled in these
regions. The Sub Saharan countries experiences unexpected adverse weather
patterns.
2.4 Intense rainfall cause flood
Mwape (2009) stated that Zambia has faced adverse flood impacts, the recent
heavy rains experienced by Zambia have resulted into flash flood and water
logging in the valley and varying impact on a number of sectors namely
infrastructure, agriculture, education, health water and sanitation and
habitation. Zambia suffered by random rainfall patterns particularly drought
which caused crop failure in the agricultural seasons. Flood also caused crop
failure in the recent past agricultural season impacted on the critical sector of
the economy. The study made by (Haddad and Teixiera 2013) revealed that
the intense rainfall in the summer causes floods in several parts of the Sao
Pauolo town of Brazil. The flood directly affected the people and the city and
also produced bad impact on the economic sector of the state and the country.
The city household, industrial and commercial activities, public and private
services and the urban transportation system are affected by the flood.
Khan et al. (2000) study revealed that District Charsada of Pakistan is highly
exposed to flood due to which it faces flash flood. The major causes of flood
in this area are heavy rainfall and adverse drain where as the major flood
intensifying factors in this area are the construction of drain boundaries, weir
structures and bridge on the drains. The agricultural sector and physical
infrastructure of the region are highly affected by the flood. Agricultural
activities are the traditional occupation of the area flash flood caused damage
to kharif harvest crop in the region. The strong flood water badly affects the
standing crop and uprooted them. It indirectly affects agricultural activities by
damaging the crop, habitation, livestock and field.
2.5 High summer temperature is major factor of flood
According to the climate change expert there is an increase in magnitude and
frequency of extreme temperature. It has been estimated that in the
atmosphere, warm temperature can hold more water vapor and thus intensify
water cycle which as a result enhances the risk of floods (Rahman and khan
2013).
2.6 River outflow leads to flood
Flood is the common event known throughout the world, with about 72% of
earth is covered with sediments. Mostly floods are occurred by the overflow
of river banks and all continents faced such flooding except Antarctica
(Kozlowski 1984).
2.7 Glacier melting and snow fall main factor of flood
Richardson and Renolds (2000) study revealed that Himalayas are considered
as the most glacierious region of the world where the snow fall and glacier
causes natural hazards. The two main type of glacial hazard are direct hazard
and indirect hazard, the direct hazard caused by the direct action of snow or
ice while indirect hazard result by the consequences of glacial processes and
climate change.
2.8 Rapid Deforestation leads to flood
Rapid and extensive deforestation in upper Amazonia caused the worst flood
in the region (Kozloski 1984).
Flood has become more frequent in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.
The level of water rose then before. It caused very serious damages; this is
due to the result of human activity in the river basin. There are three aspects
that have caused the flood level to rise. The first and foremost the devastation
of vegetation secondly the land recovery and siltation and the thirdly the
construction of levees (Yin and li 2001).
2.9Flood influence Economic activities and result in the economic loss
According to Haddad and Teixeira(2013) there are three main driving force in
an economic perspective, at first the business have to shut down temporarily
in an area of flood point, affect their gross domestic products (GDP) growth
through interruption in their value chain; secondly it reduce the capital stock
available for the production by damaging economic structure, temporary
infrastructure services disruption puts negatively impact on the potential gross
domestic products (GDP) and thirdly the reconstruction efforts and other
maintenance measures operate in opposite direction, investment oriented
activities also starts after flood.
Pelling, Ozerdem and Barkat (2002) explained that disaster destroys many
type of function and institutions all at once. It bring crisis in the society.
Disasters are the big hindrances in the development of any country. The
countries and districts that are prone to natural hazards the pace of
development is slow because of increased public expenses on disaster
improvement and the declines in economic activities. Disaster proneness may
act as a discouragement to new investors, mainly during reform when
perceptions of hazard risks are keen and the economy is unsTable.
2.10 Floods in Pakistan
Tariq (2013) argued that Floods were the most commonly happening and
destructive natural hazard in the world. Most deaths and economic losses
caused by natural hazards are incurred by the developing countries. Pakistan is
one of the developing countries, where flood occur most frequently and
attempts were made to establish insufficient flood management policy. Flood
is considered as beneficial; flooding in wet lands is considered as
advantageous and assessed in financial term with the consultation of local
expert. The risk of flood can be reduced by changing land use practices that in
turn reduces the exposure. The changes in exposure and vulnerability, land
use may practice deferent degrees of damage. Other options of flood control
are flood zoning, land use replacement, improvement, or complete desertion
of the flood plains. In Pakistan the flood began from July a most disastrous
hazard in a recent decade.
Ali (2013) argued that from 1950 to 2011 Pakistan had experienced 21 major
floods almost 1 flood occurs every 3 year. These floods caused deaths of
peoples, destroyed the crops, villages and caused high economic loss.
Hashmi et al. (2012) study revealed that major cause of flood in Pakistan is
heavy rainfall in the river catchment, which sometimes augmented by
snowmelt flows, result in to flood in the river during the monsoon season. The
monsoon current originating in the Bay of Bengal and resulting depression
frequently result in heavy downpour in the Himalayan foothills affected
multiples of small scale economic profit.
Dixon and Schaffer (2010) explained that the flood ruined the houses,
destroyed the standing crop, roads, bridges, and railway line which are the
most important assets of the country. It affected the lives of large number of
villages, rural areas and cities. It badly affects the lives of people they lived in
camps and faced many health problems like diarrhea, respiratory and water
borne disease. The big issue was the reestablishment of the affected areas.
Flood swiped away the landmark and many other official documents
disappeared that result in land dispute among the rural internal migrants.
2.11 Floods affect the economic activities

One of the loss due to flood is the traffic interruption that is total of marginal
cost. The duration of closer of any particular road due to flood and diversion
routes and relocation traffic are the two important factors in traffic
interruption loss estimation. Flood also causes damage to the infrastructure.
Flood damage is categorized in to three main groups: urban, rural and
infrastructure. The urban flood damage includes the direct damage to the
residential and non residential buildings, which are damage to building
structure property, damage to building content /stock, damage to outside
property and emergency and clean up cost. rural damage include the
agriculture sector ,taking agriculture farm infrastructures are damage to crops
and vegeTables ,damage to farmland and infrastructure and damage to farm
houses (Dutta, Herath and Musaiake 2003).
Study made by Jonkman et al. (2006) reflects that Flood damage to the
residential property and damage to public structures, infrastructures and
utilities like roads, railroads, water defenses, electricity network and drainage.
Veen and Logtmeijer (2005) studied that the economic damage to the concept
of vulnerability which is defined as the function of dependency, redundancy
and susceptibility. Susceptibility is the chance and degree of flooding.
Dependency is the degree to which an activity relates to other economic
activities in the country. Input-output multipliers form representation of this
dependency. Redundancy is the ability of an economic activity to respond to a

disaster by differing, using relocation. Redundancy is measure as a degree of
centrality of an economic activity in a network. The more central the
economic activity is, the less it encounters possibilities to transfer production
and the more vulnerable it is for flooding. Disasters like flooding have an
enormous impact on local and national economies.
The cedar rapid flood was a huge natural disaster with major community
impact. The flooding water caused devastation throughout the city on its
citizens, business, property owners, public buildings, religious and cultural
organization and transportation facilities. Flood directly or indirectly affected
the business of the area. A number of businesses have lost and many have to
reopen as a result of flood. Number of jobs lost due to flood. There are four
main regional economic impact of flood: Damage, recovery effort effects,
business losses and change in business productivity. Damage includes the
physical outcomes of flooding: destroyed houses, roads damaged, bridges
washed out, household affected and business disrupted. Recovery creates the
local spending. Temporary support is provided to the flood victims by the
public assistance .reconstruction of public infrastructure will replace the
existing structure. The local business located in flood impact area experience
lost inventories, sales, productivity and profit. There may also be business
failure and job losses. The property will less productive in future if it is not
protected through some type of improvement (Robinson 2010).

2.2 Indicators
1. Global warming a causative factor of flood.
2. Climate change leads to flood.
3. Intense rainfall cause flood.
4. High summer temperature is major factor of flood.
5. River outflow leads to flood.
6. Glacier melting and snow fall main factor of flood.
7. Floods affect the economic activities.

Chapter 3
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
In this chapter the researcher applied a theory to throw light on the topic of
study. The purpose of theoretical framework is to build linkage between the
present study and the previous work.
3.1 Theory of relative deprivation
The relative deprivation theory was given by Robert chamber (2003).
According to this theory the poor was trapped in poverty cycle which is called
as deprivation trap. There are five clusters of disadvantages among the poor
households; they are poor, physically weak, isolated, vulnerable and
powerless. The root of all this disadvantages is poverty. The poverty lead to
the physical weakness due to insufficient food and poor health; due to which
the poor become isolated because of incapability to pay for education;

vulnerability because of lack of resources to gather emergencies like illness; it
leads to powerlessness because of low status that goes with lack of wealth.
3.2 Application of the theory
The theory of relative deprivation given by Robert Chamber is closely linked
with natural hazard (flood) in Booni Chitral. Chitral has a rural back ground.
The people of Chitral are powerless economically and politically. The disaster
(flood) mostly happens in this area, the people of Chitral have no capacity to
cope with the problem they are dependent upon the government. Government
does not play an active role to overcome the natural disaster (flood) in the
area. Due to which the flood prevails for long time and the people become
vulnerable. Chitral is isolated from the other developed region due to its
geography. When flood occur, it destroy the roads due to which it totally cut
off from the other regions and economic activities stop for several days, some
time for a month. When road block due to flood in rural areas it remains
blocked for several days because the Government has no active role in these
areas, they are politically powerless but when the hazard occurs in city like
Islamabad, it takes few seconds to restore, this is because they have strong
political power. Due to the prevalence of flood the economic activities of the
area badly suffered and stopped. Other organizations also stopped their visit to
these areas due to the road blockage which leads to decline in the economic
activities of people and leads to poverty. Due to the prevalence of poverty the
poor people become physically weak and cannot be able to perform their
normal activities.
Theory of Relative Flood and Economic
Deprivation Activities
Powerless Politicaly, and Economicaly

powerless people of Chitral
The region is isolated from other

Isolation developed areas because of its
Geography
Due to flood the eonomic activities

sufffered and the people became
Vulnarabilty vulnarable
Most of the people are living in

Poverty poverty
Flood affect the economic activities, the

Phisically economy suffers and people became
Weak phisicaly weak
Figure no 3.1
3.3 propositions
1. The people of Chitral are politically deprived.

2. When the flood happened in the region they are unable to cope with it.
3. The government has no such active role in the area.
3. Due to the isolation of the area with other cities the government not much
paid attention to it.
4. The area does not get any relief from the government; they spend their time
in the rehabilitation due to which the economic activities suffers.
3.4 Assumptions
1. Flood is the most frequently occurring disastrous natural hazard.
2. The main cause of flood is associated with the global warming.
3. The climatic change that includes rising temperature and intense
rainfall, results in flood.
4. Flood caused crop failure impacted on the critical sector of the
economy.
5. The strong flood water badly affects the standing crops and uprooted
them.
6. Floods indirectly affect the agricultural activities by damaging the
crop, habitation, livestock and field.
7. Glacier melting and snowfall leads to the flood.
8. Deforestation caused the flood level to rise.

9. Business has to shut down in the flood point areas, influence the
economic activities and result in economic loss.
10. Flood causes damage to the infrastructure, destroyed the crops,
villages and cause high economic loss.
11. Flood damaged the residential property, and damage to the public
structure, infrastructure and utilities like roads, railroads, water
defenses, electricity network and drainage.
12. Flood directly or indirectly affect the business. A number of
businesses have lost many have to reopen and number of job lost due
to flood.
3.5 Hypothesis
3.5. Alternative Hypothesis
The more the flood, the more the economic activities will affect in
Booni Chitral.
3.5.2 Null Hypothesis
There is no relationship between flood and economic activities in
Booni Chitral.
Chapter No.4
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In the research methodology the researcher selected the method and
techniques used in the study for the data collection and systematic techniques
to be used in the literature survey a model of questionnaire about the impact of
flood on the economic activities of people in Booni Chitral.
4.1 Universe
Booni valley of Chitral was selected for the research project because flood has
become more frequent in the area. Being an inhabitant of this particular area
(Chitral), the researcher felt that she can easily make an access to the
information about the impact of flood on the economic activities of people in
the area.
4.2 Target population
The researcher included male and female population having the age group of
18-61.Because this age group included the young and adult people and they
have more information about the flood and its impacts on the economic
activities of the area.
4.3 Sampling frame
Simple Random sampling method was used for collecting samples because
flood affected the whole region of the area. Therefore the researcher decided
to choose a simple random method where the people or those people who
were willing to fill the interviewing schedule precisely, filled the
questionnaire.
4.5 Sample size

The researcher collected the data from a chosen sample of two hundred (200)
Respondents because the collection of data from the whole population was not
possible. So a sample size of two hundred was enough to get necessary
information in short time span and obtain appropriate result.
4.6 Tools for data collection
The researcher designed an interviewing schedule and collected data on the
basis of that interviewing schedule.
4.7 Techniques for data collection
In this research interviewing schedule used for data collection because
illiterate Respondents were also included and was more appropriate for the
researcher to collect more in-depth information from Respondents.
4.8 Pretesting
The researcher was taken ten Respondents in order to pretest the
questionnaire. The respondents was taken in such a way that they are also
belonging to the area of research where the researchers do her research.
4.9 Data Analysis

The whole data was converted in to inferential form through SPSS 20
(statistical package for social science) system. The researcher used descriptive
and inferential statistics to analyze the data.
4.10 Opportunities and limitations
The research works provided an opportunity to the local people to understand
the causes and impacts of flood in the area. The research works also provide
awareness to the coming generation so that they can take careful steps in
dealing with the issue.
There were certain limitations of the research work. The data have been
collected on the basis of written questionnaire and their might be certain
people who could not respond to each and every question. So there might be
possibility that certain important data could miss.
4.11 Ethical concerns
A researcher kept confidential, all the personal information about the
respondents. A researcher asked question in such a way that respondents must
not feel any kind of discomfort while answering such questions.

Chapter no 5
CONCEPTUALIZATIO AND OPERATIONALIZATION

4.1 Conceptualization
Conceptualization is the process of designing the concept with the help of
existing literature. In this study the researcher has two variables, flood and
economic activities. These concepts are conceptualized here.
4.1.1 Flood:
According to the National Weather Services (NWS) (2010) “flood is an
overflow of water into normally dry land. The flood normally occur dry area
caused by the rising water in an existing waterway, such as river, stream, or
drainage ditch. Flooding is a longer term event than flash flooding: it may last
days or weeks.”
National Geographic (NG) define flood as “an overflow of a large amount of
water beyond its normal limits, especially over what is normally dry land: the
villager had been cut off by floods and landslides.”
Nash (2012) Flood is defined as “the covering of normally dry land by water
that has escaped or been released from the normal confines of any of the
following: a lake, a river, a creek, a canal and dame another natural
watercourse whether or not it has been altered or modified.
4.1.2 Economic
Smith (1776) Economics is defined as “the production of wealth, consumption
of wealth, distribution of wealth and exchange of wealth.”

Economics is the branch of knowledge that deals with the production and
distribution of wealth (Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 2002).
Economics is the social science that studies economic activities to gain an
understanding of the process that govern the production, distribution and
consumption of goods and services in an economy (The free encyclopedia).
According to the Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary (2008)
Economics is defined as the way in which, trade, industry or money is
organized.
4.1.3: Activities
The condition in which things are happening or being done. For example there
has been a sustained level of activity in the economy (Cambridge Advanced
Learners Dictionary 2008).
The measurable amount of work performed to convert inputs into output
(business dictionary).
The state of being activity, the exertion of energy, actions ( Shorter Oxford
English Dictionary 2002 ).

4.2 Oprationalization
4.2.1Flood
Flood is in the context of this study explained that way it is natural disaster.
Due to global warming the temperature become increased the glacier and
snow on the mountains melts rapidly and caused flood. Heavy rainfall is also a
factor of flood. Flood mostly happened on that area where the river, canal,
stream and glacier exist. Flood mostly happen in summer season. It causes
damage to the crops, infrastructure, buildings, fields, cultivation process and
the roads.
4.2.2 Economic
In the context of this study is economics is the basic need of human beings,
the basic need of human life, without economic circle human being cannot
survive in the society. Food is essential need of human beings, they cannot
survive without food. Therefore people perform many activities to fulfill their
economic needs. The economic condition is includes source of earning and
profession of human beings. The Chitral economy included agriculture,
farming, fruit business, shops, livestock, government and public jobs, and
crop cultivation.
4.2.2 Activities
According to this study people perform many economic activities like
livestock, agriculture, crops cultivation, farming, shops keepers, do

government and private jobs and small business to generate some assets for
their household. When flood occurred people source of earning disturb.
People became engaged in the rehabilitation of the affected area, due to which
their normal activities disturbed; their money and time spend on the
rehabilitation of affected houses, land and roads. Flood has great impact on
the agriculture, live stock, infrastructure, cultivated land and other business of
people. They faced a huge loss from the economy. This become very difficult
for the daily wages employs in Chitral to survive at that condition.

Chapter no 6
RESULTS
This chapter is divided into two parts, the descriptive analysis and inferential
statistics.
6.1 Descriptive analysis
The descriptive analysis presents the data in the form of Table and
frequencies. The finding of the research was described in this section through
Tables and frequencies. The finding of the research was presented with the
help of data below.
Table no 6.1.1 Gender of the respondents
Categories Frequency Percent
Male 115 57.5%
Female 85 42.5%
Total 200 100.0%
Table 6.1 shows that 57.5% respondents were male and 42.5 were female.
This was concluded from the above Table that 57% of the respondents were
male.
Table no 6.1.2 Age of the respondents
18-28 61 30.5
29-39 68 34.0
40-50 39 19.5
51-61 25 12.5
61 and above 7 3.5
Total 200 100.0
Table 6.2 shows that 61 respondents had an age group of 18-28 68
respondents were the age of 29-39, 39 had the age group of 40-50, and 25 had
the age of 51-61 and were lies in the age group of 61 and above.
It was concluded from the Table that 34% of the respondents had age of 29-
39.
Table no 6.1.3 Family type of the respondents
Nuclear 82 41.0
Joint 116 58.0
Extended 2 1.0
Total 200 100.0
Table 6.3 shows the family type of the respondents. 41% of the respondents
were belonging to nuclear families, 58% were belonging to joint families, and
2 were living in extended families.
This was concluded that 58% of the respondents were living in joint families.
Table no 6.1.4 Number of family members of the respondents
2-5 35 17.5
6-9 106 53.0
10-13 51 25.5
14-17 8 4.0
Total 200 100.0
Table 6.1.4 shows the number of family member of the respondents. The
Table reveals that 53% of the respondents were having 6-9 family members,
25.5% were having 10-13 family members, 17.5% were having 2-5 family
members and 4% respondents were having 14.17 family members.
This was concluded that the average family size was included 6-9 family
members.
Table no 6.1.5 Marital status of respondents
Single 63 31.5
Married 131 65.5
Widow 6 3.0
Total 200 100.0
Table 6.1.5 shows the marital status of the respondents. This shows that 65%
of the total respondents were married, 31.5% were single (unmarried) and 3%
were widow.
This was concluded that 65.5 respondents were married.

Table no 6.1.6 Monthly family income of the respondents
10,000-20,000 63 31.5
20,0001-30,000 57 28.5
30,0001-40,000 53 26.5
40,0001 and above 27 13.5
Total 200 100.0
Table 6.1.6 reveals the total family income of the respondents and shows that
31% had 10,000-20,000 monthly family income , 28% respondents had 20,
0001-30,000, 26.5% respondents were in the category of 30, 0001-40,000
family income and 13.5% respondents had 40, 0001 and above family income.
This was concluded that the average family income was 10,000-20,000
monthly.
Table no 6.1.7 Academic qualifications of the respondents
Illiterate 41 20.5
Primary 1 .5
Middle 20 10.0
Secondary 21 10.5
Intermediate 12 6.0
Bachelor 35 17.5
Master and above 70 35.0
Total 200 100.0
Table 6.1.7 reveals that 35% of the respondents were qualified masters and
above level, 20.5% were illiterate, 17.5% had bachelor level education ,
10.5% were secondary qualified, 10% were middle qualified, 6% were
intermediate qualified and 5% had primary qualification.

This was concluded that that average 35% of the respondents had master and
above level education.
Table no 6.1.8 Occupation of the respondents
Agriculture 19 9.5
Government Servant 37 18.5
Private Job 62 31.0
Self Business 15 7.5
Unemployed 67 33.5
Total 200 100.0
Table 6.8 indicates that 33.5% respondents were unemployed, 31% were
doing private job, 18.5% were government servant, 9.5% were dependent on
agriculture and 7.5% were having self business.
This was concluded that average 31% respondents were doing private jobs.
Table no 6.1.9 Respondents opinion regarding flood most frequently occur in
the area
Yes 188 94.0
No 9 4.5
Don't know 3 1.5
Total 200 100.0
The above Table reveals that out of the total 200 Respondents 94% gave
positive response to the statement that “flood frequently occur in the area”,
4.5% were said no and 1.5% were in the category of do not know.
This was concluded that 94% of the respondents gave positive response,
which shows that flood most frequently occur in their area.

Table no 6.1.10 Respondents opinion regarding flood as disastrous hazard
Yes 191 95.5
No 7 3.5
Don't Know 2 1.0
Total 200 100.0
The Table 6.1.10 indicates that 95.5% respondents were agreed that “flood is
the most disastrous hazard in the area”, 3.5% respondents were rejected the
statement and 1.0 percent were unaware.
This was concluded that 95.5% respondents gave positive response which
showed flood was the most disastrous hazard in the area.

Table no 6.1.11 Respondents views regarding heavy rainfall a factor of flood
Yes 186 93.0
No 10 5.0
Don't Know 4 2.0
Total 200 100.0
Table 6.11 reveals that in a response to a question “heavy rainfall is a factor of
flood” 93% were given positive response, 5% were disagreeing and 2% were
in the category of do not know.
This was concluded that 93% respondents said yes which shows that heavy
rainfall was a main factor of flood in the region.

Table no 6.1.12 Respondents opinion regarding heavy rainfall a factor of
flood
Yes 193 96.5
No 7 3.5
Total 200 100.0
The above Table shows that 96% respondents were gave positive response
and 3.5 were disagreeing.
This was concluded that 96.5% respondents said yes because the reason was
that the research area was a hilly area Surrounded by mountains covered with
snow. The melting of snow due to high temperature in the summer season
caused flood in the area.

Table 6.1.13 Respondents opinion regarding occurrence of flood due to
mountainous structure
Yes 151 75.5
No 19 9.5
Don't Know 30 15.0
Total 200 100.0
Table 6.1.13 indicates that 75.5 respondents were agreed to the question
“flood occurs due to mountainous structure of land” 9.5% were disagreed
and15% were in the category of don’t know.
This was concluded that 75.5% of the respondents were the opinion that due
to mountainous structure, the land of the area is not plain due to which the rain
water not absorbed in the land and caused in to the flood.

Table no 6.14 Respondents opinion regarding deforestation a cause of flood in
the region
Yes 110 55.0
No 82 41.0
Don't Know 8 4.0
Total 200 100.0
The above Table shows that in response to a question “deforestation a cause
of flood in the region” 55% were agreeing, 41% were not agreeing and 4%
respondents were in the category of don’t know.
This was concluded that 55%of respondents were agreed with the statement.
This shows that deforestation was a factor of flood; the reason was the usage
of wood in the area because there was no gas facility present in the region. A
large number of people were depending upon the trees because they were
using these woods for fire material.

Table no 6.1.15 Respondents perception regarding flood as a natural
phenomenon
Yes 166 83.0
No 33 16.5
Don't Know 1 .5
Total 200 100.0
The above Table shows that 83% respondents said yes to the statement “flood
is a natural phenomenon” 1% said no and 0.5% said do not know.
This was concluded that 83% respondents perceived flood as a natural
phenomenon.
Table no 6.1.16 Respondents perception about flood happens as result of
misdeed of people
Yes 83 41.5
No 98 49.0
Don't Know 19 9.5
Total 200 100.0
The Table reveals that 49% respondents were not in the favor that flood
occurred due to the misdeed of people, 41% respondents were agreed and 9.5
were in the category of do not know.
It is concluded by the above responses that people perceive flood as natural
phenomenon not happened due to the misdeed of people.

Table no 6.1.17 Respondents opinion regarding flood occurs only in summer
season
Yes 186 93.0
No 13 6.5
Don't Know 1 .5
Total 200 100.0
The Table indicates that 93% respondents 93% said yes to the question, 6.5%
said no and 0.5% was unaware.
This was concluded 93% of the respondents said that the flood occurred only
in summer because the temperature in summer increase which lead to the
heavy melting of glacier and result in flood.

Table no 6.1.18 Respondents opinion regarding overgrazing is a factor of
flood
Yes 176 88.0
No 11 5.5
Don't Know 13 6.5
Total 200 100.0
The Table 6.1.18 determines that 88% respondents were given positive
response to the statement that “over grazing pave the path for the flood in the
region”, 6.5% were unaware and 5.5% were disagreeing.
It was concluded that 176% of the respondents were agreed that overgrazing
pave the path for the flood in the region, because cattle breeding was practiced
in the area. These cattle were the main reason of overgrazing and destroying
the large area of greeneries. The soil became soft and easily eroded by rain
water that contributes to flood.

Table no 6.19 Respondents opinion regarding flood affect the cultivation
process
Yes 197 98.5
No 3 1.5
Total 200 100.0
The above Table states that 98.5% of the total 200 Respondents said yes to the
question “flood affect the cultivation process of farmer in the region” and
1.3% respondents said no to the question.
The researcher concluded that 98.5% respondents said yes that flood affect the
cultivation process of the area because most of the people of the area were
engaged in the agricultural sector.

Table no 6.1.20 Respondents opinion regarding time consumption in
rehabilitation of flood affected land
Yes 174 87.0
No 17 8.5
Don't Know 9 4.5
Total 200 100.0
The Table 6.1.19 reveals that 87% respondents were agreeing to the statement
“time consumed in the rehabilitation of flood effected land” which was, 8.5%
said no and 4.5 were in the category of do not know.
This was concluded that 174% respondents were agreed that their time
consumed in the rehabilitation, because the flood damaged their land badly.
Table no 6.21 Respondents opinion regarding flood affects the irrigation
system
Yes 191 95.5
No 5 2.5
Don't Know 4 2
Total 200 100.0
The Table 6.1.21 shows that in a response of the question “does flood affect
the irrigation system of the region” 95% respondents said yes, 2.5% were said
no and 2% were in the category of do not know.
The researcher was concluded that 95.5% respondents said yes because the
main source of land irrigation is canal system and the flood was ruined the
canal system of the area.

Table 6.1.22 Respondents opinion regarding flood destroys the crops
Yes 190 95.0
No 9 4.5
11 1 .5
Total 200 100.0
The below Table 6.1.22 indicates that 95% respondents were agreed to the
statement “flood destroy the crop in the summer season”, 0.5% were
disagreeing and 0.5% respondents were unaware.
It was concluded by the above responses 95% of the respondents were agreed.
The reason was that the people of the area were dependent on agriculture, two
types of crops like rice and wheat were grown in the area in the summer and
flood destroyed the crops.

Table 6.1.23 Respondents opinion regarding flood destroy the fruit trees and
affect the dry fruit business
Yes 171 85.5
No 23 11.5
Don't Know 6 3.0
Total 200 100.0
The Table 6.1.23 illustrates that 85.5% respondents were in the favor of the
statement “flood destroy the trees due to which the dry fruit business disturb”,
11.5% were disagreed and 3% were in the category of do not know.
This was concluded that 85.5% respondents said yes because local people
were depending upon the fruit trees like apricot, apple, peach, walnut, grapes
and cherry for their business. The flood destroyed the trees which badly
affected the dry fruit business of the region.

Table no 6.1.24 Respondents opinion regarding flood affected the cultivated
Yes 189 94.5
No 10 5.0
Don't Know 1 .5
Total 200 100.0
The Table 6.1.24 describes that 94% respondents were sure that cultivated
land was affected by the flood in their area which made, 5% respondents were
refused and 0.5% were ignorant of the statement.
This was concluded that 94.5% of the respondents were agreed that flood
affected the cultivated land of the area because most of the land was used for
cultivation process in the region. Different types of crops were cultivated in
the region like maize, rice, wheat and beans.

Table 6.1.25 Respondents opinion about flood destroyed the livestock in the
village
Yes 139 69.5
No 55 27.5
Don't Know 6 3.0
Total 200 100.0
The above Table illustrates that 69% respondents said yes in the response of
the question” flood has destroyed the livestock”, 27% respondents said No
and 3% respondents said do not know.
It was concluded from the above responses that 69.5% respondents were
having the opinion that flood destroyed the livestock of the region.
Table no 6.1.26 Respondents opinion regarding the breakage of roads disturbs
the economic activities
Yes 185 92.5
No 14 7.0
Don’t know 1 .5
Total 200 100.0
The Table 6.26 reveals that to the response of a question “do breakage of
roads disturb the economic activities during the flood” 92.5% were agreed,
7% were disagreed and 0.5% were in the category of do not know.
This was concluded that 92.5% were said that breakage of roads disturbs the
economic activities of the area, because the people cut off from the other
region due to road breakage.

Table no 6.1.27 Respondents opinion the flood ruined the houses of people in
the area
Yes 166 83.0
No 31 15.5
Don't Know 3 1.5
Total 200 100.0
The Table 6.27 indicates that 83% of the respondents said yes flood ruined the
houses in the area, 15.5% said no and 1.5% said do not know.
This was concluded that 83%of respondents said flood ruined the houses of
people in the area.

Table 6.1.28 Respondents opinion regarding flood affected the government
building
Yes 95 47.5
No 94 47.0
Don't Know 11 5.5
Total 200 100.0
The above Table shows that 47% respondents said yes that government
buildings like school, offices, hospitals etc were affected by the flood in the
region, 47% respondents response were no and 5.5% respondents were in the
category of do not know.
This was concluded from the above Table that of respondents 47% were
agreed that flood affect the government buildings like school, offices,
hospitals and forestry offices.

Table no 6.1.29 Respondents opinion regarding business losses are outcomes
of flood in the region
Yes 145 72.5
No 40 20.0
Don't Know 15 7.5
Total 200 100.0
The above Table illustrate that in the response of a question “are business
losses also outcome of the flood” 72.5%of respondents said yes, 20% said no
and 7.5% said do not know.
In was concluded from the above Table that 72.5% respondents were agreed
that business losses were the result of flood.

Table no 6.1.30 Respondents opinion regarding breakdown of electricity
suffer economic activities during flood
Yes 179 89.5
No 13 6.5
Don't Know 8 4.0
Total 200 100.0
The above Table shows that out of the total 200 respondents 89.5% were
agreed, 6.5 were disagreed and 6.5% were neutral.
This was concluded that 89.5% respondents said that due to the breakdown of
electricity the economic activities suffered because most of the economic
activities were linked with the electricity network.

Table 6.1.31 Respondents opinion regarding the shutdown of business during
flood causes the economic activities decline
Yes 170 85.0
No 21 10.5
Don't Know 9 4.5
Total 200 100.0
The Table 6.1.31 demonstrates that 85% respondents said yes that different
business like shops, farms and stocks were to shut down during flood that
caused the economic activities decline, 10.5% respondents said no and 4.5%
said do not know.
This was concluded from the above Table that 170% respondents were
agreeing. Because the people of the area were engaged with such type of
business like farms, shops and stock. During the flood they have to shut down
their shops farms and stocks which result in the decline of economic activities.
Table no 6.1.32 Respondents opinions about the effect of flood on self
employed business and private job.
Yes 140 70.0
No 54 27.0
Don't Know 6 3.0
Total 200 100.0
The Table shows that in response of a question “self employed business and
private job suffer due to flood” 70% respondents were agreed, 27% were
disagreed and 3 percent were unaware.
This was concluded that 70% of the respondents said yes that their self
employed business and private jobs were suffered due to the flood.
Table 6.1.33 Respondents opinions about due to flood disruption employees
do not get their salaries
Yes 93 46.5
No 91 45.5
Don't Know 16 8.0
Total 200 100.0
The above Table reveals that 46.5% respondents gave positive response to a
statement “due to flood disruption employees do not get their salaries” 45.5
was disagreed and 8 % were unaware.
It was concluded from the above Table that average 46.5% respondents were
gave positive response. The respondents do not get their salaries at time due to
flood disruption.
Table no 6.1.34 Respondents opinion regarding flood increases land fertility
Yes 45 22.5
No 141 70.5
Don't Know 14 7.0
Total 200 100.0
The above Table mentions that 70% respondents said no that flood did not
increased the fertility of the soil, 22.5% said yes and 7 were unaware.
This was concluded that the 70% respondents were not agreed. Flood did not
make fertile the soil because the flood in the area brings gravel and big stones
with it.
Table no 6.35 Respondents opinion regarding most of the money and time
spent for rehabilitation of drinking water supply after flood
Yes 166 83.0
No 29 14.5
Don't Know 5 2.5
Total 200 100.0
The Table indicates that 83% respondents out of the total 200 said yes they
spends most of their money and time for the rehabilitation of drinking water
supply after flood, 14.5 said no and 2.5 were in the category of do not know.
This was concluded that 83%of respondents were agreed. They spend most of
their money and time in the rehabilitation of drinking water supply because
they water supply system was self helped not by any NG0 or Government.
Table no 6.1.36 Respondents opinion regarding flood gave advantage to plant
and animals
Yes 33 16.5
No 137 68.5
Don't Know 30 15.0
Total 200 100.0
The Table illustrates that 68.5% respondents were disagreed with the
statement “flood can gave advantage to the flora and fauna” 16.5% were
agreed and 15% were unaware.
This was concluded from the Table that 68% respondents said no because the
flood in the area do not gives any advantage to plants and animals. It causes to
the damage of plant and harm the animals.

Table no 6.1.37 Respondents opinion regarding flood cleans the environment
Yes 16 8.0
No 164 82.0
Don't Know 20 10.0
Total 200 100.0
The above Table indicates that 82% said flood don not cleans the
environment, 10% were unaware and 8% said yes.
This was concluded that 82% respondents said flood does not clean the
environment because the flood gave harms to the environment by destroying
the plants and greeneries. It brings much waste and trash material that polluted
thee environment.
6.2 Inferential statistics
The second part of this chapter included the inferential statistics. The
researcher applied Chi-squares to see the relationship between dependent and
independent variable.
6.2.1 Hypothesis
Verifying the association between the frequently occurring flood and its affect
on cultivation process.
H0. The frequently occurring flood more likely affects the cultivation process.
H1. The frequently occurring flood less likely affects the cultivation process.
Significance Level
α =0.005
6.2.1 Most frequently occurring flood * Flood Affect the cultivation process.
Do you think that Flood Affect Total
the cultivation process of
farmer in the region?
Yes No
Does Flood occur most Yes 186 2 188
frequently in your area

No 9 0 9
from the past five
years? Don't know 2 1 3
Total 197 3 200
The above Table shows that the responses of the respondents on the
hypothetical statement that the flood frequently occurs in Chitral and affects
the cultivation process of the area. The row 188 respondents were agreed, 9
respondents said no and 3 said do not know. The column 186 respondents said
yes and 2 said no. this was concluded that there is a relationship between the
flood and its affect on the cultivation process of Booni Chitral. The flood
more frequently occur in Chitral and affects the cultivation process of the
area.
Chi-square
Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 20.955a 2 20.955a
Likelihood Ratio 5.182 2 .075
a. 4 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is .05.
The Pearson Chi-Square value in the above Table is 20.955, degree of
freedom is 2 and significance level is 0.000. It is significant because the value
is less than 0.005. So the alternate hypothesis is accepted and the null
hypothesis is rejected.
6.2.2 Hypothesis
Checking the association between the hazardous flood and time consumed in
the rehabilitation of flood affected land.
H1. The more the hazardous flood the more likely it will affect the land.
H0. The more the hazardous flood the less likely it will affect the land.
6.2.2 Flood is the most disastrous hazard*most of the time consume in the
rehabilitation of flood affected land.
Do you agree that most of your time Total
consumes in rehabilitation of flood
affected land?
Yes No Don't
Know
Yes 170 13 8 191
Do you think flood is

No 2 4 1 7
the most disastrous
hazard in your area? Don't

2 0 0 2
Know
Total 174 17 9 200

The above Table shows that the responses of the respondents on the
hypothetical statement that the disastrous flood affected the land and most of
the time of Chitral inhabitant during its rehabilitation. The row 191
respondents out of the total 200 were agreed, 7 respondents were disagreed
and 2 were unaware. The column 170 respondents were agreed, 13 were
disagreed and 8 were unaware. This shows that the disastrous flood affect the
land in Chitral and most the time of the inhabitant’s waste during the
rehabilitation of the land.
Chi-square
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 24.795a 4 .000
count is .09
The Pearson Chi-Square value is 24.795, degree of freedom is 4 and the
significance level is 0.000. It is significant because the value is less than
0.005. So the alternate hypothesis is accepted and the null hypothesis is
rejected
6.2.3 Hypothesis
Checking the relationship between flood occurred due to deforestation and
causes the business losses.
H1. Flood occurs due to deforestation more likely affect the businesses.
H0. Flood occurs due to deforestation less likely affect the buisnesss.
Are Business losses also outcomes of Total
flood in the region?
Yes No Don't Know
Yes 72 29 9 110
Is deforestation a
No 69 10 3 82
cause of flood in
the region? Don't

4 1 3 8
Know
Total 145 40 15 200
Table 6.2.3 Deforestation leads to flood* Business losses are also outcomes of
flood.
The above Table shows the responses of the respondents on the hypothetical
statement that flood occur due to the deforestation and cause the business loss.
The column majority 110 out of the total 200 respondents gave positive
response, 8 were disagreed and 2 were unaware. The row 145 respondents out
of the total 200 respondents 145 said yes 40 respondents said no and 15 said
do not know. This shows that deforestation is the main factor of flood in
Chitral. The inhabitants fruit business, farms, livestock sand other business
suffered due to flood, which cause business loss.
Chi-square
count is .60.
A Pearson Chi-square has a value of 19.077, degree of freedom is 4 and the
Significance level is 0.001. This concluded that the data is significant. It
meant that alternate hypothesis is accepted and the null hypothesis is rejected.
6.2.4 Hypothesis
To check the association between the summer flood and it’s affects on the
houses of people.
H1. The summer flood more likely affects the houses of the people in Chitral.
H0. The summer flood less likely affects the houses of people in Chitral.
6.2.4 Flood occurs only in summer season * Flood ruins the houses of the
people.
Did Flood ruin the houses of the Total
people in your area?
Yes No Don't Know
Yes 159 24 3 186
Flood occurs only in

No 7 6 0 13
summer season in
your area? Don't

0 1 0 1
Know
Total 166 31 3 200

The above Table shows the responses of the respondents on the hypothetical
statement that summer flood ruined the house of people in Chitral. The
column 186 respondents were agreed, 13 were disagreed and 1 said do not
know. The row 166 out of the total respondents was agreed, 31 were disagreed
and 3 were unaware. This means that majority of the respondents were agreed,
the summer flood badly affected the houses and buildings in Chitral.
Chi-square
count is .02.
A Pearson chi-square has value of 15.822, degree o f freedom is 4 and
Significance level is 0.003. This is concluded that the data is significant. The
alternative hypothesis is accepted because the value is less than 0.005 and null
hypothesis is rejected.
Chapter no 7
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSSION

7.1 Discussion
This research was conducted in order to highlight the impact of flood on the
economic activities of people in Chitral. 200 Respondents were taken as a
sample in order to find the flood impacts on the economic activities. The flood
affected badly the economic activities of the area. One of the main objectives
of the study was to highlight the major factors of flood in Booni chitral. It
means that what were the main factors that lead to flood in Chitral valley.
These all objectives were discussed and achieved in the present research.
Flood is taken as independent variable and economic activities are dependent
variable in this study. The researcher discussed that flood was the most
disastrous natural hazard in the area. As the previous study suggested that
flood is the most frequently occurring disastrous hazard of Aasam, every year
the area was adversely affected by the flood and considered the biggest cause
of property and life in Assam (Milli, Acharjiee and konwar 2003). The present
study reveals that the data from the sample showed that flood was mostly
occurring from the past five years in Chitral. About 92% of the respondents
were given positive response that flood has affected their economic activities.
As the data suggested that there were several reasons of flood out of which the
most factors were heavy rainfall, heavy melting glacier, and deforestation and
over grazing. 83%of respondents were agreed the major factor of flood in
their region was deforestation, because they trees were used for woods for the
fuel and construction purposes. 87%of respondents were said that flood has
affected their economic activities and they were suffering its consequences. A
large number people were agreed that overgrazing was also a main factor of
flood. Cattle breeding was practiced by the people, cattle were grazed in the
pastures as a result they made the soil soft and rain water easily eroded the
soil which caused the flood. Flood affected their cultivation process, irrigation
system, destroyed the crops, cultivated land, and ruined the houses,
government buildings like schools, offices and hospitals. Most of the people
of the area were have their most dependency on agriculture. The crop
production is very important for them and they were earning more from the
cultivation. 95% of respondents said that flood destroyed their crops. The chi-
square test result showed that there is an association between the flood and the
cultivation process. Flood badly affected the cultivation process of the farmer
in the region. Most of their time was consumed in the rehabilitation of the
flood affected land.
Most of the people of the areas were dependents on the fruit business. The
flood destroyed the fruit tress which placed very bad impact on their dry fruit
business. Flood also result in the breakage of roads due to which the economic
activities of people were highly suffered. The data suggested some several
distractions that were occurred due to flood and cause the decline of the
economic activities. Out of them was the breakdown of electricity which
caused the disturbance in the economic activities.

The chi-square test result showed that flood that occurs in the summer is very
destructive; it ruined the houses of the peoples. The present study reveals that
the people of Chitral were engaged in many different businesses like shops
and farms. During flood the shop and farms were closed for several days, and
some time the flood washed away the shops and farms and caused the decline
in the economic activities. of respondents were in the view that the self
employed and private jobs were suffered due to flood and the salary was not
getting by the employees due to the flood disruption.
During flood the people of Chitral were not performed their normal activities,
and after flood the people became engaged with the rehabilitation of flood due
to which the economic activities badly suffered. The study revealed that the
people have spent most of their money and time in rehabilitation of drinking
water supply also. The overall data suggested that due to the flood most of the
economic activities of people were suffered which is supporting the
Alternative hypothesis.
7.2 Conclusion
This study was conducted in Booni Chitral Khyber Pukhtunkhaw (KPK) to
identify the impact of flood on the economic activities of people in the area.
The researcher tried to highlight the factors of flood in the region. The study
concluded that deforestation, heavy rain fall, overgrazing and glacier melting
were main the factors of flood in the area. The reason of deforestation was the
usage of wood in the area, because there was no gas facility present in the
region. A large number of people were dependent upon the trees because they
used these woods for fire material.
The researcher found that overgrazing was also a major factor of flood in the
region. The inhabitants of Chitral rear cattles that destroy the greeneries and
cause soil erosion due to which flood happened. In summer the glacier melt
and cause flood in the area.Flood was the mostly occurring natural hazard of
the area, placed a very bad impacts on the economic activities of people. It
destroyed the crops, cultivated land, ruined the houses, washed away the fruit
trees and buildings. Their businesses were affected by the flood. Roads,
hospitals, schools, offices, drinking water supply, electricity and agriculture
system were affected. They spent their money and time in the rehabilitation of
the destruction, due to which their economic activities suffered badly. Most of
their time consumed in the rebuilding of the houses. Due to the blockage of
road the transport system disturbs and people can’t reach their work places in
the other areas due to which they can’t get their salaries at time and their
economic condition become weak. They area cut off from the other regions
the supply of different material for the business stooped and result in business
loss. Fruit business disturbed because the flood harmed the trees of the area.
The inhabitants time waste in the plantation of new trees. Shops and farms
have to shut down for several days or permanently during flood. This was
concluded that the flood badly affected the economic activities of people in
Booni Chitral. .
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Demographic Information
• Name of Respondent…………………………………………………
• Gender
a. Male b. Female
• Age of Respondent
• 18-28 b. 29-39 c. 40-50 d. 51-61 e. Above

61
• Family Type
• Nuclear b. Joint c. Extended
• Number of Family Member
• 2-5 b. 6-9 c. 10-13 d. 14-17 e. Above

17
• Marital Status
a. Single b. Married c. Divorce d. Separated e. Widow

f. Widower
• Monthly Family Income (Pakistani Rs)
a.10, 001-20,000 b. 20,001-30,000 c. 30,001-40,000 d.

40,001 and above
8. Academic Qualification
a. Illiterate b. Primary c. Middle d. Secondary e.

Intermediate
f. Bachelor g. Masters and above

9. Occupation
a. Agriculture b. Government Servant c. Private Job

d.Self Business
Note: Chose the appropriate option again all statements.
1=Yes 2=No 3=Don’t Know
Independent Variable (Flood)
Q Don’t
Statement Yes No
No. Know
10 Does Flood occur most frequently in your area from the past five
1 2 3
years?
Do you think flood is the most disastrous hazard in your area? 1 2 3

11
Do you think Heavy rain fall is a factor of flood in Buni, Chitral? 1 2 3
12 Does heavy melting of glacier leads to flood in your area? 1 2 3

13 Do you think that mostly flood occur due mountainous structure of
1 2 3
land in your village?
14 Is deforestation a cause of flood in the region? 1 2 3

15 Do you consider flood as natural phenomena? 1 2 3
16 Do you perceive flood as result of misdeed of people? 1 2 3
17 Flood occurs only in summer season in your area? 1 2 3
21 Does Over grazing pave the path for flood in your village? 1 2 3
Economic Activities (Dependent Variable)

Q Don’t
Statement Yes No
No Know
23 Do you think that Flood Affect the cultivation process of farmer in
1 2 3
the region?
24 Do you agree that most of your time consumes in rehabilitation of

1 2 3
flood affected land?
25 Does Flood affect the irrigation system of the region? 1 2 3
26 Does flood destroy the crop in summer season? 1 2 3
27 Do you think that flood destroy the fruit trees which effect the dry
1 2 3
fruit business?
28 Has Cultivated land been affected by heavy flood in your region? 1 2 3
29 Has Flood also destroyed livestock in your village? 1 2 3
30 Do breakages of road disturb economic activities during flood? 1 2 3
31 Did Flood ruin the houses of the people in your area? 1 2 3
32 Have Government buildings like schools, offices, hospitals etc been

1 2 3
affected by flood in your local.
33 Are Business losses also outcomes of flood in the region? 1 2 3
34 Does break down of electricity suffer economic activities of people

1 2 3
during flood?
35 Do people spend most of their money and time for rehabilitation of
1 2 3
drinking water supply after flood destruction?
36 Do you ever think that flood ever gave advantage to plants and
1 2 3
animals?
37 Do you think that flood cleans the environment? 1 2 3

Flood

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Abstract

The flood caused range of destruction in district Chitral Khyber pukhtunkhwa

temperature and intense rainfall, results in increased frequency of extreme

weather events such as flood and droughts. The researcher conducted a

interview schedule. The impact of flood on economic activities has been

discussed in a theory “relative deprivation”. This study found that a great

Table 1 Gender of the respondents..................................................................44

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that global

warming refers to the increasing temperature of earth surface, including land,

water and near surface air.

(Mendelssohn et al. 1994).

Below (2006) defines disaster as a situation or event, which overwhelms local

capacity, necessitate a request to national or international level for external

direct affect of disaster consists of damage to infrastructure, crops and

housing. The indirect consequences include the loss of revenue,

unemployment, market destabilization. Natural disasters are divided into two

groups: Hydrometer logical disasters and geophysical disasters. The

hydrometerolgical disasters consist of Landslide, drought, extreme

temperature, floods, and forest fire and windstorm. Geophysical disasters

include earthquakes, Tsunami and volcanic eruption. Mwape (2009) the

with high poverty level, making them more vulnerable to disasters.

of river outside of its regular boundaries. Drainage problem is occurring due

to high rainfall that cannot be controlled by regular drainage system.

caused by atmospheric activities moving rapidly inland from the coast

(Jonkman 2004). Risk is the probability and other physical characteristic of

flood plains (Parker 1978).

natural disasters in the world. These cause extraordinary deaths, destruction

impact on the developing countries because the lack of disaster management

policies. There is a lack of opportunities and economic resources in the

developing countries. When these countries face disasters, become more

development or for the better condition.

much higher than developed countries (Shing 1992).

Mustafa and Wescoat (1997) wrote that Pakistan is underdeveloped country. It

and other loss like agriculture, economic, infrastructure and household

3 percent of the total gross domestic products (GDP). In Pakistan 70 percent

population lives in rural areas and directly or indirectly depends upon

damaged. It became very difficult to control the water and cause of

fodder and vegetables. Khyber Pokhtunkhua is also prone to flood because of

The floods causes range of destruction in district Chitral Khyber Pukhtunkhaw

Green lasht,Reshun, Junalkoch, Avilasht, Sarghuz, Chunj, Arkari, Karim

abad, Lotkoh and Kallash valley (Zahiruddin 2014).

range. The population in this mountainous territory is restricted to tributary-

these fans prone to hydrological hazards, including landslides, floods and

debris flow (Khan et al. 2013).

1.1Statement of the problem

studies on this issue.

1. To highlight the major factors of flood in Booni Chitrall.

2. To find out the impact of flood on the economic activities of people

living in Booni Chitral.

1.3 Significance of the study

Chitral is the district of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa (KPK) which is surrounded by

mountains covered with snow and glaciers. Due to its mountainous

appearance it is highly exposed to natural hazards. Flood is the mostly

Natural hazards refers to those events which cannot be prevented from

occurring but by taking effective measures the impact can be reduced by

flooding increasing due to the future development. The main cause is

impact of flood increased due to the growth of global population, urbanization

drainage problems. The characteristic of area include the density, magnitude,

warning system, and land use.

2.3 Climate change leads to flood

temperature and intense rainfall, results in increased frequency of extreme

regions. The Sub Saharan countries experiences unexpected adverse weather