2 TensionMembers

Developed by Scott Civjan
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Modified and supplemented by

Cem Topkaya
Middle East Technical University 1
P
TENSION MEMBER:
Structural member
subjected to tensile axial
load.
2
Examples
Trusses
Axial tension
Axial tension
(bottom chord)
or compression Bracing
Members
3
Cable Roof
Guy Wires
4
Typical Shapes
5
Tensile Strength
Strength Limit States:

Yielding on Gross Area
Rupture on Net Area
Block Shear
6
Yielding on Gross Area, Ag
7
When a member is loaded, the strength is limited by the

yielding of the entire cross section.
P=FyA
L0
eyL0 D
8
When a member is loaded, the strength is limited by the

yielding of the entire cross section.
P=FyA P
D
L
eyL0 D
P
9
However, consider how this is affected by the

stress-strain conditions.
Consider L0 = 3000 mm long tension member.
10
Fu
Esh
Fy
Stress
E
eu
.1 to .2
ey esh eu er
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 Strain .1 to .2 .2 to .3
Tension Theory 11
Fu
Esh
Fy
Stress
E Δy = 0.0015(3000) = 4.5mm
eu
.1 to .2
ey esh eu er
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 Strain .1 to .2 .2 to .3
12
Fu
Esh
Fy
Δsh = 0.02(3000) = 60 mm
Stress
E Δy = 0.0015(3000) = 4.5 mm
eu
.1 to .2
ey esh eu er
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 Strain .1 to .2 .2 to .3
13
Δu = 0.15(3000) = 450 mm
Fu
Esh
Fy
Δsh = 0.02(3000) = 60 mm
Stress
E Δy = 0.0015(3000) = 4.5 mm
eu
.1 to .2
ey esh eu er
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 Strain .1 to .2 .2 to .3
Tension Theory 14
Consider L0 = 3000 mm long tension member.
ΔYield = approx. 0.0015(3000) = 4.5 mm

ΔOnset of Strain Hardening = approx. 0.02(3000) = 60 mm
ΔPeak Load = approx. 0.15(3000) = 450 mm
Excessive deformations defines “Failure” for

tension member yielding.
Limit to FyAg.
15
Strength design requirements:
Pu  Pn (Pa  Pn/Ω) ASD
Where  varies depending on failure mode.
16
Yield on Gross Area
Summary
17
Yield on Gross Area
Pn = FyAg Equation D2-1
t = 0.90 (Wt = 1.67)
Ag = Gross Area
Total cross-sectional area in the plane
perpendicular to tensile stresses.
18
Rupture on Effective Net Area, Ae
19
Rupture on Effective Net Area
If holes are included in the cross section

less area resists the tension force.
Bolt holes are larger than the bolt

diameter.
In addition, processes of punching holes

can damage the steel around the
perimeter.
20
Design typically uses average stress values.
This assumption relies on the inherent ductility of steel.
Pn
21
Initial stresses will typically include

stress concentrations due to higher
strains at these locations.
Pn
22
Highest strain locations yield,

then elongate along plastic
plateau while adjacent stresses
increase with additional strain.
Pn
23
Pn
Eventually at very high strains

the ductility of steel results in
full yielding of the cross
section.
24
-Stress on net section -Assume for design

Elastic stress distribution ‘Ideal’ uniform stress distribution
Stress σnet=P/Anet=fy
Concentrations
25
Pn
Therefore average stresses are

typically used in design.
26
Similarly, bolts and surrounding material will yield prior

to rupture due to the inherent ductility of steel.
Therefore assume each bolt transfers equal force .
Pn
27
The plate will fail in the line with the highest force
(for similar number of bolts in each line).
Each bolt line shown transfers 1/3 of the total force.
Pn Net area
reduced by
hole area
Bolt line 3 2 1 Cross Section
28
Pn
Pn
Pn Net area
reduced by
hole area
29
Pn/6
Pn
2/3Pn Pn/6
Pn Net area
reduced by
hole area
30
Pn/6 Pn/6
Pun
1/3Pn Pun/6 Pn/6
Pn Net area
reduced by
hole area
31
Pn/6 Pn/6 Pn/6
Pn
0 Pn/6 Pn/6 Pn/6
Pn Net area
reduced by
hole area
32
Bolt line 1 resists Pn in the plate.

Force in plate Bolt line 2 resists 2/3Pn in the plate.
Bolt line 3 resists 1/3Pn in the plate.
P Net area
0 1/3 2/3 Pn
n
reduced by
Pn Pn hole area
33
Consider how this is affected by the stress-strain

conditions.
Consider L0=25 mm diameter holes.
25 mm
Pn
34
Fu
Esh
Fy
Stress
E
eu
.1 to .2
ey esh eu er
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 Strain .1 to .2 .2 to .3
35
Fu
Esh
Fy =
50 ksi
Stress
E Δ = 0.0015(25) = 0.0375 mm
eu
.1 to .2
ey esh eu er
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 Strain .1 to .2 .2 to .3
36
Fu
Esh
Fy
Δ = 0.02(25) = 0.5 mm
Stress
E Δ = 0.0015(25) = 0.0375 mm
eu
.1 to .2
ey esh eu er
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 Strain .1 to .2 .2 to .3
37
Δu = 0.15(25) = 3.75 mm
Fu
Esh
Fy
Δsh = 0.02(25) = 0.5 mm
Stress
E Δy = 0.0015(25) = 0.0375 mm
eu
.1 to .2
ey esh eu er
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 Strain .1 to .2 .2 to .3
38
Consider L0= 25 mm hole diameter.
ΔYield = approx. 0.0015 (25) = 0.0375 mm

ΔOnset of Strain Hardening = approx. 0.02(25) = 0.5 mm
ΔPeak Load = approx. 0.15(25) = 3.75 mm
Failure at net area can achieve Fu

so long as ductility is available.
39
40
Holes reduce cross sectional area at net section

d
Net Section Area lost due to holes
Net Area = Anet = wt – 2dt Anet < A
Chapter B Requirements
41
42
Hole diameters according to Chapter J
43
For a plate with a typical bolt pattern the rupture plane is shown.
Yield on Ag would occur along the length of the member.
Both failure modes depend on cross-sectional areas.
Rupture failure across
section at lead bolts.
Pn
Yield failure (elongation)

occurs along the length of
the member.
44
What if holes are not in a line perpendicular to the load?
Need to include
additional length/area Pn
of failure plane due to g
non-perpendicular path.
s
Additional strength depends on:

Geometric length increase
Combination of tension and shear stresses
Combined effect makes a direct calculation difficult.
45
 s2 
For staggered holes An = Ag −  dt +   t
 4g  46
Summary
47
Pn = FuAe Equation D2-2
t = 0.75 (Wt = 2.00)
Ae = Effective Net Area

Accounts for any holes or openings,
potential failure planes not
perpendicular to the tensile stresses,
and effects of shear lag.
48
An = Net Area = Net Width x thickness

Modify gross area (Ag) to account for the following:
Holes or openings
Potential failure planes not

perpendicular to the tensile stresses.
49
Diagonal hole pattern:

Net Width = Gross Width + Σs2/4g – width of all holes
Section B4.3b.
s = longitudinal center-to-center spacing of holes (pitch)

g = transverse center-to-center spacing between fastener lines (gage)
Pu
g
s
50
Holes or openings
Section B4.3b
Use 2mm greater bolt hole width than nominal
hole dimension shown in Table J3.3M.
Accounts for potential damage in fabrication.
51
An = Net Area
An = Ag- ∑(dn+2)t + ∑(s2/(4g))t
dn = nominal hole diameter

t = thickness of tension member
Other terms defined on previous slides
52
Example: For the tension member shown below determine design tensile strength (Φt Pn) and
allowable tensile strength (Pn / Ω). S275 steel Fy = 275 MPa Fu = 430 MPa M20 bolts
standard holes.
Φt Pn Φt Pn
125 mm x 12 mm plate
Ag = 12 125 = 1500 mm 2
An = 1500 − 2  (20 + 2 + 2)  12
An = 924 mm 2
Ae = An (no shear lag )
critical net section
53
- Yield on gross area
t Pn = 0.9  275  1500 / 1000 = 371.2 kN
Pn 275 1500
= = 247 kN
W 1.67 1000
t Pn = 298 kN
- Fracture of net section (LRFD)
t Pn = 0.75  430  924 / 1000 = 298 kN
Pn
= 198.7 kN
Pn 430  924
= = 198.7 kN
W
W 2.0  1000
(ASD)
54
standard holes.
75 mm
75 mm
50 mm 50 mm
250 mm x 20 mm plate d = 22 + 2 + 2 = 26 mm
Ag = 20  250 = 5000 mm 2 a
bb e
s2 f
An = Ag −  (d  t ) + 
f
t cc
4 g
d g
55
Path An
abcd 5000 − 2  26  20 = 3960 mm 2

50 2
5000 − 3  26  20 + 2   20 = 3773 mm 2
abecd 4  75
abefg same as abecd
An = 3773 mm 2 = Ae
t Pn = 0.9  5000  275 / 1000 = 1237.5 kN t Pn = 0.75  3773  430 / 1000 = 1216.8 kN
Pn 275  5000 Pn 430  3773

= = 823.3 kN = = 811.2 kN
W 1.67  1000 W 2.0  1000
t Pn = 1216.8 kN (LRFD)
Pn
= 811.2 kN (ASD)
W
56
Shear Lag
Accounts for distance required for stresses to distribute

from connectors into the full cross section.
Largest influence when
Only a portion of the cross section is connected.
Connection does not have sufficient length.
57
Shear Lag

An = Net Area
Ae ≠ An Due to Shear Lag
58
Pn
l= Length of Connection
59
Pn
Rupture
Plane
60
Pn
Distribution of
Forces Through
Section
Rupture
Plane
61
Section Carrying
Tension Forces Pn
Distribution of
Forces Through
Section
Rupture
Plane
62
Pn
Area not
Effective in
Tension Due to
Shear Lag
Shear lag less

influential when l is
long, or if outstanding
Effective Net leg has minimal area
Area in Tension
or eccentricity
63
Portion of
web not I Shape
effective
P/2
P/2
Stress
Transfer
64
_
x
U = 1−
l
65
66

Modify net area (An) to account for shear lag.
Ae = AnU Equation D3-1
U = shear lag reduction factor

x
U = 1− x = eccentricity of connection
l
Or value per
Table D3.1 l = length where force transfer occurs
(distance parallel to applied tension
force along bolts or weld)
67
standard holes.
150 mm ┘└ 150×100×10 (long legs back to back)
3@75 mm
For one L 150×100×10 A = 2420 mm 2

An = 2420 − 1  (22 + 2 + 2)  10 = 2160 mm 2
U = 1−
23.4
= 0.84 Case 2
Larger value is
x = 23.4 mm
150 permitted
U = 0.84
U = 0.6 Case 8
68
Ae = 0.84  2160 = 1814 mm 2
Ae = 2  1814 = 3628 mm 2
Ag = 2  2420 = 4840 mm 2
t Pn = 0.9  355  4840 / 1000 = 1546.4 kN t Pn = 0.75  510  3628 / 1000 = 1387.7 kN
Pn 355  4840 Pn 510  3628

= = 1029 kN = = 925 kN
W 1.67  1000 W 2.0  1000
t Pn = 1387.7 kN
Pn
= 925 kN
W
69
Block Shear
70
Block Shear
Failure Tears Out Block of Steel
Block defined by:

Center line of holes
Edge of welds
State of Combined Yielding and Rupture
Failure Planes
At least one each in tension and shear.

71
Block Shear
Typical Examples in Tension Members:
Angle Connected on One Leg
W-Shape (I-Shape) Flange Connection
Plate Connection
72
Block Shear Angle Bolted to Plate
Pn
Pn
73
Shear plane on Angle
Pn
Tension plane on Angle
Pn
Shear plane on Plate

Tension plane on Plate
(Shorter Dimension Controls if Fy and t are the same)
74
Pn
Block Failure from Angle

Block Failure From Plate
Pn
75
Block Shear Flange of I-Shape
Bolted to Plate
Pn
First look at the I-Shape, then the plate
76
Bolted to Plate
Shear planes on I-Shape
Pn
Tension planes on I-Shape
77
Bolted to Plate
Pn
Block Failure in I-Shape
78
Bolted to Plate
Pn
Pn
79
Bolted to Plate
Pn
Shear planes on Plate

Tension planes on Plate
Pn

80
Flange of I-Shape
Block Shear
Bolted to Plate
Pn
Block Failure in Plate
Pn
Block Failure in Plate

81
Block Shear Angle or Plate Welded to Plate
Pn
Weld around the perimeter
Two Block Shear Failures to Check
82
Pn
Pn
83
Pn
Shear plane on Plate
Pn

84
Pn
Block Failure From Plate
Pn
85
Block Shear
86
Block Shear
Block Shear Rupture Strength (Equation J4-5),

Rn = 0.6 Fu Anv + U bs Fu Ant  0.6 Fy Agv + U bs Fu Ant
 = 0.75 (W = 2.00)
Agv = gross area subject to shear

Anv = net area subject to shear
Ant = net area subject to tension
Ubs = 1 or 0.5 (1 for most tension members, see Figure C-J4.2)
87
Block Shear
Block Shear Rupture Strength (Equation J4-5),

Rn = 0.6 Fu Anv + U bs Fu Ant  0.6 Fy Agv + U bs Fu Ant
Smaller of two
t = 0.75 (Wt = 2.00) values will control
Agv = gross area subject to shear

Anv = net area subject to shear
Ant = net area subject to tension
Ubs = 1 or 0.5 (1 for most tension members, see Figure C-J4.2)
88
89
90
Example: Find available strength for block shear for the previous problem.
S355 steel Fy =355 MPa Fu =510 MPa M22 bolts standard holes
┘└ 150×100×10 (long legs back to back)

60 mm
90 mm
3@75 mm
d = 26 mm for net area calculations

60 mm Agt = 60 10 = 600 mm 2
Ant = 600 − 0.5  26  10 = 470 mm 2
Agv = 225 10 = 2250 mm 2

225 mm
Anv = 2250 − 2.5  26  10 = 1600 mm 2
91
Rn = 0.6  0.510  1600 + 1.0  0.510  470 = 729.3 kN
Rn  0.6  0.355  2250 + 1.0  0.510  470 = 719 kN Governs
For 2 angles Rn = 2  719 = 1438 kN
Rn = 0.75  1438 = 1078.5 kN Rn 1438

= = 719 kN
W 2
Considering all limit states block shear governs
Rn
Rn = 1078.5 kN = 719 kN
W
92
Slenderness Limitation (D1)
L
 300 Preferable L = member length
rmin
rmin = minimum radius of gyration
Prevent damage during erection, sagging and vibration
93
Example: Determine the maximum length for the tension member in the previous problem.
No intermediate connection between members.
v
rv = rmin = 21.7 mm
u
Lallowable = 21.7  300 = 6510 mm
u Suppose angles are connected at certain intervals
rx = 47.8 mm
L 150×100×10 v
I y = 198.5 + 24.2  (3.09) = 429.6 cm 4
2
429.6
ry = = 4.21 cm = 42.1 mm governs
x x 24.2
Lallowable = 42.1 300 = 12630 mm

23.4 mm 94
15 mm given
y

2 TensionMembers

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Developed by Scott Civjan

University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Modified and supplemented by

Strength Limit States:

When a member is loaded, the strength is limited by the

When a member is loaded, the strength is limited by the

However, consider how this is affected by the

Consider L0 = 3000 mm long tension member.

Consider L0 = 3000 mm long tension member.

ΔYield = approx. 0.0015(3000) = 4.5 mm

Excessive deformations defines “Failure” for

Pn = FyAg Equation D2-1

t = 0.90 (Wt = 1.67)

If holes are included in the cross section

Bolt holes are larger than the bolt

In addition, processes of punching holes

Design typically uses average stress values.

This assumption relies on the inherent ductility of steel.

Design typically uses average stress values.

This assumption relies on the inherent ductility of steel.

Initial stresses will typically include

Design typically uses average stress values.

This assumption relies on the inherent ductility of steel.

Highest strain locations yield,

Design typically uses average stress values.

This assumption relies on the inherent ductility of steel.

Eventually at very high strains

Design typically uses average stress values.

This assumption relies on the inherent ductility of steel.

-Stress on net section -Assume for design

Design typically uses average stress values.

This assumption relies on the inherent ductility of steel.

Therefore average stresses are

Similarly, bolts and surrounding material will yield prior

Bolt line 1 resists Pn in the plate.

Consider how this is affected by the stress-strain

Consider L0=25 mm diameter holes.

Consider L0= 25 mm hole diameter.

ΔYield = approx. 0.0015 (25) = 0.0375 mm

Failure at net area can achieve Fu

Holes reduce cross sectional area at net section

Net Area = Anet = wt – 2dt Anet < A

Hole diameters according to Chapter J

Yield failure (elongation)

What if holes are not in a line perpendicular to the load?

Additional strength depends on:

Pn = FuAe Equation D2-2

t = 0.75 (Wt = 2.00)

Ae = Effective Net Area

An = Net Area = Net Width x thickness

Potential failure planes not

Diagonal hole pattern:

s = longitudinal center-to-center spacing of holes (pitch)

An = Ag- ∑(dn+2)t + ∑(s2/(4g))t

dn = nominal hole diameter

critical net section

abcd 5000 − 2  26  20 = 3960 mm 2

abefg same as abecd

Pn 275  5000 Pn 430  3773

Accounts for distance required for stresses to distribute

Largest influence when

Only a portion of the cross section is connected.